UGeorge Frideric Handel |

UGeorge Frideric Handel

I-GF Handel ingelinye lamagama amakhulu emlandweni wobuciko bomculo. Umqambi omkhulu Wokukhanyiselwa, wavula imibono emisha ekuthuthukisweni kohlobo lwe-opera ne-oratorio, walindela imibono eminingi yomculo yamakhulu eminyaka alandelayo - idrama ye-operatic ye-KV Gluck, i-civic pathos ka-L. Beethoven, ukujula kwengqondo ka-L. uthando lothando. Uyindoda enamandla angaphakathi nokuqiniseka okuyingqayizivele. “Ungadelela noma ubani nanoma yini,” kusho uB. Shaw, “kodwa awunawo amandla okuphikisa i-Handel.” “… Lapho umculo wakhe uzwakala kumagama athi “uhlezi esihlalweni sakhe sobukhosi saphakade”, ongakholelwa kuNkulunkulu akakwazi ukukhuluma.

Ubunikazi bukazwelonke buka-Handel buphikiswa yiJalimane ne-England. U-Handel wazalelwa eJalimane, ubuntu bokudala bomqambi, izithakazelo zakhe zobuciko, nekhono lakhe lathuthukiswa emhlabathini waseJalimane. Iningi lempilo nomsebenzi we-Handel, ukwakhiwa kwesikhundla sobuhle kwezobuciko bomculo, ungwaqa ne-classicism yokukhanyiselwa ka-A. Shaftesbury kanye no-A. Paul, umshikashika omkhulu wokuthola imvume, ukunqotshwa kwezinhlekelele kanye nempumelelo yokunqoba kuxhumene ENgilandi.

U-Handel wazalelwa eHalle, indodana yomgundi wenkantolo. Amakhono omculo abonakaliswe ekuqaleni abonwa nguMkhethi waseHalle, uMbusi waseSaxony, ngaphansi kwethonya lakhe ubaba (owayehlose ukwenza indodana yakhe ibe ngummeli futhi engazange afake ukubaluleka okukhulu emculweni njengomsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo) wanikeza umfana ukuba afunde. umculi ohamba phambili edolobheni F. Tsakhov. Umqambi omuhle, umculi we-erudite, ojwayelene nezingoma ezihamba phambili zesikhathi sakhe (isiJalimane, isiNtaliyane), u-Tsakhov wembulela u-Handel ingcebo yezitayela zomculo ezihlukahlukene, wafaka ukunambitheka kobuciko, futhi wasiza ekusebenziseni ubuciko bomqambi. Imibhalo kaTsakhov ngokwakhe yaphefumulela u-Handel ukuba alingise. Esanda kwakhiwa njengomuntu nanjengomqambi, u-Handel wayesekwaziwa kakade eJalimane eneminyaka engu-11. Lapho efundela ubumeli eNyuvesi yaseHalle (lapho angena khona ngo-1702, egcwalisa intando kayise, owayesevele wafa ngalokho. isikhathi), u-Handel ngesikhathi esisodwa wayesebenza njenge-ogani esontweni, waqamba, futhi wafundisa ukucula. Wayehlala esebenza kanzima nangentshiseko. Ngo-1703, eqhutshwa isifiso sokuthuthukisa, ukwandisa izindawo zokusebenza, i-Handel iyahamba ilibangise eHamburg, esinye sezikhungo zamasiko eJalimane ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, idolobha elinendlu yokuqala ye-opera yezwe, eliqhudelana nezinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zaseFrance kanye nezinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Italy. Kwakuyi-opera eyaheha u-Handel. Isifiso sokuzwa umoya wenkundla yomculo, ukujwayelana kahle nomculo we-opera, kumenza angene esikhundleni esithobekile se-violinist yesibili kanye nomculi we-harpsichord ku-orchestra. Ukuphila okucebile kobuciko bedolobha, ukubambisana nabalingani bomculo abavelele bangaleso sikhathi - uR. Kaiser, umqambi we-opera, ngaleso sikhathi umqondisi wendlu ye-opera, I. Mattheson - umgxeki, umlobi, umculi, umqambi - waba nomthelela omkhulu ku-Handel. Ithonya le-Kaiser litholakala kuma-opera amaningi we-Handel, futhi hhayi kuphela ekuqaleni.

