Umculo wendawo |
German Raummusik
Umculo osebenzisa imiphumela yemisindo yendawo: i-echo, ukuhlelwa okukhethekile kwabadlali, njll. Igama elithi “P. m." uvele ezincwadini zomculo phakathi. Ikhulu lama-20, kodwa ayisetshenziswa kabanzi. Akasho ukuthi k.-l. ezimele. uhlobo lomculo, ngoba imiphumela yendawo, njengomthetho, ingenye ye-express. izindlela ezisetshenziswa emculweni. imikhiqizo ehlobene ne-P. m. Ekuwohlokeni. izinkathi zomlando ka-P. m zasetshenziswa noma zihlobene ne. izimo zokusebenza (isb ngaphandle), noma ngezinjongo zokuhlobisa (isb. mayelana nomklamo wesiteji somsebenzi). Ezenzweni zehlelo, izimiso eziphikisana nefoni kanye nezokuphendula zokuqamba nokusebenza zingabhekwa njengokufana kwe-P.m. imishwana kanye nezingxenye ezinkulu ze-Op. ukusuka kwelinye ikhwaya noma ihhafu yekhwaya iye kwenye (izingoma zamakhwaya amabili nantathu zihlotshaniswa nalokhu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaVenetians ngekhulu le-16). Etiyetha. umculo usebenzisa ukuhlangana kwe-orchestra phambi kwesiteji ne-orchestra esiteji, kanye neminye imiphumela (ama-orchestra atholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zesiteji ku-Don Giovanni kaMozart; indlela nokususwa kwekhwaya yabahlali eNkosana KaBorodin. Igor, njll.). Imiphumela yendawo nayo yasetshenziswa emculweni emoyeni ovulekile, emanzini (isibonelo, “Umculo Osemanzini” kanye “Nomculo Ehlathini” ka-Handel). Ngezikhathi ezithile, amasampula ka-P. m atholakala ku-symphony. uhlobo. I-Serenade (nocturne) kaMozart (K.-V. 286, 1776 noma 1777), ebhalelwe ama-orchestra ama-4, eqanjwe ngenjongo yomphumela osankondlo we-echo futhi ivumela ukubekwa okuhlukene kwama-orchestra. Ku-"Requiem" kaBerlioz, kusetshenziswa imimoya emi-4. i-orchestra etholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene zehholo.
Ngekhulu lama-20 P.'s value m uye wakhula. Ezimweni zomnyango, isici sendawo siba esinye sezisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zamamuse. izakhiwo (empeleni P. m). Abanye abaqambi besimanje bathuthukisa ngokuqondile umqondo we-P.m. (okokuqala, u-K. Stockhausen – njengomqambi nanjengombhali wemfundiso-nkolo; ngokokuqala ngqa ku-op. “Ukucula kwezinsizwa …”, 1956, kanye “neQembu” lama-orchestra angu-3, 1957; kusekelwe embonweni we Stockhausen e-EXPO-70 e-Osaka, kwakhiwa ihholo elikhethekile likaP.m., umdwebi wamapulani u-Borneman). Yebo, ukukhiqizwa kuka-J. Xenakis "Terretektor" (1966) aklanyelwe kuphela umphumela wokuhamba komthombo womsindo ozungeze abalaleli ngesikhathi sokushintshwa kwabadlali abatholakala ngokuhambisanayo. amaqembu, kodwa (ngenxa yokubekwa komphakathi ngaphakathi kwe-orchestra enqunywe umbhali) futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo. umphumela wokunyakaza kwayo kwe-rectilinear, njengokungathi idlula "kubalaleli". Imisebenzi ehlobene ne-P.m yangempela, yi-Ch. ar. okokuhlola.
Yu. N. Kholopov
