Umculo we-Ethnography |

Umculo we-Ethnography (kusuka ku-Greek ethnos - the people and grapo - ngibhala) - ngokwesayensi. isiyalo, singcwele isifundo somculo wesintu. Kwaziwa emazweni ahlukene nasemazweni ahlukene. izikhathi zomlando ngaphansi kwamagama: umlando womculo, umculo. i-ethnology (emazweni ezilimi zesiJalimane nesiSlavic), qhathanisa. i-musicology (emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga Yurophu), i-ethnomusicology (esikhulumeni isiNgisi, manje esesikweni labakhuluma isiFulentshi), kanye ne-ethnomusicology (e-USSR). Ekuqaleni, u-E.m. kwakuyisayensi echazayo kuphela, eqondile. impahla yomculo wesiko lomlomo lethiyori. kanye nocwaningo lomlando. Kusayensi yangaphandle yaseYurophu yekhulu lama-20, preim. Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, i-ethnography evamile yahlukaniswa yaba ucwaningo lwezwe labantu bakubo (isiJalimane - Volkskunde; isiFulentshi - isiko populaire; isiNgisi - folklore), eyavela ngesisekelo sokukhuphuka kwenkululeko yezwe. ukunyakaza eYurophu ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-2; ukuqhathanisa isifundo se-alien, ngokuvamile e-extra-European, abantu (isiJalimane - Völkerkunde; isiFulentshi - ethnologie; isiNgisi - i-anthropology yezenhlalakahle), eyathuthukiswa phakathi. Ikhulu le-19 mayelana nokwanda kwamakoloni eYurophu. isimo-ngaphakathi. E. m. kwalandela lesi sigaba. Ngokwesiko lokukhuluma isiFulentshi, em — ethnomusicology. EJalimane, kwavela isiqondiso u-E. m., efunda lokho okubizwa ngokuthi. umculo wangaphambi komlando, – Frühgeschichte der Musik (V. Viora).

Esikhathini esedlule, ososayensi abaningi bonxiwankulu babebheka i-ethnomusicology njengesayensi emayelana nangaphandle kweYurophu kuphela. amasiko omculo, manje sekunomkhuba obheke ekuwuqondeni kabanzi ngokobuhlanga.

UMn. ochwepheshe, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke e-USSR, basebenzisa amagama athi "E. m.", "Umculo. i-folkloristics”, “ethnomusicology” njengelinganayo, ngokusekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi u-E. m., njenganoma iyiphi isayensi, uyabola. izigaba, ujabulela i-diff. ubuchwepheshe futhi ine-diff. ubungcweti bemboni. E-USSR, igama elithi "muz. i-folkloristics ", ngesikhathi esifanayo, igama elithi "ethnomusicology", elakhiwe egameni elithi "ethnomusicology", elethulwa ngo-1950 ngu-J. Kunst (Netherlands) futhi liba nokubonga okubanzi ku-Amer. ukuzijwayeza.

E. m. iyingxenye ye-musicology ejwayelekile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo. ehlotshaniswa ne-ethnography evamile, i-folklore, i-sociology. Isihloko sika-E.m. ngokwesiko. umculo wasekhaya (futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, umlando wezinganekwane). isiko. emazingeni ahlukene omphakathi. Ukuthuthukiswa ubengoDisemba. indima. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uNar. ubuciko bomculo buhlukile. izizwe nabantu kuwo wonke umlando wabo, kuhlanganise nenkathi yesimanje. ukwakheka komphakathi, okubonakala ngokobuhlanga. imininingwane. E. m. izifundo Nar. umculo ngesikhathi esifanayo, okokuqala, “njengolimi”, okungukuthi, njengohlelo oluthile. izindlela zomculo ezizwakalayo, izakhiwo zezilimi zomculo, futhi okwesibili - njengokuthi "inkulumo", okungukuthi, njengokuqondile. ukwenza ukuziphatha. Lokhu kuchaza ukungenzeki kokudluliselwa okunembile kweNar. umculo weshidi lodwa.

