UFrancois Couperin |

UFrancois Couperin

I-Couperin. "Les Barricades mystirieuses" (John Williams)

Kuyo yonke ikhulu lesi-XNUMX kwasungulwa isikole esimangalisayo somculo we-harpsichord eFrance (J. Chambonière, L. Couperin nabafowabo, u-J. d'Anglebert, nabanye). Edluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, amasiko okwenza isiko nendlela yokuqamba afinyelela umvuthwandaba wawo emsebenzini kaF. Couperin, labo ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe baqala ukumbiza ngokuthi mkhulu.

U-Couperin wazalelwa emndenini onesiko elide lomculo. Inkonzo yomculi we-ogani eCathedral yaseSaint-Gervais, eyatholwa kuyise, uCharles Couperin, umqambi nomculi owaziwayo eFrance, uFrancois kuhlanganiswe nenkonzo yasenkantolo yasebukhosini. Ukudlalwa kwemisebenzi eminingi nehlukahlukene (ukuqamba umculo wezinkonzo zesonto namakhonsathi asenkantolo, ukucula njengomuntu ocula yedwa kanye nomphelezeli, njll.) kwagcwalisa ukuphila komqambi kwaze kwafika umkhawulo. U-Couperin uphinde wafundisa amalungu omndeni wasebukhosini: “… Iminyaka engamashumi amabili manje nginelungelo lokuba nenkosi futhi ngifundise cishe ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuphakama kwayo uDauphin, uMbusi waseBurgundy kanye nezikhulu eziyisithupha namakhosazana endlu yasebukhosini…” Ekupheleni kwawo-1720. U-Couperin ubhala izingcezu zakhe zokugcina ze-harpsichord. Ukugula okubi kwamphoqa ukuba ashiye umsebenzi wakhe wokudala, ayeke ukukhonza enkantolo nasebandleni. Isikhundla somculi wegumbi sidlulisele endodakazini yakhe, uMarguerite Antoinette.

Isisekelo samagugu okudala kaCouperin yimisebenzi ye-harpsichord - izingcezu ezingaphezu kuka-250 ezishicilelwe kumaqoqo amane (1713, 1717, 1722, 1730). Ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabanduleli bakhe kanye nabantu abadala besikhathi sakhe, u-Couperin wadala isitayela sokuqala se-harpsichord, esihlukaniswa ngobuqili nobuhle bokubhala, ukucwengwa kwamafomu amancane (i-rondo noma ukuhluka), kanye nobuningi bemihlobiso yokuhlobisa (i-melismas) ehambisana imvelo ye-harpsichord sonority. Lesi sitayela se-filigree esihle ngezindlela eziningi sihlobene nesitayela se-Rococo kubuciko baseFrance bekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Ukunambitheka kwesiFulentshi kunganambitheki, umuzwa wesilinganiso, umdlalo omnene wemibala nama-sonorities ubusa umculo ka-Couperin, ngaphandle kokukhuluma okuphakeme, ukubonakaliswa okuqinile nokuvulekile kwemizwa. “Ngincamela okungihambisayo kulokho okungimangazayo.” U-Couperin uxhumanisa imidlalo yakhe emigqeni (i-ordre) - izintambo zamahhala zama-miniature ahlukahlukene. Iningi lemidlalo inezihloko zohlelo ezikhombisa ukunotha komcabango womqambi, indlela acabanga ngayo ngendlela eqondile. Lezi izithombe zesifazane (“I-Touchless”, “Naughty”, “Dade Monica”), izigcawu ezifundisayo, eziwubukhazikhazi, izimo zezwe (“Reeds”, “Lilies in the Making”), imidlalo enophawu lwezingoma (“Ukuzisola”, “Amathenda Usizi”) , imaski yaseshashalazini (“Ukubhuqa”, “Harlequin”, “Amaqhinga omlingo”), njll. Esanduleleni seqoqo lokuqala lemidlalo, u-Couperin uyabhala: “Lapho ngibhala imidlalo, ngangihlale nginesihloko esithile engqondweni. - izimo ezihlukahlukene zangiphakamisa. Ngakho-ke, izihloko zihambisana nemibono enganginayo lapho ngiqamba. Ukuthola ukuthinta kwakhe, okukodwa ngakunye okuncane, i-Couperin idala inombolo engapheli yezinketho zokuthungwa kwe-harpsichord - indwangu enemininingwane, enomoya, evulekile.

