UJohann Strauss (indodana) |

UJohann Strauss (indodana)

Umqambi wase-Austrian I. Strauss ubizwa ngokuthi "inkosi ye-waltz". Umsebenzi wakhe ugcwele umoya waseVienna nesiko layo lesikhathi eside lokuthanda umdanso. Ugqozi olungapheli kuhlanganiswe nekhono eliphakeme kakhulu kwenza u-Strauss waba i-classic yangempela yomculo womdanso. Ngenxa yakhe, i-waltz yaseViennese yadlula ikhulu lesi-XNUMX. futhi yaba yingxenye yempilo yanamuhla yomculo.

UStrauss wazalelwa emndenini ocebile ngamasiko omculo. Uyise, naye u-Johann Strauss, wahlela i-orchestra yakhe ngonyaka wokuzalwa kwendodana yakhe futhi wazuza udumo kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngama-waltzes, ama-polkas, amamashi.

Ubaba wayefuna ukwenza indodana yakhe usomabhizinisi futhi wamelana ngokuphelele nemfundo yakhe yomculo. Okuhlaba umxhwele nakakhulu ithalente elikhulu lika-Johann omncane kanye nesifiso sakhe esijulile somculo. Ngokuyimfihlo kuyise, uthatha izifundo ze-violin ku-F. Amon (ohambisana ne-orchestra yaseStrauss) futhi lapho eneminyaka engu-6 ubhala i-waltz yakhe yokuqala. Lokhu kwalandelwa ucwaningo olunzulu lokuqamba ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-I. Drexler.

Ngo-1844, uStrauss oneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye ubudala uqoqa i-orchestra kubaculi abaneminyaka efanayo futhi uhlele ubusuku bakhe bokuqala bokudansa. Lo mdlali osemusha waba imbangi eyingozi kuyise (owayengumqhubi we-orchestra yasenkantolo ngaleso sikhathi). Impilo ejulile yokudala kaStrauss Jr. iqala, kancane kancane izuza uzwela lwamaViennese.

Umqambi wavela phambi kwe-orchestra ephethe ivayolini. Waqhuba futhi wadlala ngesikhathi esifanayo (njengasezinsukwini zika-I. Haydn no-WA ​​Mozart), futhi wakhuthaza izethameli ngokusebenza kwakhe.

UStrauss wasebenzisa uhlobo lwe-waltz yaseViennese eyakhiwa u-I. Lanner noyise: “igoda” lezingoma eziningana, ngokuvamile ezinhlanu, ezinezingeniso nesiphetho. Kodwa ubuhle nokusha kwezingoma, ukushelela kwazo kanye namazwi ahlabelelayo, ukuhambisana kweMozartian, umsindo osobala we-orchestra enamaviyolini acula ngokomoya, injabulo echichimayo yokuphila - konke lokhu kuguqula ama-waltze kaStrauss abe izinkondlo zothando. Ngaphakathi kohlaka olusetshenzisiwe, oluhloselwe umculo womdanso, kwakhiwa imisebenzi yobuciko eletha injabulo yangempela yobuhle. Amagama ohlelo lukaStrauss waltzes abonisa ukuvela nemicimbi ehlukahlukene. Ngesikhathi soguquko lwe-1848, "Izingoma Zenkululeko", "Izingoma Ze-Barricades" zadalwa, ngo-1849 - "i-Waltz-obituary" ngokufa kukayise. Umuzwa onenzondo kuyise (waqala omunye umndeni kudala) awuzange uphazamise ukutuswa komculo wakhe (kamuva uStrauss wahlela iqoqo eliphelele lemisebenzi yakhe).

Udumo lomqambi lukhula kancane kancane futhi ludlulela ngaphesheya kwemingcele yase-Austria. Ngo-1847 uvakashela eSerbia naseRomania, ngo-1851 - eJalimane, eCzech Republic nasePoland, bese, iminyaka eminingi, ehamba njalo eRussia.

Ngo-1856-65. UStrauss ubamba iqhaza ezinkathini zasehlobo ePavlovsk (eduze kwaseSt. Petersburg), lapho enikeza khona amakhonsathi esakhiweni sesiteshi futhi, kanye nomculo wakhe womdanso, wenza imisebenzi yabaqambi baseRussia: M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, A. Serov. I-waltz ethi "Farewell to St. Petersburg", i-polka "Ehlathini lasePavlovsk", i-piano fantasy "Esigodini saseRussia" (eyenziwa ngu-A. Rubinshtein) nabanye bahlotshaniswa nemibono evela eRussia.

