Jascha Heifetz |

Jascha Heifetz

Ukubhala umdwebo wokuphila komuntu we-Heifetz kunzima kakhulu. Kubukeka sengathi ubengakatsheli muntu kabanzi ngempilo yakhe. Ubizwa ngokuthi umuntu oyimfihlo kakhulu emhlabeni esihlokweni sikaNicole Hirsch "Jascha Heifetz - Emperor of the Violin", okungenye yezinto ezimbalwa eziqukethe ulwazi oluthakazelisayo mayelana nokuphila kwakhe, ubuntu bakhe kanye nomlingiswa wakhe.

Wayebonakala ezibiyela izwe elimzungezile ngodonga oluqhoshayo lokuzihlukanisa, oluvumela abambalwa kuphela, abakhethiwe, ukuba babheke kulo. “Uzonda izixuku, umsindo, izidlo zakusihlwa ngemva kwekhonsathi. Ize yasichitha isimemo seNkosi yaseDenmark, yazisa oNgangezwe Lakhe ngenkulu inhlonipho ukuthi ayiyi ndawo ngemuva kokudlala.

U-Yasha, noma kunalokho u-Iosif Kheyfets (igama elinciphayo elithi Yasha lalibizwa ebuntwaneni, wabe esephenduka uhlobo lwegama lokuqamba lobuciko) wazalelwa eVilna ngoFebruwari 2, 1901. I-Vilnius yanamuhla enhle, inhloko-dolobha yaseSoviet Lithuania, yayiyi idolobha elikude elihlala abampofu bamaJuda, abenza yonke imisebenzi yezandla engase icatshangwe futhi engenakucatshangwa - abampofu, abachazwe ngendlela enemibala uSholom Aleichem.

Uyise ka-Yasha u-Ruben Heifetz wayengu-klezmer, umdlali wevayolini owayedlala emishadweni. Lapho kunzima kakhulu, yena kanye nomfowabo uNathan, bazulazula emagcekeni, bekhama isenti ukuze bathole ukudla.

Wonke umuntu owayemazi uyise kaHeifetz uthi wayenesiphiwo somculo esingaphansi kwendodana yakhe, futhi ubumpofu obungenathemba kuphela ebusheni bakhe, ukungenakwenzeka okuphelele kokuthola imfundo yomculo, kwavimbela ithalente lakhe ekuthuthukisweni.

Imuphi kumaJuda, ikakhulukazi abaculi, ongazange aphuphe ngokwenza indodana yakhe ibe “ngumdlali wevayolini womhlaba wonke”? Ngakho uyise ka-Yasha, lapho umntwana eneminyaka engu-3 kuphela ubudala, wayesevele wamthengela i-violin futhi waqala ukumfundisa kule nsimbi ngokwakhe. Nokho, lo mfana wathuthuka ngokushesha kangangokuthi uyise washesha ukumthumela ukuba ayofunda nothisha odumile Vilna violin u-Ilya Malkin. Lapho eneminyaka engu-6 ubudala, u-Yasha wenza ikhonsathi yakhe yokuqala edolobheni lakubo, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kwanqunywa ukumyisa eSt. Petersburg ku-Auer edumile.

Imithetho yoMbuso WaseRussia yayiwenqabela amaJuda ukuhlala eSt. Lokhu kwakudinga imvume ekhethekile emaphoyiseni. Nokho, umqondisi wesikhungo sokugcinwa kwamasiko u-A. Glazunov, ngamandla egunya lakhe, ngokuvamile wayebafunela imvume enjalo abafundi bakhe abanekhono, okwathi ngokudlala waze waqanjwa ngokuthi “inkosi yamaJuda.”

Ukuze u-Yasha ahlale nabazali bakhe, u-Glazunov wamukela uyise ka-Yasha njengomfundi e-Conservatory. Kungakho uhlu lwesigaba se-Auer kusukela ngo-1911 kuya ku-1916 luhlanganisa ama-Heifetz amabili - uJoseph noReuben.

Ekuqaleni, u-Yasha wafunda isikhathi esithile nge-adjunct ka-Auer, u-I. Nalbandyan, owathi, njengomthetho, wenza wonke umsebenzi wokulungiselela nabafundi boprofesa odumile, belungisa izinto zabo zobuchwepheshe. U-Auer wabe esethatha umfana ngaphansi kwephiko lakhe, futhi ngokushesha u-Heifetz waba inkanyezi yokuqala phakathi komlaza okhanyayo wabafundi e-Conservatory.

I-debut ekhaliphile ka-Heifetz, eyamlethela ngokushesha cishe udumo lwamazwe ngamazwe, yayidlala eBerlin ngobusuku bangaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Umfana oneminyaka engu-13 ubudala ubephelezelwa u-Artur Nikish. UKreisler, owayekhona ekhonsathini, wamuzwa edlala futhi wababaza: “Yeka injabulo engizoyiphula manje i-violin yami!”

