Belcanto, bel canto |

ital. bel canto, belcanto, lit. – ukucula okumnandi

Ukukhanya okukhazimulayo nesitayela somusa sokucula, isici sobuciko bezwi lesiNtaliyane phakathi nekhulu le-17 - 1st ingxenye yekhulu le-19; ngomqondo wesimanje obanzi - ukuzwakala okumnandi kwezwi.

I-Belcanto idinga ubuciko bezwi obuphelele bomculi: i-cantilena engenasici, i-thinning, i-virtuoso coloratura, ithoni yokucula emnandi ngokomzwelo.

Ukuvela kwe-bel canto kuhlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kwesitayela se-homophonic somculo wezwi kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-opera yase-Italy (ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17). Ngokuzayo, ngenkathi igcina isisekelo sobuciko nobuhle, i-Italian bel canto yavela, yathuthukiswa ngamasu amasha obuciko nemibala. Early, okuthiwa. okudabukisayo, isitayela se-bel canto (ama-opera ka-C. Monteverdi, F. Cavalli, A. Chesti, A. Scarlatti) sisekelwe ku-cantilena evezayo, umbhalo wezinkondlo ophakeme, imihlobiso emincane ye-coloratura eyethulwa ukuthuthukisa umphumela omkhulu; ukusebenza kwezwi kwakuhlukaniswa nokuzwela, ama-pathos.

Phakathi kwabaculi be-bel canto abavelele engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-17. – P. Tosi, A. Stradella, FA Pistocchi, B. Ferri nabanye (iningi labo lalingabaqambi kanye nabafundisi bezwi).

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17. kakade kuma-opera e-Scarlatti, i-arias iqala ukwakhiwa phezu kwe-cantilena ebanzi yohlamvu lwe-bravura, kusetshenziswa i-coloratura enwetshiwe. okuthiwa isitayela se-bravura se-bel canto (esivamile ngekhulu le-18 futhi saba khona kwaze kwaba yikota yokuqala yekhulu le-1) isitayela esihle kakhulu se-virtuoso esilawulwa yi-coloratura.

Ubuciko bokucula phakathi nalesi sikhathi ikakhulukazi babungaphansi komsebenzi wokuveza amakhono athuthuke kakhulu ezwi nezobuchwepheshe omculi - isikhathi sokuphefumula, ikhono lokunciphisa, ikhono lokwenza amavesi anzima kakhulu, ama-cadences, ama-trill (lapho kwakuyizinhlobo ezingu-8 zazo); abahlabeleli babeqhudelana ngamandla nangesikhathi somsindo ngecilongo nezinye izinsimbi zomculo wezinsimbi.

“Ngesitayela esidabukisayo” sika-bel canto, umculi kwakudingeka aguqule ingxenye yesibili ku-aria da capo, futhi inombolo nekhono lokuhlukahluka kwakusebenza njengenkomba yekhono lakhe; imihlobiso ye-arias bekufanele ishintshwe ekusebenzeni ngakunye. "Ngesitayela se-bravura" se-bel canto, lesi sici sesivelele. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu komyalo ophelele wezwi, ubuciko be-bel canto budinga ukuthuthukiswa okubanzi komculo nobuciko kumculi, ikhono lokushintsha umculo womqambi, ukuthuthukisa (lokhu kwaqhubeka kwaze kwavela ama-opera kaG. Rossini, owaqala ukuqamba wonke ama-cadenza kanye ne-coloratura).

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 i-opera yase-Italy iba i-opera "yezinkanyezi", ithobela ngokuphelele izidingo zokubonisa amakhono omculo abahlabeleli.

Abameleli abavelele be-bel canto kwakuyilaba: abaculi be-castrato AM Bernacchi, G. Cresentini, A. Uberti (Porporino), Caffarelli, Senesino, Farinelli, L. Marchesi, G. Guadagni, G. Pacyarotti, J. Velluti; abahlabeleli - F. Bordoni, R. Mingotti, C. Gabrielli, A. Catalani, C. Coltelini; abaculi – D. Jizzi, A. Nozari, J. David nabanye.

Izimfuneko zesitayela se-bel canto zinqume uhlelo oluthile lokufundisa abaculi. Njengasekhulwini le-17, abaqambi bekhulu le-18 ngesikhathi esifanayo babengabafundisi bezwi (A. Scarlatti, L. Vinci, J. Pergolesi, N. Porpora, L. Leo, njll.). Imfundo yayiqhutshelwa ezindlini zokulondoloza imvelo (okwakuyizikhungo zemfundo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo izindlu zokulala lapho othisha behlala khona nabafundi) iminyaka engu-6-9, namakilasi ansuku zonke kusukela ekuseni kuze kube kusihlwa. Uma umntwana enezwi elivelele, khona-ke wayethenwa ngethemba lokulondoloza izimfanelo zangaphambili zezwi ngemva kokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo; uma kuphumelele, kutholwe abaculi abanamaphimbo namasu amangalisayo (bona abaculi bakaCastratos).