Impumelelo yemikhiqizo yokuqala ye-opera eHamburg (Almira - 1705, Nero - 1705) ikhuthaza umqambi. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlala kwakhe eHamburg kungokwesikhashana: ukuqothuka kweKaiser kuholela ekuvalweni kwendlu ye-opera. U-Handel uya e-Italy. Ukuvakashela eFlorence, Venice, Rome, Naples, umqambi uyafunda futhi, ethatha inhlobonhlobo yemibono yobuciko, ngokuyinhloko edlalwayo. Ikhono lika-Handel lokubona ubuciko bomculo bezizwe eziningi lalingavamile. Kudlula izinyanga ezimbalwa nje, futhi usazi kahle isitayela se-opera yase-Italy, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuphelela kangangokuthi udlula iziphathimandla eziningi eziqashelwa e-Italy. Ngo-1707, uFlorence wenza i-opera yokuqala yase-Handel yase-Italy, u-Rodrigo, futhi eminyakeni emi-2 kamuva, i-Venice yadlala elandelayo, i-Agrippina. Ama-opera athola ukuqashelwa ngentshiseko kumaNtaliyane, abalaleli abadinga kakhulu futhi abonakele. U-Handel uba nodumo - ungena e-Arcadian Academy edumile (kanye no-A. Corelli, A. Scarlatti, B. Marcello), uthola imiyalo yokuqamba umculo wezinkantolo zezicukuthwane zase-Italy.

Nokho, igama eliyinhloko kwezobuciko be-Handel kufanele kushiwo eNgilandi, lapho amenywa khona okokuqala ngo-1710 nalapho agcina esehlala khona ngo-1716 (ngo-1726, emukela ubuzwe besiNgisi). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isiteji esisha empilweni nasemsebenzini wenkosi enkulu siyaqala. INgilandi nemibono yayo yokuqala yemfundo, izibonelo zezincwadi eziphakeme (J. Milton, J. Dryden, J. Swift) yaphenduka indawo ethelayo lapho amandla okudala anamandla omqambi embulwa khona. Kodwa eNgilandi ngokwayo, indima ye-Handel yayilingana nayo yonke inkathi. Umculo wesiNgisi, okwathi ngo-1695 walahlekelwa ungqondongqondo kazwelonke u-G. Purcell futhi wayeka ekuthuthukisweni, waphinde waphakama waba phezulu emhlabeni kuphela ngegama elithi Handel. Indlela yakhe eNgilandi, nokho, yayingelula. AbaseBrithani bancoma u-Handel ekuqaleni njengengcweti ye-opera yesitayela sase-Italy. Lapha washeshe wahlula zonke izimbangi zakhe, isiNgisi nesiNtaliyane. Kakade ngo-1713, i-Te Deum yakhe yenziwa emikhosini enikezelwe ekuphethweni kwe-Peace of Utrecht, udumo okungekho muntu wangaphandle owake waklonyeliswa ngalo. Ngo-1720, u-Handel uthatha ubuholi be-Academy of Italian Opera eLondon futhi ngaleyo ndlela uba yinhloko ye-opera house kazwelonke. Ubuciko bakhe be-opera buzalwa - "Radamist" - 1720, "Otto" - 1723, "Julius Caesar" - 1724, "Tamerlane" - 1724, "Rodelinda" - 1725, "Admet" - 1726. Kule misebenzi, i-Handel ihamba ngale uhlaka lwe-opera seria yase-Italian yangaleso sikhathi futhi idala (uhlobo lwayo lokusebenza komculo olunabalingisi abachazwe ngokugqamile, ukujula kwengqondo kanye nezingxabano ezishubile. Ubuhle obuhle bezithombe zezingoma zama-operas we-Handel, amandla asabekayo esiphetho ayengenakulinganiswa Ubuciko be-operatic base-Italy besikhathi sabo Ama-opera akhe ema embundwini wenguquko ye-operatic eyayisondela, u-Handel engazizwanga nje kuphela, kodwa futhi yasetshenziswa kakhulu (ngaphambili kakhulu kunoGluck noRameau).Ngasikhathi sinye, isimo senhlalo ezweni. , ukukhula kokuzicabangela kwesizwe, okugqugquzelwa imibono Yokukhanyiselwa, ukusabela ekulawuleni ngokweqile kwe-opera yase-Italy nabaculi base-Italy kubangela isimo sengqondo esingesihle ngomdlalo we-opera uwonke.Amapheshana akhiqizwa kuwo ama-alian opera, uhlobo lwe-opera, umlingiswa wayo uyagconwa. futhi, abadlali abangavamile. Njengomdlalo ohlekisayo, umdlalo ohlekisayo wamaNgisi othi The Beggar's Opera ka-J. Gay no-J. Pepush wavela ngo-1728. Futhi nakuba imidlalo ye-opera yase-Handel yaseLondon isakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu njengobuciko balolu hlobo lomculo, ukwehla kwesithunzi se-opera yase-Italy iyonke kubonakala ku-Handel. Ithiyetha iyadukiswa, impumelelo yemidlalo ngayinye ayishintshi isithombe sonke.

