Edita Gruberova |

Edita Gruberová

U-Edita Gruberova, omunye wezingoma zokuqala ze-coloratura sopranos emhlabeni, waziwa hhayi eYurophu kuphela, kodwa naseRussia, nakuba ekugcineni ikakhulukazi evela kuma-CD namakhasethi evidiyo. U-Gruberova uyi-virtuoso yokucula kwe-coloratura: ama-trills akhe angafaniswa kuphela nalawo ka-Joan Sutherland, ezindimeni zakhe yonke inothi ibonakala njengeparele, amanothi akhe aphezulu anikeza umbono wokuthile okungaphezu kwemvelo. U-Giancarlo Landini ukhuluma nomculi odumile.

U-Edita Gruberova waqala kanjani?

Kusuka kuNdlovukazi Yobusuku. Ngenza okokuqala kule ndima eVienna futhi ngayicula emhlabeni wonke, isibonelo, kuMetropolitan Opera eNew York. Ngenxa yalokho, ngabona ukuthi awukwazi ukwenza umsebenzi omkhulu ku-Queen of the Night. Kungani? Angazi! Mhlawumbe amanothi ami aphezulu abenganele. Mhlawumbe abaculi abancane abakwazi ukudlala kahle le ndima, empeleni kunzima kakhulu kunalokho abakucabangayo. INdlovukazi Yobusuku ingumama, futhi i-aria yakhe yesibili ingelinye lamakhasi amangalisa kakhulu ake abhalwa nguMozart. Intsha ayikwazi ukuveza lo mdlalo. Akumelwe sikhohlwe ukuthi, ngaphandle kwamanothi aphezulu kakhulu, ama-arias amabili kaMozart abhalwe ku-tessitura emaphakathi, i-tessitura yangempela ye-soprano ephawulekayo. Kuphela ngemva kokucula le ngxenye iminyaka engamashumi amabili, ngakwazi ukuveza kahle okuqukethwe kwayo, ukwenza umculo kaMozart ezingeni elifanele.

Ukunqoba kwakho okubalulekile ukuthi uthole ukuvezwa okukhulu endaweni emaphakathi yezwi?

Yebo, kufanele ngithi yebo. Bekuhlale kulula kimina ukushaya amanothi aphezulu. Kusukela ezinsukwini ze-conservatory, nginqobe amanothi aphezulu, njengokungathi angibizanga lutho. Ngokushesha uthisha wami wathi ngiyi-coloratura soprano. Ukusetha okuphezulu kwezwi lami kwakungokwemvelo ngokuphelele. Ngenkathi irejista ephakathi kwadingeka ngiyinqobe futhi ngisebenze ekuchazeni kwayo. Konke lokhu kwenzeka ngenqubo yokuvuthwa kokudala.

Waqhubeka kanjani umsebenzi wakho?

Ngemuva kweNdlovukazi Yobusuku, umhlangano obaluleke kakhulu wenzeka empilweni yami - noZerbinetta wase-Ariadne auf Naxos. Ukuze ngihlanganise lesi sithombe esimangalisayo setiyetha kaRichard Strauss, kungithathe futhi indlela ende ukuyihamba. Ngo-1976, lapho ngicula le ngxenye ngaphansi kukaKarl Böhm, izwi lami lalipholile kakhulu. Namuhla kuseyithuluzi eliphelele, kodwa phakathi neminyaka ngiye ngafunda ukugxila kunothi ngalinye ukuze ngikhiphe kulo ukuvezwa okukhulu, amandla amakhulu kanye nokungena. Ngafunda ukwakha umsindo ngendlela efanele, indlela yokuthola indawo eqinisekisa ikhwalithi yezwi lami, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, ngosizo lwazo zonke lezi zinto ezitholakele, ngafunda ukuveza idrama ngokujulile.

Yini engaba yingozi ngezwi lakho?