Ngo-1863-70. UStrauss ungumqhubi wamabhola asenkantolo eVienna. Phakathi nale minyaka, ama-waltze akhe angcono kakhulu adalwe: "Ku-Blue Danube Enhle", "Ukuphila Komculi", "Izinganekwane zaseVienna Woods", "Jabulela Ukuphila", njll. Isipho somculo esingavamile (umqambi uthe: “Imiculo igeleza iphuma kimi njengamanzi aphuma ku-crane”), kanye nekhono elingandile lokusebenza kwavumela uStrauss ukuba abhale ama-waltze angu-168, ama-polka angu-117, ama-quadrille angu-73, ama-mazurka namagalophu angaphezu kuka-30, amamashi angu-43, nama-operetta angu-15 ekuphileni kwakhe.

70s - ukuqala kwesiteji esisha empilweni yokudala kaStrauss, owathi, ngeseluleko sikaJ. Offenbach, waphendukela kuhlobo lwe-operetta. Ehlangene no-F. Suppe kanye no-K. Millöcker, waba ngumdali we-Viennese operetta yakudala.

U-Strauss akakhangwa ukuqondisa okuhlekisayo kwetiyetha ka-Offenbach; Njengomthetho, ubhala amahlaya omculo ajabulisayo, okuyinhloko (futhi ngokuvamile okuwukuphela) okukhangayo okuwumculo.

Waltzes ovela ku-operettas Die Fledermaus (1874), Cagliostro in Vienna (1875), The Queen's Lace Handkerchief (1880), Night in Venice (1883), Viennese Blood (1899) nabanye.

Phakathi kwama-operetta kaStrauss, i-The Gypsy Baron (1885) igqama ngesakhiwo esibucayi kakhulu, esaqanjwa ekuqaleni njenge-opera futhi yamunca ezinye zezici zayo (ikakhulukazi, ukukhanyiswa okunezingoma zothando kwemizwa yangempela, ejulile: inkululeko, uthando, ubuntu. isithunzi).

Umculo we-operetta usebenzisa kakhulu i-Hungary-Gypsy motifs nezinhlobo, ezifana ne-Čardas. Ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, umqambi ubhala i-opera yakhe yamahlaya okuwukuphela kwayo ethi The Knight Pasman (1892) futhi usebenza ku-ballet Cinderella (engaqediwe). Njengangaphambili, nakuba ngamanani amancane, ama-waltze ahlukene avela, egcwele, njengaseminyakeni yawo encane, yobumnandi bangempela kanye nokujabula okukhazimulayo: “Amazwi Asentwasahlobo” (1882). "Imperial Waltz" (1890). Uhambo lokuvakasha alupheli: ukuya e-USA (1872), kanye naseRussia (1869, 1872, 1886).

Umculo kaStrauss wathakaselwa nguR. Schumann noG. Berlioz, F. Liszt noR. Wagner. G. Bulow kanye no-I. Brahms (owayengumngane womqambi). Iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, uye wanqoba izinhliziyo zabantu futhi akalahlekelwa ubuhle bakhe.

K. Zenkin

UJohann Strauss ungene emlandweni womculo wekhulu lesi-XNUMX njengengcweti yomdanso nomculo wansuku zonke. Ulethe kuyo izici zobuciko bangempela, ukujula nokuthuthukisa izici ezijwayelekile zomkhuba womdanso wesintu wase-Austria. Imisebenzi engcono kakhulu kaStrauss ibonakala ngokujula nokulula kwezithombe, ukunotha okungapheli komculo, ubuqotho kanye nemvelo yolimi lomculo. Konke lokhu kube nomthelela ekuthandeni kwabo okukhulu phakathi kwezindimbane zabalaleli.

U-Strauss wabhala ama-waltzes angamakhulu amane namashumi ayisikhombisa nesikhombisa, ama-polkas, ama-quadrilles, amamashi kanye neminye imisebenzi yekhonsathi nohlelo lwasekhaya (okuhlanganisa nemibhalo yezingcaphuno ezivela kuma-operettas). Ukuthembela kusigqi nezinye izindlela zokuvezwa kwemidanso yesintu kunikeza le misebenzi isigxivizo esijulile sezwe. Abantu besikhathi esifanayo babebizwa ngokuthi ama-Strauss waltzes izingoma zokushisekela izwe ngaphandle kwamagama. Ezithombeni zomculo, wabonisa izici eziqotho nezikhangayo zomlingiswa wabantu base-Austrian, ubuhle bendawo yakubo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi kaStrauss wathatha izici zamanye amasiko esizwe, ngokuyinhloko umculo wesiHungary nesiSlavic. Lokhu kusebenza ngezindlela eziningi emisebenzini edalwe nguStrauss yeshashalazi yomculo, okuhlanganisa ama-operetta ayishumi nanhlanu, i-comic opera eyodwa ne-ballet eyodwa.