Ngo-June 1728, i-Academy yaphela, kodwa igunya lika-Handel njengomqambi akazange awele nalokhu. Inkosi yamaNgisi uGeorge II imyala amahubo ngesikhathi sokugcotshwa, okwenziwa ngo-Okthoba 1727 eWestminster Abbey. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuqina kwakhe kwesici, u-Handel uyaqhubeka nokulwela i-opera. Uya e-Italy, abuthe iqembu elisha, futhi ngoDisemba 1729, nge-opera Lothario, uvula isizini yesikole sesibili se-opera. Emsebenzini womqambi, yisikhathi sokusesha okusha. "Poros" ("Por") - 1731, "Orlando" - 1732, "Partenope" - 1730. "Ariodant" - 1734, "Alcina" - 1734 - ku-opera ngayinye yalawa ma-opera umqambi ubuyekeza ukuhunyushwa kwe-opera-seria uhlobo ngezindlela ezahlukene - yethula i-ballet ("Ariodant", "Alcina"), itulo "lomlingo" ligcwele okuqukethwe okumangalisayo, okungokwengqondo ("Orlando", "Alcina"), ngolimi lomculo lifinyelela ekupheleleni okuphezulu kakhulu. – ubulula nokujula kokuvezwa kwemizwa. Kukhona futhi ukujika kwe-opera engathi sína ukuya kweyamahlaya ethi “Partenope” nokuhlekisa kwayo okuthambile, ukukhanya, umusa, ku-“Faramondo” (1737), “Xerxes” (1737). U-Handel ngokwakhe ubize enye yezingoma zakhe zokugcina, i-Imeneo (Hymeneus, 1738), i-operetta. Ngokukhandlayo, ngaphandle kwemibono yezombangazwe, umzabalazo we-Handel weqembu le-opera uphetha ngokunqotshwa. I-Second Opera Academy yavalwa ngo-1737. Njengangaphambili, ku-Opera ka-Beggar, i-parody yayingekho ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka komculo owaziwa kakhulu we-Handel, ngakho manje, ngo-1736, i-parody entsha ye-opera (The Wantley Dragon) ikhuluma ngokungaqondile. Igama lika-Handel. Umqambi uthatha ukuwa kwe-Academy kanzima, uyagula futhi akasebenzi cishe izinyanga ezingu-8. Nokho, ubungqabavu obumangalisayo obufihlwe kuye buphinde bube namandla. I-Handel ibuyela emsebenzini inamandla amasha. Udala imisebenzi yakhe yobuciko yakamuva - "Imeneo", "Deidamia" - futhi ngayo uqedela umsebenzi wohlobo lwe-operatic, anikele kulo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 yokuphila kwakhe. Ukunaka komqambi kugxile ku-oratorio. Esese-Italy, u-Handel waqala ukuqamba ama-cantata, umculo wamakhwaya ongcwele. Kamuva, eNgilandi, u-Handel wabhala izingoma zamakhwaya, ama- cantata emikhosini. Ukuvala amakhorasi kuma-opera, ama-ensemble nawo abambe iqhaza ohlelweni lokucija ukubhala kwamakhwaya komqambi. Futhi i-opera ye-Handel ngokwayo, ngokuphathelene ne-oratorio yakhe, isisekelo, umthombo wemibono emangalisayo, izithombe zomculo, nesitayela.