Uma ngicula ingoma ethi “Jenufa” kaJanacek, engiyithanda kakhulu, kungaba yingozi ezwini lami. Uma ngicula i-Desdemona, kungaba yingozi ezwini lami. Uma ngicula i-Butterfly, kungaba yingozi ezwini lami. Maye kimina uma ngizivumela ukuba ngiyengwe umlingisi ofana noButterfly futhi nginqume ukulicula nganoma iyiphi indlela.

Izingxenye eziningi kuma-opera ka-Donizetti zibhalwe ku-tessitura emaphakathi (kwanele ukukhumbula u-Anne Boleyn, inkosi yaseBergamo eyayicabanga ngezwi likaGiuditta Pasta). Kungani i-tessitura yabo ingalimazi izwi lakho, kuyilapho i-Butterfly izolibhubhisa?

Izwi likaMama Butterfly lizwakala ngemuva kweqembu le-orchestra elihluke kakhulu kwelikaDonizetti. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezwi ne-orchestra bushintsha izimfuneko ezibekwe ezwini ngokwalo. Emashumini eminyaka okuqala ekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, umgomo we-orchestra wawungekona ukuphazamisa izwi, ukugcizelela izinhlangothi zayo ezinenzuzo kakhulu. Emculweni kaPuccini, kunokungqubuzana kwezwi ne-orchestra. Izwi kumelwe liqiniswe ukuze linqobe i-orchestra. Futhi ukucindezeleka kuyingozi kakhulu kimi. Wonke umuntu kufanele acule ngendlela engokwemvelo, angafuni ezwini lakhe lokho angakwazi ukukunikeza, noma lokho angeke akwazi ukukunikeza isikhathi eside. Kunoma yikuphi, kufanele kuvunywe ukuthi ukusesha okujulile kakhulu emkhakheni wokuveza, umbala, ama-accents kufana nemayini etshalwe ngaphansi kwezinto ezizwakalayo. Kodwa-ke, kuze kufike ku-Donizetti, imibala edingekayo ayifaki ukwaziswa kwezwi engozini. Uma ngingakufaka ekhanda lami ukuze nginwebe i-repertoire yami eVerdi, ingozi ingase iphakame. Kulokhu, inkinga ayikho ngamanothi. Nginawo wonke amanothi, futhi ngiwacula kalula. Kodwa uma nginquma ukucula hhayi kuphela ingoma ka-Amelia "Carlo vive", kodwa yonke i-opera ethi "The Robbers", kungaba yingozi kakhulu. Futhi uma kunenkinga ngezwi, yini okufanele uyenze?

Izwi alisakwazi “ukulungiswa”?

Cha, lapho izwi selilimele, kuba nzima kakhulu, noma kungenakwenzeka, ukulilungisa.

Eminyakeni yamuva uvame ukucula kuma-opera kaDonizetti. UMary Stuart, owaqoshwa nguPhilips, walandelwa ukurekhodwa kwezingxenye zika-Anne Boleyn, u-Elizabeth kuRobert Devere, uMaria di Rogan. Uhlelo lwenye yama-solo discs luhlanganisa i-aria evela ku-Lucrezia Borgia. Iyiphi kulezi zinhlamvu ezifanelana kangcono nezwi lakho?