Abaqambi nabaqambi abakhulu - Abantu besikhathi sikaStrauss balazisa kakhulu ithalente lakhe elikhulu nekhono lakhe eliphezulu njengomqambi nombhidisi. “Umlingo omangalisayo! Imisebenzi yakhe (uyena owayiqhuba ngokwakhe) inginikeze injabulo yomculo ebengingakaze ngibe nayo isikhathi eside,” kubhala uHans Bülow ngoStrauss. Ube esenezela: “Lokhu kuwubuhlakani bokwenza ubuciko ngaphansi kwezimo zohlobo lwayo oluncane. Kukhona okumele kufundwe kuStrauss ngokudlala i-Ninth Symphony noma i-Beethoven's Pathétique Sonata.” Amazwi kaSchumann nawo ayaphawuleka: “Izinto ezimbili emhlabeni zinzima kakhulu,” esho, “okokuqala, ukuzuza udumo, okwesibili, ukuligcina. Amakhosi eqiniso kuphela aphumelelayo: ukusuka kuBeethoven kuya kuStrauss - ngamunye ngendlela yakhe. UBerlioz, uLiszt, uWagner, uBrahms bakhuluma ngentshiseko ngoStrauss. Ngomuzwa wozwela olujulile uSerov, uRimsky-Korsakov noTchaikovsky bakhuluma ngaye njengomculi womculo we-symphonic waseRussia. Futhi ngo-1884, lapho iVienna igubha iminyaka engu-40 kaStrauss, u-A. Rubinstein, egameni labadwebi baseSt. Petersburg, walamukela ngemfudumalo iqhawe langaleso sikhathi.

Ukuqashelwa ngazwi linye kokufaneleka kobuciko kukaStrauss ngabameleli abahluke kakhulu bobuciko bekhulu lesi-XNUMX kuqinisekisa udumo oluvelele lwalo mculi ovelele, imisebenzi yakhe emihle kakhulu esaletha injabulo ephezulu yobuhle.

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UStrauss uxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nempilo yomculo yaseViennese, ngokukhula nokuthuthuka kwamasiko entando yeningi omculo wase-Austrian wekhulu lesi-XNUMX, owazibonakalisa ngokusobala emkhakheni womdanso wansuku zonke.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ama-ensembles amancane wezinsimbi, okuthiwa "ama-chapel", abelokhu ethandwa ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-Viennese, enza abalimi abampofu, imidanso yaseTyrolean noma yaseStyrian emathaveni. Abaholi bama-chapel bakubheka njengomsebenzi wokuhlonishwa ukudala umculo omusha ozisungulele wona. Lapho lo mculo wezindawo zaseViennese ungena emahholo amakhulu edolobha, amagama abadali bawo aziwa.

Ngakho abasunguli “bobukhosi bakwa-waltz” bafika enkazimulweni UJoseph Lanner (1801-1843) kanye UJohann Strauss Senior (1804-1849). Eyokuqala yayiyindodana yomenzi wamagilavu, eyesibili yayiyindodana yomgcini wendlu yezihambi; bobabili kusukela ebusheni babo babedlala amakhwaya ezinsimbi, futhi kusukela ngo-1825 base benezinsimbi zabo zomculo ezincane. Nokho, maduze nje, uLiner noStrauss bayahlukana - abangani baba yizimbangi. Wonke umuntu uyaphumelela ekudaleni ingoma entsha ye-orchestra yakhe.

Njalo ngonyaka, inani labaqhudelana nalo liyanda kakhulu. Nokho wonke umuntu usithwe yithunzi uStrauss, owenza uhambo lwaseJalimane, eFrance, naseNgilandi nge-orchestra yakhe. Bagijima ngenkulu impumelelo. Kodwa, ekugcineni, naye unomphikisi, onekhono nakakhulu futhi onamandla. Lena indodana yakhe, uJohann Strauss Jr., owazalwa ngo-Okthoba 25, 1825.