Ngo-1738, ngokulandelana, kwazalwa ama-oratorios a-2 ahlakaniphile - "uSawule" (September - 1738) kanye "no-Israyeli eGibhithe" (Okthoba - 1738) - izingoma ezinkulu ezigcwele amandla okunqoba, amaculo amakhulu okudumisa amandla omuntu. umoya kanye feat. 1740s - isikhathi esihle kakhulu emsebenzini we-Handel. Umsebenzi wobuciko odlula konke ulandela ubuciko obuhle. “UMesiya”, “uSamsoni”, “uBelishasari”, “uHercules” - manje ama-oratorio adumile emhlabeni wonke - adalwe ngendlela engakaze ibonwe yamandla okudala, ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu (1741-43). Nokho, impumelelo ayifiki ngokushesha. Ubutha ngasohlangothini lwezicukuthwane zamaNgisi, ukucekela phansi ukusebenza kwama-oratorio, ubunzima bezezimali, ukusebenza kanzima kuphinde kuholele kulesi sifo. Kusukela ngo-March kuya ku-October 1745, u-Handel wayecindezeleke kakhulu. Futhi futhi amandla we-titanic womqambi uyawina. Isimo sezombangazwe ezweni naso sishintsha kakhulu - lapho kubhekene nosongo lokuhlaselwa kweLondon yibutho laseScotland, umuzwa wokushisekela izwe uyahlanganiswa. Ubuhle obumangalisayo be-Handel's oratorios buvela buhambisana nomoya wamaNgisi. Egqugquzelwe imibono yenkululeko kazwelonke, u-Handel wabhala i-2 grandiose oratorios - Oratorio for the Case (1746), ebiza ukulwa nokuhlasela, kanye noJudas Maccabee (1747) - iculo elinamandla lokuhlonipha amaqhawe ahlula izitha.

I-Handel iba isithixo saseNgilandi. Iziqephu zebhayibheli nemifanekiso yama-oratorio zithola ngalesi sikhathi incazelo ekhethekile yokuvezwa okujwayelekile kwezimiso zokuziphatha eziphakeme, ubuqhawe, kanye nobunye besizwe. Ulimi lwe-Handel's oratorios lulula futhi lubabazekayo, luyazikhanga - lulimaza inhliziyo futhi luyelapha, alushiyi muntu ongenandaba. Ama-oratorio okugcina ka-Handel – “Theodora”, “The Choice of Hercules” (womabili 1750) kanye “noJephthae” (1751) – aveza ukujula okungaka kwedrama yengqondo ebingatholakali kunoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lomculo wesikhathi sika-Handel.

Ngo-1751 umqambi waba yimpumputhe. Ehlupheka, egula ngokungenathemba, u-Handel uhlala esithweni ngenkathi enza ama-oratorio akhe. Wangcwatshwa, njengokufisa kwakhe, eWestminster.

Ukutuswa kwe-Handel kwatholwa yibo bonke abaqambi, kokubili ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. U-Handel wakhonza u-Beethoven. Esikhathini sethu, umculo we-Handel, onamandla amakhulu okuthonya kwezobuciko, uthola incazelo nencazelo entsha. Imigudu yayo enamandla ihambisana nesikhathi sethu, inxusa amandla omoya womuntu, ekunqobeni kokucabanga nobuhle. Imigubho yaminyaka yonke yokuhlonipha i-Handel iba eNgilandi, eJalimane, iheha abadlali nabalaleli abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba.

Y. Evdokimova

Izici zokusungula

Umsebenzi wokudala we-Handel wawunesikhathi eside uthela izithelo. Waletha inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. Nansi i-opera enezinhlobonhlobo zayo (i-seria, eyezobufundisi), umculo wamakhwaya - wezwe nowomoya, ama-oratorio amaningi, umculo wezwi legumbi futhi, ekugcineni, amaqoqo ezinsimbi zezinsimbi: i-harpsichord, i-organ, i-orchestral.

U-Handel unikele iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu yokuphila kwakhe ku-opera. Ubelokhu egxile kakhulu ezithakazelweni zomqambi futhi emdonsa kakhulu ukwedlula zonke ezinye izinhlobo zomculo. Isibalo esisezingeni eliphezulu, u-Handel wawaqonda kahle amandla ethonya le-opera njengohlobo lomculo olumangalisayo nethiyetha; Ama-opera angu-40 - lokhu kuwumphumela wokudala womsebenzi wakhe kule ndawo.