Zonke izinhlamvu zika-Donizetti ziyangifanela. Kwamanye ama-opera, ngiqophe ama-arias kuphela, okusho ukuthi ngeke ngikuthande ukuwenza wonke la ma-opera. E-Caterina Cornaro, i-tessitura imaphakathi kakhulu; I-Rosemond English ayingithakaseli. Ukukhetha kwami ​​kuhlale kunqunywa idrama. Ku-"Robert Devere" isibalo sika-Elizabeth siyamangalisa. Ukuhlangana kwakhe noRobert noSarah kuyimidlalo yaseshashalazini ngempela ngakho-ke awukwazi ukuhluleka ukuheha i-prima donna. Ubani ongeke ayengwe iqhawekazi elithakazelisa kangaka? Kunomculo omningi omnandi ku-Maria di Rogan. Kuyadabukisa ukuthi le opera yaziwa kancane uma iqhathaniswa nezinye iziqu zikaDonizetti. Wonke lawa ma-opera ahlukene anesici esisodwa esiwahlanganisayo. Izingxenye zabalingiswa abakhulu zibhalwe ku-tessitura emaphakathi. Akekho ozihluphayo ngokucula izingoma ezihlukene noma ukuncenceza, kodwa irejista yezwi emaphakathi isetshenziswa kakhulukazi. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa noLucia, ovame ukubhekwa njengomude kakhulu. U-Donizetti akazange alwele i-coloratura, kodwa ubefuna ukuvezwa kwezwi, efuna abalingiswa abamangalisayo abanemizwa enamandla. Phakathi kwamaqhawekazi engingakahlangani nawo, ngoba indaba yawo ayinginqobi njengezindaba zabanye, kukhona uLucrezia Borgia.

Imuphi umbandela owusebenzisayo lapho ukhetha ukuhluka kwegama elithi “O luce di quest'anima”? Ingabe uphendukela esikweni, uthembele kuwe kuphela, ulalele okuqoshiwe kwama-virtuosos adumile esikhathi esidlule?

Ngingasho ukuthi ngilandela zonke izindlela ozishilo. Uma ufunda ingxenye, uvamise ukulandela isiko eliza kuwe livela kothisha. Akufanele sikhohlwe ukubaluleka kwama-cadenzas, asetshenziswa ama-virtuosos amakhulu futhi adluliselwa enzalweni evela kubazalwane bakaRicci. Yebo, ngilalela okuqoshiwe kwabahlabeleli abakhulu bakudala. Ekugcineni, ukukhetha kwami ​​​​kumahhala, okuthile okwami ​​kwengezwe esikweni. Kubaluleke kakhulu, nokho, ukuthi isisekelo, okungukuthi, umculo kaDonizetti, ungashabalali ngaphansi kokuhlukahluka. Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuhluka nomculo we-opera kumele buhlale bungokwemvelo. Uma kungenjalo, umoya we-aria uyanyamalala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uJoan Sutherland wayecula izingoma ezihlukene ezingahlangene nokunambitheka nesitayela se-opera edlalwayo. Angihambisani nalokhu. Isitayela kumele ngaso sonke isikhathi sihlonishwe.

Ake sibuyele ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakho. Ngakho-ke, ucule iNdlovukazi Yobusuku, iZerbinetta, bese-ke?

Bese kuba uLucia. Isikhathi sokuqala engadlala ngaso kule ndima kwakungo-1978 eVienna. Uthisha wami wangitshela ukuthi kusesekuseni kakhulu ukuba ngicule uLucia futhi kwadingeka ngiqhubekele phambili ngokuqapha. Inqubo yokuvuthwa kufanele ihambe kahle.

Kudingekani ukuze umlingiswa osesimweni somuntu afinyelele ekuvuthweni?

Umuntu kufanele acule le ngxenye ngobuhlakani, angaculi kakhulu ezinkundleni zemidlalo yeshashalazi ezinkulu lapho amahholo evuleke kakhulu, okudala ubunzima ezwini. Futhi udinga umqhubi oqonda izinkinga zezwi. Nali igama laso sonke isikhathi: u-Giuseppe Patane. Wayengumbhidisi owayeyazi kangcono indlela yokudala izimo ezikhululekile zezwi.

Ingabe amaphuzu kufanele adlalwe njengoba abhaliwe, noma kukhona uhlobo oluthile lokungenelela oludingekayo?