Isikole samazwi esibaluleke kunazo zonke kwakuyi-Bologna School of F. Pistocchi (eyavulwa ngo-1700). Kwezinye izikole, ezidume kakhulu yizi: Roman, Florentine, Venetian, Milanese futhi ikakhulukazi Neapolitan, lapho kwasebenza A. Scarlatti, N. Porpora, L. Leo.

Isikhathi esisha ekuthuthukisweni kwe-bel canto siqala lapho i-opera iphinda ithola ubuqotho bayo obulahlekile futhi ithola ukuthuthukiswa okusha ngenxa yomsebenzi ka-G. Rossini, S. Mercadante, V. Bellini, G. Donizetti. Nakuba izingxenye zezwi kuma-opera zisagcwele imihlobiso ye-coloratura, abaculi kakade kudingeka badlulisele imizwa yabalingiswa abaphilayo ngokunengqondo; ukwandisa i-tessitura yamaqoqo, bоUkugcwala okukhulu kokuphelezelwa kwe-orchestra kubeka izimfuneko ezikhulayo zezwi. I-Belcanto inothiswe ngephalethi ye-timbre emisha nemibala eguqukayo. Abaculi abavelele balesi sikhathi u-J. Pasta, A. Catalani, odade (Giuditta, Giulia) Grisi, E. Tadolini, J. Rubini, J. Mario, L. Lablache, F. no-D. Ronconi.

Ukuphela kwenkathi ye-classical bel canto kuhlotshaniswa nokubukeka kwama-opera ka-G. Verdi. Ukubusa kwe-coloratura, isici sesitayela se-bel canto, kuyanyamalala. Imihlobiso ezingxenyeni zezwi zama-opera e-Verdi ihlala kuphela ne-soprano, futhi kuma-opera okugcina womqambi (njengakamuva nama-verists - bheka i-Verismo) ayitholakali nhlobo. UCantilena, eqhubeka ethatha indawo eyinhloko, ethuthuka, edlalwa kakhulu, ecetshiswe ngama-nuances angokwengqondo acashile. Iphalethi eliguquguqukayo eliphelele lezingxenye zezwi liyashintsha ekuqondeni kokukhula kwe-sonority; umculi udingeka ukuthi abe nohlu lwama-octave amabili wezwi elizwakalayo elibushelelezi elinamanothi aphezulu aqinile. Igama elithi "bel canto" lilahlekelwa incazelo yalo yasekuqaleni, ziqala ukukhomba ubuciko obuphelele bezindlela zezwi futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, i-cantilena.

Abameleli abavelele be-bel canto yalesi sikhathi ngu-I. Colbran, L. Giraldoni, B. Marchisio, A. Cotogni, S. Gaillarre, V. Morel, A. Patti, F. Tamagno, M. Battistini, kamuva u-E. Caruso, L. Bori , A. Bonci, G. Martinelli, T. Skipa, B. Gigli, E. Pinza, G. Lauri-Volpi, E. Stignani, T. Dal Monte, A. Pertile, G. Di Stefano, M. Del Monaco, R. Tebaldi, D. Semionato, F. Barbieri, E. Bastianini, D. Guelfi, P. Siepi, N. Rossi-Lemeni, R. Scotto, M. Freni, F. Cossotto, G. Tucci, F . Corelli, D. Raimondi, S. Bruscantini, P. Capucilli, T. Gobbi.

Isitayela se-bel canto sibe nomthelela ezikoleni eziningi zezwi zaseYurophu, kuhl. ngesiRashiya. Abameleli abaningi be-bel canto art baye bavakashela futhi bafundisa eRussia. Isikole samazwi saseRussia, esathuthuka ngendlela yokuqala, sidlula isikhathi sothando olusemthethweni lokucula umsindo, sasebenzisa izimiso zobuchwepheshe zokucula isiNtaliyane. Amaciko esizwe asele, abaculi baseRussia abavelele u-FI Chaliapin, u-AV Nezhdanova, u-LV Sobinov nabanye bafunde ubuciko be-bel canto baphelela.

I-bel canto yesimanje yase-Italy iyaqhubeka nokuba yindinganiso yobuhle bakudala bethoni yokucula, i-cantilena nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi yomsindo. Ubuciko babaculi abahamba phambili emhlabeni (D. Sutherland, M. Kallas, B. Nilson, B. Hristov, N. Gyaurov, nabanye) busekelwe kuwo.

References: Mazurin K., Indlela yokucula, vol. 1-2, M., 1902-1903; Bagadurov V., Izindatshana zomlando we-vocal methodology, vol. Mina, M., 1929, no. II-III, M., 1932-1956; Nazarenko I., Ubuciko Bokucula, M., 1968; I-Lauri-Volpi J., Ukufana Kwezwi, i-trans. evela eNtaliyane, L., 1972; Laurens J., Belcanto et mission italian, P., 1950; I-Duey Ph. A., i-Belcanto ngesikhathi sayo segolide, NU, 1951; UMaragliano Mori R., I maestri dei belcanto, Roma, 1953; Valdornini U., Belcanto, P., 1956; Merlin, A., Lebelcanto, P., 1961.

LB Dmitriev