U-Handel wayengeyena umguquli we-opera seria. Ayekufuna kwakuwukufuna isiqondiso okwaholela kamuva engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX kuma-opera kaGluck. Noma kunjalo, ohlotsheni oluvele lungahlangabezani nezidingo zesimanje, i-Handel ikwazile ukuhlanganisa izimiso eziphakeme. Ngaphambi kokwembula umbono wezimiso zokuziphatha ezinhlelweni zendabuko ze-oratorios zeBhayibheli, wabonisa ubuhle bemizwa nezenzo zomuntu kuma-opera.

Ukwenza ubuciko bakhe bufinyeleleke futhi buqondakala, umdwebi kwakudingeka athole ezinye, izinhlobo zentando yeningi nolimi. Ezimweni ezithile zomlando, lezi zakhiwo zazingokwemvelo kakhulu ku-oratorio kunase-opera seria.

Sebenza ku-oratorio eyenzelwe i-Handel indlela yokuphuma kumbibizane wokudala kanye nenhlekelele yemibono nezobuciko. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-oratorio, esondelene kakhulu ne-opera ngohlobo, yanikeza amathuba aphezulu okusebenzisa zonke izinhlobo nezindlela zokubhala okusebenzayo. Kwakusohlotsheni lwe-oratorio lapho u-Handel adala khona imisebenzi efanele ubuhlakani bakhe, imisebenzi emikhulu ngempela.

I-oratorio, u-Handel aphendukela kuyo ngeminyaka yama-30s nama-40s, kwakungelona uhlobo olusha kuye. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala ye-oratorio ibuyele ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwakhe e-Hamburg nase-Italy; amashumi amathathu alandelayo aqanjwa kuyo yonke impilo yakhe yokudala. Yiqiniso, kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka engu-30, u-Handel akazange anake i-oratorio; ngemva kokulahla i-opera seria lapho aqala khona ukuthuthukisa lolu hlobo ngokujulile nangokuphelele. Ngakho, imisebenzi ye-oratorio yenkathi yokugcina ingathathwa njengokuqedwa kobuciko kwendlela yokudala ye-Handel. Konke okwase kukhulile futhi kwachanyuselwa ekujuleni kokwazi amashumi eminyaka, okwabonakala kancane futhi kwathuthukiswa ohlelweni lokusebenza ku-opera nomculo wezinsimbi, kwathola inkulumo ephelele nephelele kakhulu ku-oratorio.

I-opera yase-Italy ilethe ubuciko be-Handel besitayela sezwi kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokucula uwedwa: ukuphindaphinda okuvezayo, amafomu e-ariose namaculo, ama-brilliant pathetic kanye ne-virtuoso arias. Izinkanuko, amaculo esiNgisi asiza ekuthuthukiseni indlela yokubhala amakhwaya; izinsimbi, futhi ikakhulukazi i-orchestra, izingoma zibe nomthelela ekhonweni lokusebenzisa izindlela ezimibalabala nezivezayo ze-orchestra. Ngakho-ke, isipiliyoni esicebe kakhulu sandulela ukudalwa kwama-oratorios - indalo engcono kakhulu ye-Handel.

* * *

Ngesinye isikhathi, lapho exoxa nomunye wabaculi bakhe, umqambi wathi: “Ngingacasuka, nkosi yami, uma ngijabulisa abantu kuphela. Inhloso yami wukubenza babengcono kakhulu.”

Ukukhethwa kwezifundo kuma-oratorios kwenzeke ngokuhambisana ngokugcwele nezinkolelo zobuntu nezobuhle, ngaleyo misebenzi enomthwalo wemfanelo i-Handel eyabelwe ubuciko.

Iziza ze-oratorios u-Handel wathatha emithonjeni eyahlukene: ezomlando, zasendulo, nezasebhayibhelini. Ukuduma okukhulu kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe kanye nokwazisa okuphezulu kakhulu ngemva kokufa kuka-Handel kwakuyimisebenzi yakhe yakamuva ngezihloko ezithathwe eBhayibhelini: "uSawule", "u-Israyeli eGibhithe", "uSamsoni", "Messiah", "Judas Maccabee".