Ngicabanga ukuthi kudingeka ukungenelela. Isibonelo, ukukhetha kwejubane. Asikho ijubane elilungile eliphelele. Kufanele bakhethwe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izwi ngokwalo lingitshela ukuthi ngingenzani futhi kanjani. Ngakho-ke, i-tempos ingashintsha kusukela ekusebenzeni kuya ekusebenzeni, kusukela kumculi oyedwa kuya komunye. Ukulungisa ijubane akukona ukwanelisa izifiso ze-prima donna. Kusho ukuthola umphumela omuhle kakhulu ezwini onawo. Ukungayinaki inkinga yejubane kungaholela emiphumeleni engemihle.

Kungani eminyakeni yamuva nje uphathise ubuciko bakho enkampanini encane yokuqopha, hhayi imidondoshiya edumile?

Isizathu silula kakhulu. Amalebula amarekhodi amakhulu akhombisa ukungazithakaseli izihloko engangifuna ukuziqopha, okwathi ngenxa yalokho, zamukelwa kahle ngumphakathi. Ukushicilelwa kwe-“Maria di Rogan” kwavusa isithakazelo esikhulu.

Ungazwakala kuphi?

Ngokuyisisekelo, ngikhawulela imisebenzi yami kumathiyetha amathathu: eZurich, eMunich naseVienna. Lapho ngenza i-aphoyintimenti nabo bonke abalandeli bami.

Ingxoxo no-Edita Gruberova eshicilelwe kumagazini we-l'opera, eMilan

PS Ingxoxo nalo mculi, osengabizwa ngomkhulu, yashicilelwa eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Ngenhlanhla nje, umhumushi kulezi zinsuku ezimbalwa ezedlule uzwe ukusakazwa bukhoma kuka-Lucrezia Borgia ovela ku-Staats Oper e-Vienna no-Edita Gruberova ebambe iqhaza. Kunzima ukuchaza ukumangala nokutuswa: umculi oneminyaka engu-64 usesimweni esihle. Umphakathi waseVienne wamemukela ngesasasa. E-Italy, uGruberova esimweni akuso ngabe uphathwe kanzima kakhulu futhi, cishe, bebezothi "akasafani nakuqala." Nokho, umqondo ovamile uthi lokhu akunakwenzeka. Kulezi zinsuku u-Edita Gruberova ugubhe iminyaka eyi-XNUMX esebenza. Kukhona abaculi abambalwa, eminyakeni yakhe, abangaziqhayisa nge-pearl coloratura kanye nobuciko obumangalisayo bokunciphisa amanothi aphezulu kakhulu. Yilokho kanye uGruberova akubonisa eVienna. Ngakho uyi-diva yangempela. Futhi, mhlawumbe, ngempela okokugcina (IS).

I-Debut 1968 (Bratislava, ingxenye yeRozina). Kusukela ngo-1970 eVienna Opera (Indlovukazi Yobusuku, njll.). Useke wacula noKarajan kuMkhosi WaseSalzburg kusukela ngo-1974. Kusukela ngo-1977 kuMetropolitan Opera (waqala njengeNdlovukazi Yobusuku). Ngo-1984, wacula ngokugqamile indawo kaJuliet kuCapuleti e Montecchi yaseBellini eCovent Garden. Udlale eLa Scala (ingxenye yeConstanza kuMozart's Abduction from the Seraglio, njll.).

Phakathi kwemidlalo yeminyaka yokugcina yendima kaVioletta (1992, Venice), u-Anne Boleyn ku-opera yegama elifanayo nguDonizetti (1995, Munich). Phakathi kwezindima ezihamba phambili kukhona noLucia, u-Elvira kwekaBellini ethi The Puritans, Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos kaR. Strauss. Uqophe izindima eziningi kuma-opera kaDonizetti, Mozart, R. Strauss nabanye. Wadlala kumafilimu e-opera. Kokurekhodiwe, siphawula izingxenye ze-Violetta (umqhubi u-Rizzi, i-Teldec), i-Zerbinetta (umqhubi u-Böhm, i-Deutsche Grammophon).

E. Tsodokov, 1999