Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zemisebenzi yomculo

Cishe uke wahlangabezana nemibono yefilosofi efana nefomu nokuqukethwe. Lawa magama aphelele ngokwanele ukusho izici ezifanayo zezinhlobonhlobo zezenzakalo. Nomculo awunjalo. Kulesi sihloko uzothola ukubuka kabanzi kwezinhlobo zemisebenzi yomculo ethandwa kakhulu.

Ngaphambi kokuqamba izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zemisebenzi yomculo, ake sichaze ukuthi iluphi uhlobo emculweni? Ifomu yinto ehlobene nokuklanywa komsebenzi, ezimisweni zesakhiwo sawo, nokulandelana kwezinto zomculo kuwo.

Abaculi baqonda ifomu ngezindlela ezimbili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifomu limelela ukuhlelwa kwazo zonke izingxenye zomculo ngokulandelana kwazo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ifomu akuyona nje umdwebo, kodwa futhi ukwakheka nokuthuthukiswa emsebenzini walezo zindlela ezicacile lapho isithombe sobuciko somsebenzi onikeziwe sidalwa. Hlobo luni lwezindlela ezivezwayo lezi? Umculo, ukuvumelana, isigqi, i-timbre, irejista nokunye. Ukuqinisekiswa kokuqonda okuphindwe kabili kwengqikithi yefomu lomculo kuwukufaneleka kososayensi waseRussia, u-academician kanye nomqambi u-Boris Asafiev.

Izinhlobo zemisebenzi yomculo

Amayunithi esakhiwo amancane kakhulu cishe wanoma yimuphi umsebenzi womculo. Manje ake sizame ukuqamba izinhlobo eziyinhloko zemisebenzi yomculo futhi sizinikeze izici ezimfushane.

Isikhathi - lena enye yezindlela ezilula ezimele ukwethulwa komcabango ophelele womculo. Kwenzeka kaningi kuwo womabili umculo wezinsimbi nowomlomo.

Ubude besikhathi obujwayelekile benkathi yimisho emibili yomculo ethatha amabha angu-8 noma angu-16 (izikhathi eziyisikwele), empeleni kunezikhathi zombili ezinde nezifushane. Lesi sikhathi sinezinhlobonhlobo eziningana, phakathi kwazo okuthiwa yizo zithatha indawo ekhethekile.

Amafomu alula anezingxenye ezimbili nezintathu - lawa amafomu lapho ingxenye yokuqala, njengomthetho, ibhalwa ngendlela yenkathi, kanti okunye akukhuli (okungukuthi, kubo okujwayelekile kungaba yisikhathi noma umusho).

Ingxenye ephakathi (ingxenye ephakathi) yefomu enezingxenye ezintathu ingase ihluke ngokuphathelene nezingxenye zangaphandle (ukubonisa isithombe esiphikisanayo kakade kuyisu lobuciko elibucayi kakhulu), noma ingathuthukisa, ithuthukise lokho okushiwo engxenyeni yokuqala. Engxenyeni yesithathu yefomu lezingxenye ezintathu, kungenzeka ukuphinda izinto zomculo zengxenye yokuqala - leli fomu libizwa ngokuthi ukuphindaphinda (ukuphindaphinda ukuphindaphinda).

Amafomu evesi nekhorasi - lezi yizinhlobo ezihlobene ngqo nomculo wephimbo futhi ukwakheka kwazo kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezici zemibhalo yenkondlo esekela ingoma.

Ifomu levesi lisekelwe ekuphindaphindweni komculo ofanayo (ngokwesibonelo, isikhathi), kodwa ngamazwi amasha isikhathi ngasinye. Efomini lekhorasi eliholayo kunezici ezimbili: eyokuqala ingumthofu (kokubili ingoma nombhalo kungashintsha), okwesibili iculo (njengomthetho, kokubili ingoma nombhalo kugcinwa kuwo).