Umuntu akufanele acabange ukuthi, ethathwe uhlobo lwe-oratorio, u-Handel waba umqambi wenkolo noma wesonto. Ngaphandle kwezingoma ezimbalwa ezibhalwe ngezikhathi ezikhethekile, i-Handel ayinawo umculo wesonto. Ubhale ama-oratorio ngamagama omculo namangalisayo, ewaqondise eshashalazini nasekudlaleni endaweni. Kuphela ngaphansi kokucindezela okunamandla okuvela kubefundisi lapho uHandel wawuyeka umsebenzi wokuqala. Efuna ukugcizelela isimo sezwe sama-oratorio akhe, waqala ukuwenza esiteji sekhonsathi futhi ngaleyo ndlela wadala isiko elisha le-pop kanye nokusebenza kwekhonsathi yama-oratorios aseBhayibhelini.

Ukunxusa kweBhayibheli, ngamasu avela eTestamenteni Elidala, nakho kwakunganqunyelwe izisusa zenkolo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi enkathini yeNkathi Ephakathi, izinhlangano eziningi zomphakathi zazivame ukwembeswa imvunulo yenkolo, zimasha ngaphansi kophawu lokulwela amaqiniso esonto. Izincwadi zakudala zobuMarx zinikeza lesi senzakalo incazelo ephelele: ngeNkathi Ephakathi, “imizwa yoquqaba yondliwa ukudla okungokwenkolo kuphela; ngakho-ke, ukuze kuvuse umnyakazo onesivunguvungu, kwakudingeka ukwethula izithakazelo zalezi sixuku kubo ngezingubo zenkolo ”(Marx K., Engels F. Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 21, p. 314. ).

Kusukela ngeNguquko, kanye nenguquko yamaNgisi yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, eqhubeka ngaphansi kwezibhengezo zenkolo, iBhayibheli selicishe libe yincwadi edume kakhulu ehlonishwayo kunoma yimuphi umndeni wamaNgisi. Amasiko nezindaba zeBhayibheli mayelana namaqhawe omlando wamaJuda wasendulo zazivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezenzakalo ezivela emlandweni wezwe lakubo kanye nabantu, futhi "izingubo zenkolo" azizange zifihle izithakazelo zangempela, izidingo kanye nezifiso zabantu.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezindaba zeBhayibheli njengeziqephu zomculo wezwe akuzange nje kwandise ububanzi balezi ziqephu, kodwa futhi kwenza izimfuno ezintsha, ezibucayi ngokungenakuqhathaniswa nezinomthwalo wemfanelo, futhi kwanikeza isihloko incazelo entsha yezenhlalo. Ku-oratorio, kwakungenzeka ukweqa imingcele yobuqili bezingoma zothando, ukuguquguquka okujwayelekile kothando, okuvame ukwamukelwa kuchungechunge lwe-opera yesimanje. Izindikimba zeBhayibheli azizange zivumele ukuchazwa kwezinto ezingenangqondo, ukuzijabulisa nokuhlanekezela, okwakungaphansi kwezinganekwane zasendulo noma iziqephu zomlando wasendulo kuma-seria opera; ekugcineni, izinganekwane nezithombe osekuyisikhathi eside zijwayele wonke umuntu, ezisetshenziswa njengempahla yesakhiwo, zenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuletha okuqukethwe kwemisebenzi eduze nokuqonda kwezilaleli eziningi, ukugcizelela isimo sentando yeningi sohlobo ngokwalo.

Okubonisa ukuzazi kwe-Handel komphakathi yindlela ukukhethwa kwezihloko zeBhayibheli okwenzeka ngayo.

Ukunaka kuka-Handel akugxili esiphethweni somuntu ngamunye weqhawe, njengase-opera, hhayi ekuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe okuculayo noma izigigaba zothando, kodwa empilweni yabantu, empilweni egcwele izindlela zomzabalazo nezenzo zokushisekela izwe. Empeleni, amasiko eBhayibheli asebenza njengendlela enemibandela lapho kwakungenzeka khona ukukhazimulisa ngezithombe ezibabazekayo umuzwa omangalisayo wenkululeko, isifiso sokuzimela, futhi kukhazimulise izenzo zokuzidela zamaqhawe esintu. Yile mibono eyakha okuqukethwe kwangempela kwe-Handel's oratorios; ngakho zaziqondwa abantu besikhathi somqambi, futhi zaziqondwa ngabaculi abathuthuke kakhulu bezinye izizukulwane.