Ngo-1844, u-I. Strauss oneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, eseqashe abaculi abayishumi nanhlanu, wahlela ukuhlwa kwakhe kokuqala komdanso. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, umzabalazo wokuphakama eVienna uqala phakathi kukababa nendodana, uStrauss Jr. kancane kancane wanqoba zonke lezo zindawo lapho i-orchestra kayise yayibusa khona ngaphambili. I-"duel" yahlala isikhathi eside cishe iminyaka emihlanu futhi yanqanyulwa ngokushona kukaStrauss Sr oneminyaka engamashumi amane nanhlanu. (Naphezu kobudlelwane bomuntu siqu obushubile, uStrauss Jr. wayeziqhenya ngethalente likayise. Ngo-1889, washicilela imidanso yakhe emiqulwini eyisikhombisa (ama-waltzes angamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu, ama-gallops nama-quadrilles), lapho esanduleleni, phakathi kwezinye izinto, abhala khona. : “Nakuba kimi, njengendodana, akufaneleki ukukhangisa ngobaba, kodwa kumelwe ngisho ukuthi kwakungenxa yakhe ukuthi umculo womdanso waseVienne wasabalala emhlabeni wonke.”)

Ngalesi sikhathi, okungukuthi, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-50, ukuthandwa kwendodana yakhe kwaseYurophu kwase kuhlanganiswe.

Okubalulekile kulokhu isimemo sikaStrauss sezinkathi zasehlobo ePavlovsk, esendaweni enhle eduze kwaseSt. Izinkathi eziyishumi nambili, kusukela ngo-1855 kuya ku-1865, futhi ngo-1869 no-1872, wavakashela eRussia nomfowabo uJoseph, umqambi onekhono nomqhubi. (UJoseph Strauss (1827-1870) ngokuvamile wayebhala kanye noJohann; ngakho-ke, ukubhalwa kwePolka Pizzicato edumile kungokwabo bobabili. Kwakukhona nomfowethu wesithathu - Edward, owayephinde asebenze njengomqambi nombhidisi womdanso. Ngo-1900, wahlakaza indlu yesonto, eyayivuselela njalo ukwakheka kwayo, yayikhona ngaphansi kobuholi beStrauss iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi ayisikhombisa.)

Amakhonsathi, anikezwe kusukela ngoMeyi kuya kuSepthemba, ahanjelwe yizinkulungwane eziningi zabalaleli futhi abehambisana nempumelelo engapheli. U-Johann Strauss wanaka kakhulu imisebenzi yabaqambi baseRussia, wenza ezinye zazo okokuqala (izingcaphuno ezivela ku-Serov's Judith ngo-1862, kusukela ku-Tchaikovsky's Voyevoda ngo-1865); kusukela ngo-1856, wayevame ukuqhuba izingoma zikaGlinka, futhi ngo-1864 wanikezela uhlelo olukhethekile kuye. Futhi emsebenzini wakhe, uStrauss ubonise ingqikithi yesiRashiya: kwasetshenziswa izingoma zomdabu ku-waltz ethi “Farewell to Petersburg” (op. 210), “Russian Fantasy March” (op. 353), fantasy yopiyano “In the Russian Village” (op. 355, evame ukwenziwa ngu-A. Rubinstein) nabanye. UJohann Strauss wayekhumbula njalo ngenjabulo iminyaka yokuhlala kwakhe eRussia (Ukugcina kukaStrauss eRussia kwakungo-1886 futhi wanika amakhonsathi ayishumi ePetersburg.).

Ingqophamlando elandelayo yohambo lokunqoba futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo inguquko emlandweni wakhe kwaba uhambo oluya eMelika ngo-1872; UStrauss unikeze amakhonsathi ayishumi nane eBoston esakhiweni esakhiwe ngokukhethekile esiklanyelwe abalaleli abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu. Umcimbi ubuhanjelwe abaculi abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili - abahlabeleli nabadlali be-orchestra kanye nabaqhubi abayikhulu - abasizi bakaStrauss. Amakhonsathi anjalo “e-monster”, azalwa ngosomabhizinisi bonxiwankulu abangenazimiso, awazange anikeze umqambi ukwaneliseka kwezobuciko. Esikhathini esizayo, wenqaba lezi zivakashi, nakuba zingaletha imali eningi.

Ngokuvamile, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uhambo lukaStrauss lwamakhonsathi luye lwancipha kakhulu. Inani lomdanso kanye nezingcezu zikamashi azidalile nazo ziyehla. (Ngeminyaka ka-1844-1870, kwabhalwa imidanso namamashi angamakhulu amathathu namashumi amane nambili; ngeminyaka ka-1870-1899, imidlalo eyikhulu namashumi amabili yalolu hlobo, ingabalwa ukuguqulwa, ukucabanga, kanye nama-medley ezindikimbeni zama-operetta akhe. .)