Production Recording nar. umculo uyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu ye-E. m. “Izinto eziyinhloko nezithembeke kakhulu emlandweni weNar. umculo uhlala Nar. imiculo eqoshwe kamuva nje … Iyaqopha Nar. umculo awuwona umsebenzi ozenzekelayo: ukuqopha ngesikhathi esifanayo kuveza ukuthi umuntu obhalayo usiqonda kanjani ukwakheka komculo, ukuthi uwuhlaziya kanjani ... Ngokwethiyori. imibono namakhono angeke kodwa abonakale kurekhodi” (KV Kvitka). Ukurekhoda, ukulungisa amasampula omlando wezinganekwane kwenzeka ch. ar. ngendlela yohambo. ukusebenza phakathi kwabantu basemakhaya nasemadolobheni. Ukurekhoda komculo, ngomlomo, komsindo kwenziwa ngokubhala okulandelanayo-notation (i-decoding), idatha mayelana nabadlali kanye nomlando (wenhlalo, ubuhlanga kanye namasiko) wendawo lapho lezi zingoma, imidanso, izingoma zikhona nazo ziyarekhodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-muses ayalinganiswa, adwetshwe futhi athathwe izithombe. izinsimbi zithathwa ngemidanso yefilimu. Lapho ulungisa imikhiqizo yesiko noma yegeyimu. isiko elihambisanayo nabahlanganyeli balo lichazwe ngokuningiliziwe.

Ngemva kokurekhoda, indaba iyahlelwa, ukucutshungulwa kwayo kwengobo yomlando kanye nenkomba yekhadi ohlelweni olulodwa noma olunye olwamukelekayo (ngohambo olulodwa, ngokuhlala nezifunda, abadlali namaqembu adlalwayo, izinhlobo nezakhiwo, izinhlobo zomculo, amafomu e-modal nesigqi, indlela kanye nemvelo. ukusebenza). Umphumela we-systematization wukwakhiwa kwamakhathalogi aqukethe ukuhlaziya. imvelo kanye nokuvumela ukucutshungulwa kukhompuyutha. Njengesixhumanisi phakathi kokulungiswa, ukuhlela kanye nocwaningo lweNar. umculo ungowomculo we-ethnographic. okushicilelwe - anthologies omculo, isifunda, uhlobo noma itimu. amaqoqo, ama-monographs anezitifiketi ezinemininingwane, amazwana, uhlelo olunwetshiwe lwezinkomba, manje olunomsindo orekhodiwe. Amarekhodi e-Ethnographic ahambisana nokuphawula, okulotshiwe komculo, imidwebo yezithombe kanye nemephu yendawo efanele. Umculo kanye ne-ethnographic nazo zisabalele. amamuvi.

Umculo-ethnographic. izifundo, ezihlukene ngezinhlobo nezinjongo, zifaka okukhethekile. ukuhlaziya umculo (uhlelo lomculo, izindlela, isigqi, ifomu, njll.). Baphinde basebenzise izindlela zesayensi ehlobene. izindawo (i-folkloristics, ethnography, aesthetics, sociology, psychology, versification, linguistics, njll.), kanye nezindlela zesayensi eqondile (izibalo, izibalo, i-acoustics) kanye nemephu.

E. m. ifunda isihloko sayo ngokuya ngedatha ebhaliwe (imibhalo yokuqala yomculo, ubufakazi bemibhalo engaqondile nezincazelo zabahambi, imibhalo yomlando, imilando, njll.), ngokuya ngezinto zemivubukulo. imivubukulo namasiko agciniwe. amathuluzi omculo, ukubuka okuqondile nohambo. amarekhodi. Ukulungisa umculo wesiko lomlomo esimweni sawo. indawo yokuhlala ch. impahla E. m. Okwesimanje. amarekhodi enza kube nokwenzeka ukwakha kabusha izitayela zasendulo zamabhanga. umculo.