U-VV Stasov ubhala kokunye kwezibuyekezo zakhe: “Ikhonsathi yaphela ngekhwaya ye-Handel. Ubani phakathi kwethu ongazange aphuphe ngakho kamuva, njengohlobo oluthile lokunqoba okukhulu, okungenamkhawulo kwabantu bonke? Yeka ukuthi le Handel yayiyimvelo enjani! Futhi khumbula ukuthi kunenqwaba yamakhwaya afana naleli.”

Ubuqhawe obumangalisayo bezithombe bunqume kusengaphambili amafomu nezindlela zokwenziwa samuntu komculo wazo. U-Handel wafunda ikhono lomqambi we-opera ngezinga eliphakeme, futhi wenza konke ukunqotshwa komculo we-opera kwaba indawo ye-oratorio. Kodwa ngokungafani ne-opera seria, ngokuthembela kwayo ekuculeni uwedwa kanye nesikhundla esiphezulu se-aria, ikhwaya yaphenduka umnyombo we-oratorio njengendlela yokudlulisa imicabango nemizwa yabantu. Amakhwaya anikeza i- oratorio ka-Handel ukubukeka okuhle, okuyisikhumbuzo, enikela, njengoba uTchaikovsky abhala, “umphumela omangalisayo wamandla namandla.”

Ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-virtuoso yokubhala kwamakhwaya, i-Handel ifinyelela imisindo ehlukahlukene. Ngokukhululeka nangokuvumelana nezimo, usebenzisa amakhwaya ezimweni ezihluke kakhulu: lapho ezwakalisa ukudabuka nenjabulo, umdlandla wobuqhawe, intukuthelo nokucasuka, lapho ebonisa umfundisi ogqamile, i-idyll yasemaphandleni. Manje uletha umsindo wekhwaya ngamandla amakhulu, bese ewunciphisa ube upiyanissimo obala; ngesinye isikhathi u-Handel ubhala amakhwaya endaweni ecebile yamaculo-harmonic, ehlanganisa amazwi abe yisisindo esiminyene; amathuba acebile e-polyphony asebenza njengendlela yokuthuthukisa ukunyakaza nokusebenza ngempumelelo. Iziqephu ze-polyphonic ne-chordal zilandela ngokushintshana, noma zombili izimiso - i-polyphonic ne-chordal - zihlangene.

Ngokuka-PI Tchaikovsky, “U-Handel wayeyingcweti engenakulinganiswa yekhono lokuphatha amazwi. Ngaphandle kokuphoqelela izindlela zokucula zekhwaya nhlobo, engalokothi eqe imingcele yemvelo yokubhaliswa kwephimbo, wakhipha ekhorasini imiphumela emihle kakhulu abanye abaqambi abangakaze bayizuze … “.

Amakhwaya e-Handel's oratorios ahlala engamandla asebenzayo aqondisa ukuthuthukiswa komculo nokumangalisayo. Ngakho-ke, imisebenzi yokuqamba kanye nemangalisayo yekhwaya ibaluleke kakhulu futhi iyahlukahluka. Kuma-oratorio, lapho umlingisi oyinhloko kungabantu, ukubaluleka kwekhwaya kuyakhula ikakhulukazi. Lokhu kungabonakala esibonelweni se-choral epic "Israel in Egypt". KuSamsoni, amaqembu amaqhawe nabantu ngabanye, okungukuthi, ama-arias, ama-duet nama-choirs, asakazwa ngokulinganayo futhi apheleliswe omunye nomunye. Uma ku-oratorio "uSamsoni" i-choir idlulisela kuphela imizwa noma izifunda zabantu abalwayo, khona-ke ku-"Judas Maccabee" i-choir idlala indima esebenzayo, ibambe iqhaza ngqo ezenzakalweni ezimangalisayo.

Idrama kanye nokuthuthuka kwayo ku-oratorio kwaziwa kuphela ngezindlela zomculo. Njengoba uRomain Rolland esho, kuyi-oratorio “umculo usebenza njengomhlobiso wawo.” Njengokungathi wenza ukuntuleka komhlobiso wokuhlobisa kanye nokusebenza kweshashalazi kwesenzo, i-orchestra inikezwa imisebenzi emisha: ukudweba ngemisindo okwenzekayo, imvelo lapho izenzakalo zenzeka khona.