Isikhathi sesibili sokusungula siqala, ikakhulukazi esihlotshaniswa nohlobo lwe-operetta. U-Strauss wabhala umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala womculo kanye neshashalazi ngo-1870. Ngamandla angakhathali, kodwa ngempumelelo ehlukahlukene, waqhubeka esebenza kulolu hlobo kwaze kwaba yizinsuku zakhe zokugcina. UStrauss washona ngoJuni 3, 1899 eneminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa nane.

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U-Johann Strauss uchithe iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nanhlanu ekudaleni. Wayenenkuthalo eyivelakancane, eqamba engaphezi, kunoma yiziphi izimo. “Imiculo iphuma kimi njengamanzi empompini,” esho ngokuncokola. Efa eliningi likaStrauss, nokho, akuzona zonke ezilinganayo. Eminye yemibhalo yakhe inezinsalela zomsebenzi wokuxhamazela, nokunganaki. Ngezinye izikhathi umqambi wayeholwa ukuhlehla kobuciko kwezilaleli zakhe. Kodwa ngokuvamile, wakwazi ukuxazulula enye yezinkinga ezinzima kakhulu zesikhathi sethu.

Eminyakeni lapho izincwadi zomculo ze-salon ezisezingeni eliphansi, ezisakazwa kabanzi ngosomabhizinisi bonxiwankulu abahlakaniphile, zaba nomthelela omubi emfundweni yobuhle yabantu, uStrauss wadala imisebenzi yobuciko ngempela, efinyeleleka futhi eqondakala kubantu abaningi. Ngombandela wobungcweti obutholakala kubuciko “obunzulu,” wasondela emculweni “olula” futhi ngenxa yalokho wakwazi ukusula umugqa owawuhlukanisa uhlobo “oluphezulu” (ikhonsathi, yaseshashalazini) kulokho okuthiwa “okuphansi” (kwasekhaya, kokuzijabulisa). Abanye abaqambi abakhulu besikhathi esidlule benza okufanayo, isibonelo, u-Mozart, okungekho umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi "okuphezulu" kanye "nokuphansi" kwezobuciko. Kodwa manje kwakunezinye izikhathi - ukuhlasela kwenhlamba yonxiwankulu kanye nephilistinism kwakudingeka kuliwe nohlobo oluvuselelwe ngobuciko, olulula, nokuzijabulisa.

Yilokhu okwenziwa nguStrauss.

M. Druskin

Uhlu olufushane lwemisebenzi:

Imisebenzi yohlelo lwasekhaya lwekhonsathi ama-waltzes, ama-polkas, ama-quadrilles, amamashi nokunye (ingqikithi yezingcezu ezingama-477) Ezidume kakhulu yilezi: “Perpetuum mobile” (“Perpetual motion”) op. 257 (1867) “Morning Leaf”, waltz op. 279 (1864) Ibhola Labameli, i-polka op. 280 (1864) "Persian March" op. 289 (1864) "Blue Danube", i-waltz op. 314 (1867) "Impilo Yomculi", i-waltz op. 316 (1867) "Tales of the Vienna Woods", waltz op. 325 (1868) "Jabula empilweni", waltz op. 340 (1870) "1001 Nights", i-waltz (kusuka ku-operetta "Indigo namasela angama-40") op. 346 (1871) "Viennese Blood", waltz op. 354 (1872) “Tick-tock”, i-polka (kusuka ku-operetta “Die Fledermaus”) op. 365 (1874) "Wena nawe", waltz (kusuka ku-operetta "The Bat") op. 367 (1874) "Beautiful May", waltz (kusuka ku-operetta "Methuselah") op. 375 (1877) “Roses from the South”, waltz (kusuka ku-operetta “The Queen's Lace Handkerchief”) op. 388 (1880) “The Kissing Waltz” (kusuka ku-operetta “Merry War”) op. 400 (1881) "Amazwi Asentwasahlobo", i-waltz op. 410 (1882) “Waltz Eyintandokazi” (esekelwe ku-“The Gypsy Baron”) op. 418 (1885) "Imperial Waltz" op. 437 “Pizzicato Polka” (kanye noJosef Strauss) Ama-Operetta (ingqikithi engu-15) Ezidume kakhulu yilezi: The Bat, libretto by Meilhac and Halévy (1874) Night in Venice, libretto by Zell and Genet (1883) The Gypsy Baron, libretto by Schnitzer (1885) i-comic opera "Knight Pasman", libretto by Dochi (1892) I-Ballet I-Cinderella (eshicilelwe ngemuva kokufa)