Amafomu anezingxenye ezimbili ayinkimbinkimbi futhi ayinkimbinkimbi enezingxenye ezintathu - lawa amafomu akhiwe amafomu amabili noma amathathu alula (isibonelo, inkathi elula enezingxenye ezi-3 + + ingxenye elula engu-3). Izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinezingxenye ezimbili zivame kakhulu emculweni wephimbo (ngokwesibonelo, ezinye ze-opera arias zibhalwe ngalezo zinhlobo), kuyilapho amafomu ayinkimbinkimbi anezingxenye ezintathu, ngokuphambene, ajwayeleke kakhulu emculweni wezinsimbi (leli yifomu eliyintandokazi le minuet neminye imidanso).

Ifomu eliyinkimbinkimbi elinezingxenye ezintathu, njengelula, lingaqukatha ukuphindaphinda, futhi engxenyeni ephakathi - izinto ezintsha (imvamisa yilokho okwenzekayo), kanti ingxenye ephakathi kuleli fomu inezinhlobo ezimbili: (uma imele uhlobo oluthile lwefomu elilula elizacile) noma (uma ingxenye emaphakathi kukhona izakhiwo zamahhala ezingalaleli noma i-periodic noma noma yimaphi amafomu alula).

Ifomu lokwehluka - leli fomu elakhelwe ekuphindaphindweni kwendikimba yokuqala nokuguqulwa kwayo, futhi kufanele kube okungenani okubili kwalokhu kuphindaphinda ukuze uhlobo oluwumphumela womsebenzi womculo lubekwe njengenguquko. Ifomu lokwehluka litholakala emisebenzini eminingi yezinsimbi ngabaqambi bomculo wakudala, futhi akuvamile ekuqanjweni kwababhali besimanje.

Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene. Isibonelo, kunohlobo olunjalo lokwehluka njengokuhluka kwetimu ye-ostinato (okungukuthi, engaguquleki, ephethwe) emculweni noma kumabhesi (okubizwa kanjalo). Kukhona ukuhlukahluka lapho, ngokuqaliswa okusha ngakunye, itimu inombala ngemihlobiso ehlukahlukene futhi ihlukaniswe ngokuqhubekayo, ikhombisa izinhlangothi zayo ezifihliwe.

Kukhona olunye uhlobo lokuhluka - lapho ukuqaliswa okusha kwetimu kwenzeka ohlotsheni olusha. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zinguquko ezinhlotsheni zomculo ezintsha ziyiguqula kakhulu indikimba - cabanga nje, itimu ingazwakala emsebenzini ofanayo njengemashi yomngcwabo, ingoma yasebusuku, kanye neculo elinomdlandla. Nokho, ungafunda okuthile ngezinhlobo esihlokweni esithi “Izinhlobo Zomculo Eziyinhloko.”

Njengesibonelo somculo sokuhluka, sikumema ukuba ujwayelane nomsebenzi odume kakhulu we-Beethoven enkulu.

L. van Beethoven, 32 ukuhluka kwe-C encane

Rondo - olunye uhlobo lwemisebenzi yomculo olusabalele. Cishe uyazi ukuthi igama elihunyushwe olimini lwesiRashiya lisuka kusiFulentshi lithi . Lokhu akukhona ukuqondana. Kudala, u-rondo kwakuwumdanso oyindilinga weqembu, lapho ukuzijabulisa okuvamile kwakushintshwana nemidanso yabantu abacula ngabodwana - ngezikhathi ezinjalo babengena phakathi kombuthano babonise amakhono abo.

Ngakho-ke, ngokomculo, i-rondo iqukethe izingxenye eziphindaphindiwe (ezijwayelekile - zibizwa) neziqephu zomuntu ngamunye ezizwakalayo phakathi kwe-refrains. Ukuze ifomu le-rondo lenzeke, i-refrain kufanele iphindwe okungenani izikhathi ezintathu.