Njengaku-opera, uhlobo lokucula uwedwa ku-oratorio yi-aria. Zonke izinhlobo nezinhlobo ze-arias ezithuthukisiwe emsebenzini wezikole ezahlukahlukene ze-opera, i-Handel idlulisela ku-oratorio: i-arias enkulu yemvelo yobuqhawe, i-arias emangalisayo futhi elilayo, eduze ne-operatic lamento, ekhazimulayo kanye ne-virtuosic, lapho izwi liqhudelana ngokukhululekile nensimbi yomculo eyedwana, ukufundisa ngombala wokukhanya osobala, ekugcineni, ukwakhiwa kwengoma njenge-arietta. Kukhona nenhlobonhlobo entsha yokucula yedwa, okungeye-Handel - i-aria enekhwaya.

I-da capo aria evelele ayibandakanyi ezinye izinhlobo eziningi: lapha kukhona ukuvezwa kwamahhala kwento ngaphandle kokuphindaphinda, kanye ne-aria enezingxenye ezimbili ne-juxtaposition ehlukile yezithombe ezimbili zomculo.

Ku-Handel, i-aria ayinakuhlukaniswa nakho konke okubhaliwe; kuyingxenye ebalulekile yomugqa ojwayelekile wokuthuthukiswa komculo nokumangalisayo.

Isebenzisa kuma-oratorios amakhonco angaphandle e-opera arias ngisho namasu ajwayelekile esitayela sezwi esisebenzayo, i-Handel inikeza okuqukethwe kwe-aria ngayinye umlingiswa ngamunye; ngokubeka phansi izinhlobo zokucula zokucula yedwa kumklamo othize wobuciko nowenkondlo, ugwema ukuhlelwa kwama-seria opera.

Ukubhala komculo ka-Handel kubonakala ngenqwaba yezithombe, azifinyelela ngenxa yemininingwane engokwengqondo. Ngokungafani no-Bach, i-Handel ayilweli ukuzihlola ngefilosofi, ukuze kudluliselwe izithunzi ezicashile zomcabango noma umuzwa wamagama. Njengoba isazi somculo saseSoviet u-TN Livanova sibhala, umculo ka-Handel udlulisela “imizwa emikhulu, elula neqinile: isifiso sokuwina nenjabulo yokunqoba, ukukhazinyuliswa kweqhawe nosizi olukhanyayo ngokufa kwalo okukhazimulayo, injabulo yokuthula nokuthula ngemva kobunzima. izimpi, izinkondlo ezijabulisayo zemvelo.”

Izithombe zomculo ze-Handel zibhalwe kakhulu "ngemivimbo emikhulu" enokwehluka okugcizelelwe kakhulu; izigqi eziyisisekelo, ukucaca kwephethini yomculo nokuvumelana kubanika impumuzo eqoshiwe, ukukhanya komdwebo wephosta. Ubukhulu bephethini yomculo, uhlaka oluyindilinga lwezithombe zomculo ze-Handel kamuva lwabonwa nguGluck. I-prototype yama-arias amaningi namakhorasi ama-opera ka-Gluck angatholakala kuma-oratorio ka-Handel.

Izindikimba zamaqhawe, ukukhunjulwa kwamafomu kuhlanganiswe ku-Handel nokucaca okukhulu kolimi lomculo, ngomnotho oqinile wezimali. UBeethoven, efunda ama-oratorios ka-Handel, wathi ngentshiseko: “Yilabo okudingeka ubafunde ngezindlela eziphansi ukuze uthole imiphumela emangalisayo.” Ikhono likaHandel lokuveza imicabango emikhulu, ephakemeyo ngobulula obukhulu laphawulwa nguSerov. Ngemva kokulalela ikhwaya ye-“Judas Maccabee” kwelinye lamakhonsathi, uSerov wabhala: “Yeka ukuthi abaqambi banamuhla baqhelelene kangakanani nomcabango olula kangaka. Nokho, kuyiqiniso ukuthi lokhu kulula, njengoba sesishilo kakade ngesikhathi se-Pastoral Symphony, kutholakala kuphela ezihlakanipheni zobukhulu bokuqala, okungangabazeki ukuthi kwakuyi-Handel.

V. Galatskaya

• I-oratorio ye-Handel →
• Ubuhlakani obusebenzayo be-Handel →
• Ubuciko bezinsimbi be-Handel →
• I-Handel's clavier art →
• Ubuciko be-Chamber-instrumental be-Handel →
• I-Handel Organ Concertos →
• Ikhonsathi ye-Handel Grossi →
• Izinhlobo zangaphandle →