Imvelaphi ka-E. m. ehambisana noM. Montaigne (ngekhulu le-16), uJ. G. URusso kanye nami. G. Herder (ngekhulu le-18). Ingemuva E. m. njengoba isayensi ibuyela emuva emisebenzini kaF. G. Fetisa et al. (Ngekhulu lesi-19). Amaqoqo okuqala ashicilelwe weNar. izingoma, njengomthetho, azilandelwanga ngokwesayensi. imigomo. Zahlanganiswa yizazi ze-ethnographer, izazi-mlando zendawo eziyizimfundamakhwela. Bese kuya endabeni ethi Nar. Abaqambi baphendukela ekudaleni, belwela hhayi nje ukujwayelana nomculo wabomdabu, njll. abantu, kodwa futhi ukulihumushela emikhiqizweni yabo. Abaqambi banikele ngezindlela. iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kuka-E. m., abazange bacubungule ama-bunks kuphela. izingoma, kodwa futhi wazihlola: B. Bartok, 3. Kodály (Hungary), I. Kron (Finland), J. Tierso (France), D. Hristov (Bulgaria), R. Vaughan Williams (Great Britain). Ochwepheshe abaningi bekhulu le-19-20. wayenentshisekelo kakhulu ezinganekwaneni zomdabu: M. A. Balakirev, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P. FUTHI. Tchaikovsky A. KUYA. Lyadov nabanye. (Russia), O. Kolberg (Poland), F. Kuhach (Yugoslavia), S. I-Sharp (UK), B. UStoin (Bulgaria). Indawo ekhethekile ithathwa umsebenzi ka-L. Cuba (Czech Republic), owaqoqa umculo. ifolklore pl. inkazimulo izizwe. Ukuqala komlando ka-E. m. indlela isayensi evame ukubizwa ngayo ngesikhathi sokusungulwa kwegilamafoni (1877). Ngo-1890 umculo we-Amer. AmaNdiya, esitezi sesi-2. Ngawo-1890 imisindo yokuqala eqoshiwe yenziwa eYurophu (eHungary naseRussia). Ngo-1884-85 A. J. U-Ellis wathola ukuthi abantu basebenzisa izikali ezingaziwa kubantu baseYurophu, futhi bahlongoza ukulinganisa izikhawu phakathi kwezinyathelo zabo ngamasenti - ingxenye eyikhulu ye-semitone enomsindo. Izinqolobane ezinkulu zephonogram zasungulwa eVienna naseBerlin. Ngokwesisekelo sabo, ngokwesayensi. izikole E. m. Kusukela ngo-1929 kube khona indawo yokugcina izinto ezigciniwe. i-folklore e-Bucharest (Archives de la folklore de la Société des Compositeurs roumains), kusukela ngo-1944 - Intern. ingobo yomlando et al. umculo e-Geneva (Archives internationales de musique populaire au Musée d'ethnographie de Geníve; zombili zidalwe igumbi elivelele. i-ice folklorist u-K. Brailoyu) kanye noMnyango we-Ethnomusicology eMnyuziyamu Wezobuciko. ezobuciko namasiko e-Paris (Département d'ethnomusicologie du Musée national des Arts et Traditions populaires). Kusukela ngo-1947 i-Intern. umkhandlu womculo wabantu ku-UNESCO - International Folk Music Council (IFMC), ene-nat. amakomiti emazweni ahlukahlukene omhlaba, ashicilela okukhethekile. Umagazini "Journal of the IFMC" kanye nokushicilela ibhuku lonyaka "Incwadi Yonyaka ye-IFMC" (kusukela ngo-1969), e-USA - i-Society of Ethnomusicology, eshicilela iphephabhuku. "Ethnomusicology". E-Yugoslavia, i-Union of Folklorists Society (Savez udruzenja folklorista Jugoslavije) yasungulwa ngo-1954. Ingobo yomlando yomsebenzi mayelana-va English. I-Nar Dance and Song (English Folk Dance and Song Society, London), Izingobo zomlando zeMuseum of Man (Musée de l'Homme, Paris), Izingobo Zomlando Nar. pesni Biblioteki kongresa (Ingobo yomlando yengoma ye-Folk ye-Library of Congress, Washington), Inqolobane Yendabuko. Umculo e-Indiana University (Indiana University Archives of Traditional Music) kanye ne-Ethnomusicological. ingobo yomlando eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, izingobo zomlando zabanye. okubabayo. un-tov, ingobo yomlando ye-Intern. in-ta qhathanisa. izifundo zomculo (Izingobo zomlando ze-International Institute yezifundo zomculo zokuqhathanisa kanye nemibhalo, Zap. Berlin), njll. Enqubweni yokuthuthukisa indlela yokusebenza yesimanje u-E. m. i-ethnocentrism kanye nokuqondiswa kwezinto eziphathelene nobuhlanga kuyanqotshwa ngenxa yokuqhathanisa okubanzi komlando. ucwaningo. IWeseli. ukusesha kuhloselwe ukwamukela umculo kubuciko bawo obuguqukayo, obuthuthuka ngokomlando. ukucaciswa - umenzi wangempela. inqubo. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje u-E. m. isebenzisa indlela ebanzi nehlelekile emculweni. isiko, elikuvumela ukuthi ufunde i-Nar. umculo ku-syncretic yawo kanye ne-synthetic. ubunye nabanye. izingxenye zendabuko. Isimanje E. m. ithatha inganekwane njengobuciko. umsebenzi wokuxhumana (K. Chistov - USSR; D. I-Shtokman – GDR; D. Ben-Amos – USA, njll.); Okubalulekile Kubhekiswa esifundweni sobuntu bakhe (okungukuthi. Mr. izingoma zeqembu E. Clusen – Germany; t. Mr. amaqembu amancane kaBen-Amose; t. Mr. amaqembu amancane omphakathi uSirovatki - Czechoslovakia). NgokukaT. Todorova (NRB), okuyi-orientation E. m. ocwaningweni lwezinganekwane njengobuciko kuholela ekwakhekeni kuka-E. m.