Ifomu leSonata, ngakho-ke sifikile kuwe! Ifomu le-sonata, noma, njengoba ngezinye izikhathi libizwa kanjalo, ifomu le-sonata allegro, ingenye yezindlela eziphelele kakhulu neziyinkimbinkimbi zemisebenzi yomculo.

Ifomu le-sonata lisekelwe ezindikimbeni ezimbili eziyinhloko - enye yazo ibizwa ngokuthi (leyo ezwakala kuqala), eyesibili -. Lawa magama asho ukuthi enye yezindikimba ikukhiye oyinhloko, kanti eyesibili ikukhiye wesibili (ebusayo, isibonelo, noma ehambisanayo). Ndawonye, ​​lezi amatimu zidlula ekuhlolweni okuhlukahlukene ekuthuthukisweni, bese kuthi ku-reprise, ngokuvamile zombili zizwakala ngokhiye ofanayo.

Ifomu le-sonata liqukethe izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• ukuvezwa (ukwethulwa kwesihloko sokuqala, sesibili kanye nezinye emphakathini);
• ukuthuthukiswa (isigaba lapho ukuthuthukiswa okujulile kwenzeka khona);
• reprise (lapha izingqikithi ezethulwe embukisweni ziyaphindwa, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuhlangana kwazo kwenzeka).

Abaqambi babethanda ifomu le-sonata kangangokuthi ngesisekelo salo bakha uchungechunge lwamafomu ahluke kumodeli oyinhloko kumingcele ehlukahlukene. Isibonelo, singabiza izinhlobo ezinjalo zefomu le-sonata njengokuthi (ukuxuba ifomu le-sonata ne-rondo), (khumbula ukuthi bathini ngesiqephu esinezingxenye ezintathu zefomu eliyinkimbinkimbi? Lapha noma yiluphi uhlobo lungaba isiqephu - ngokuvamile lokhu kuhlukahluka), (ngokuchayeka kabili - komculi oyedwa kanye ne-orchestra, ne-virtuoso cadenza yomculi oyedwa ekupheleni kwentuthuko ngaphambi kokuqala kwe-reprise), (i-sonata encane), (i-canvas enkulu).

I-Fugue – leli yifomu elake laba yindlovukazi yazo zonke izinhlobo. Ngesinye isikhathi, i-fugue yayibhekwa njengefomu lomculo eliphelele kakhulu, futhi abaculi basenesimo sengqondo esikhethekile ngama-fugues.

I-fugue yakhelwe phezu kwendikimba eyodwa, ebuye iphindwe izikhathi eziningi ngendlela engashintshile ngamaphimbo ahlukene (ngamathuluzi ahlukene). I-fugue iqala, njengomthetho, ngezwi elilodwa futhi ngokushesha ngendikimba. Elinye izwi liphendula ngokushesha kule timu, futhi lokho okuzwakalayo phakathi nale mpendulo evela ensimbini yokuqala kubizwa ngokuthi i-counter-addition.

Ngenkathi indikimba izungeza ngamaphimbo ahlukene, ingxenye echazayo ye-fugue iyaqhubeka, kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho ingqikithi isidlulile ezwini ngalinye, intuthuko iqala lapho ingqikithi ingase ingaqhutshekisiwe ngokugcwele, icindezelwe, noma, ngokuphambene, inwetshwe. Yebo, izinto eziningi zenzeka ekuthuthukisweni… Ekupheleni kwe-fugue, i-tonality eyinhloko ibuyiselwe - lesi sigaba sibizwa ngokuthi i-reprise of the fugue.

Sesingama lapho manje. Seziqambe cishe zonke izinhlobo eziyinhloko zemisebenzi yomculo. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi amafomu ayinkimbinkimbi angaqukatha ambalwa alula - funda ukuwathola. Futhi ngokuvamile kokubili amafomu alula futhi ayinkimbinkimbi ahlanganiswa abe imijikelezo ehlukene – isibonelo, zakha ndawonye.