Ithuluzi, elilinganiselwe kakhulu emandleni alo acacile, liyashintshashintsha, lizwele, libe nemibala ngendlela ye-Couperin.

Ukwenziwa okuvamile kokuhlangenwe nakho okucebile komqambi nomculi, umpetha owazi kahle amathuba ensimbi yakhe, kwakuyincwadi kaCouperin ethi The Art of Playing the Harpsichord (1761), kanye nezethulo zombhali zokuqoqwa kwezingcezu zehabhu.

Umqambi unentshisekelo kakhulu kumininingwane yensimbi; ucacisa amasu okusebenza kwesici (ikakhulukazi lapho edlala kumakhibhodi amabili), ucacisa imihlobiso eminingi. "I-harpsichord ngokwayo iyinsimbi ekhaliphile, ekahle ebangeni layo, kodwa njengoba i-harpsichord ingakwazi ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa amandla omsindo, ngiyohlale ngibabonga labo, ngenxa yobuciko nokunambitheka kwabo okuphelele okungapheli, bazokwazi kwenze kucace. Yilokhu ababekufisa ababengaphambi kwami, ngingasayiphathi eyokuqanjwa kahle kwemidlalo yabo. Ngazama ukwenza izinto abazitholile zibe zinhle.”

Okuthakazelisa kakhulu umsebenzi we-chamber-instrumental we-Couperin. Imijikelezo emibili yamakhonsathi ethi “Royal Concertos” (4) kanye “neNew Concertos” (10, 1714-15), ebhalelwe iqembu elincane (sextet), yenziwa emakhonsathini omculo asegumbini lasenkantolo. Ama-sonatas amathathu ka-Couperin (1724-26) aphefumulelwe ama-sonatas amathathu ka-A. Corelli. U-Couperin unikezele nge-trio sonata ethi "Parnassus, noma i-Apotheosis of Corelli" kumqambi wakhe oyintandokazi. Amagama esici kanye neziza ezinwetshiwe eziphelele - ezihlala zihlakaniphile, zangempela - nazo ziyatholakala kuma-ensembles e-Couperin's chamber. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lwe-sonata ye-trio "Apotheosis of Lully" lwabonisa impikiswano eyayisemfashinini mayelana nezinzuzo zomculo wesiFulentshi nesiNtaliyane.

Ukujula nokuphakama kwemicabango kuhlukanisa umculo ongcwele we-Couperin - inqwaba yezitho (1690), ama-motets, ama-pre-Easter ama-3 (1715).

Kakade ngesikhathi sokuphila kukaCouperin, imisebenzi yakhe yayaziwa kabanzi ngaphandle kweFrance. Abaqambi abakhulu kakhulu bathola kuzo izibonelo zesitayela se-harpsichord esicacile, esipholishe ngokwezinga lakudala. Ngakho, u-J. Brahms waqamba ngokuthi u-JS Bach, u-GF Handel no-D. Scarlatti phakathi kwabafundi baseCouperin. Ukuxhumana ngesitayela se-harpsichord sompetha wesiFulentshi kutholakala emisebenzini yepiyano ka-J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart kanye no-L. Beethoven osemncane. Amasiko e-Couperin ngokwesisekelo esingokomfanekiso nesezizwe esihluke ngokuphelele avuselelwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. emisebenzini yabaqambi baseFrance uC. Debussy kanye noM. Ravel (ngokwesibonelo, kuhlelo lukaRavel oluthi “The Tomb of Couperin”.)

I. Okhalova