Ekuthuthukisweni kwe-pre-revolutionary AN Serov, VF Odoevsky, PP Sokalsky, Yu. N. Melgunov, AL Maslov, EE Lineva, SF Lyudkevich, FM Kolessa, Komitas, DI Arakishvili nabanye. Phakathi kwezikhova ezivelele. VM Belyaev, VS Vinogradov, E. Ya. Vitolin, U. Gadzhibekov, EV Gippius, BG Erzakovich, AV Zataevich, no-KV Kvitka, XS Kushnarev, LS Mukharinskaya, FA Rubtsov, XT Tampere, VA Uspensky, Ya. nar. amasiko omculo.

E-Russia, ukuqoqwa nokufundwa kwe-Nar. ubuqambi bomculo bugxile kwiKhomishana yoMculo kanye ne-Ethnographic kanye ne-ethnographic. umnyango waseRussia. Geographic mayelana-va. Ngemva kuka-Okthoba kwakhiwa ama-revolutions: ethnographic. isigaba State. I-Institute of Music Sciences (1921, eMoscow, yasebenza kwaze kwaba ngu-1931), eLeningrad. i-phonogram archive (1927, kusukela ngo-1938 - e-Institute of Russian Literature ye-Academy of Sciences yase-USSR), ihhovisi likaNar. umculo eMoscow. Conservatory (1936), isigaba sezinganekwane e-Institute of Technology, Music and Cinematography (1969, Leningrad), All-Union Commission of the people. umculo eKomidini le-USSR ye-USSR, ikhomishini yezomculo kanye nendabuko yeKomidi le-RSFSR le-USSR, njll.

Ekuqaleni. 1920s BV Asafiev, owayeqonda umculo. iphimbo njengokuqondile. qukatha. indlela yokuxhumana ezwakalayo, ikhuthaze ukufundwa kwe-nar. umculo art-va njengendlela yokudala ephilayo. inqubo. Wacela ukufundwa kwezinganekwane “njengomculo wendawo ethile yomphakathi, eshintsha njalo ekwakhekeni kwayo.” Okokuqala kusho. Imisebenzi ka-EV Evald (ezingomeni zeBelarusian Polesie, 1934, 2nd ed. 1979) kwaba impumelelo ka-E. m. ngalapha. Izikhova. E. m. iqala ngesisekelo se-Marxist-Leninist methodology. Izikhova. izazi zomculo wesintu ziye zazuza izindlela. impumelelo ekufundeni izitayela nobuciko bendawo. izinhlelo zendabuko. kanye nar yesimanje. umculo, ekusetshenzisweni kwedatha yomculo neyendabuko njengomthombo wokutadisha izinkinga ze-ethnogenesis.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-E. m. njengesayensi iholela ekwakhiweni kwethiyori entsha yobuciko. ubuqotho beNar. umculo kanye nabantu be-organic systemic. isiko lomculo.

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II Zemtsovsky