U-Auer wayethanda ukuchitha ihlobo nabafundi bakhe edolobheni elihle laseLoschwitz, elisogwini lwe-Elbe, eduze kwaseDresden. Encwadini yakhe ethi Among the Musicians, ukhuluma ngekhonsathi yase-Loschwitz lapho u-Heifetz noSeidel benza khona i-Bach's Concerto yamaviolin amabili ku-D encane. Abaculi baseDresden naseBerlin beza bezolalela le khonsathi: “Izihambeli zathinteka ngokujulile ngobumsulwa nobunye besitayela, ubuqotho obujulile, ingasaphathwa eyokuphelela kobuchwepheshe abafana abagqoke amabhulawusi amatilosi, uJascha Heifetz noToscha Seidel, ababedlala ngakho. lo msebenzi omuhle.”

Encwadini efanayo, u-Auer uchaza ukuthi ukugqashuka kwempi kwamthola kanjani nabafundi bakhe eLoschwitz, kanye nomndeni wakwaHeifets eBerlin. U-Auer wagcinwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwamaphoyisa okuqinile kwaze kwaba ngu-October, kwathi uKheyfetsov kwaze kwaba ngu-December 1914. Ngo-December, u-Yasha Kheyfets noyise baphinde bavela ePetrograd futhi bakwazi ukuqala ukufunda.

U-Auer wachitha izinyanga zasehlobo zika-1915-1917 eNorway, eduze neChristiania. Ehlobo lika-1916 wayephelezelwa umndeni wakwaHeifetz noSeidel. “UTosha Seidel ubebuyela ezweni aziwa kulo. Igama lika-Yasha Heifetz lalingaziwa ngokuphelele emphakathini jikelele. Nokho, i-impresario yakhe yathola emtapweni wezincwadi welinye lamaphephandaba amakhulu eChristiania isihloko saseBerlin sango-1914, esanikeza ukubuyekezwa okujabulisayo kokusebenza kukaHeifetz okuvusa amadlingozi ekhonsathini yomculo wokholo eBerlin eyayiqhutshwa u-Arthur Nikisch. Ngenxa yalokho, amathikithi amakhonsathi kaHeifetz aphela. USeidel noHeifetz bamenywe yinkosi yaseNorway futhi benza esigodlweni sayo iBach Concerto, okwathi ngo-1914 yathakaselwa izivakashi zikaLoschwitz. Lezi kwakuyizinyathelo zokuqala ze-Heifetz emkhakheni wezobuciko.

Ehlobo lika-1917, wasayina isivumelwano sokuya e-United States futhi wadlula eSiberia waya eJapane, wathuthela eCalifornia nomkhaya wakhe. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi wayecabanga ukuthi iMelika izoba ikhaya lakhe lesibili futhi kwakuzodingeka eze eRussia kanye kuphela, kakade umuntu ovuthiwe, njengomdlali oyisivakashi.

Bathi ikhonsathi yokuqala eCarnegie Hall eNew York yaheha iqembu elikhulu labaculi – abadlali bopiyano, abadlali bevayolin. Ikhonsathi yaba yimpumelelo emangalisayo futhi ngokushesha yenza igama likaHeifetz laduma emibuthanweni yomculo yaseMelika. “Wayeyidlala yonke ingoma ye-violin ye-virtuoso njengonkulunkulu, futhi ukuthinta kukaPaganini akuzange kubonakale kuwubudemoni kangako. UMisha Elman wayesehholo nomdlali wopiyano uGodovsky. Ancike kuye, “Awutholi ukuthi kushisa kakhulu lapha?” Futhi ekuphenduleni: "Akunjalo neze kumdlali wopiyano."

EMelika, nakuwo wonke amazwe aseNtshonalanga, uJascha Heifetz wathatha indawo yokuqala phakathi kwabashayi bevayolini. Udumo lwakhe luyamangalisa, luyinganekwane. "Ngokusho kukaHeifetz" bahlola bonke abanye, ngisho nabadlali abakhulu kakhulu, banganaki ukuhluka kwesitayela nokuhluka komuntu ngamunye. “Abadlali bevayolini abakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni bayamqaphela njengenkosi yabo, njengemodeli yabo. Nakuba umculo okwamanje ungewona neze umpofu ngama-violinist amakhulu kakhulu, kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho ubona u-Jascha Heifets evela esiteji, uyaqonda ngokushesha ukuthi uphakama ngempela ngaphezu kwabo bonke abanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlale uzizwa ukude; akamamatheka ehholo; abuke kancane lapho. Uphethe ivayolini yakhe - iGuarneri yango-1742 eyake yaba ngekaSarasata - ngesisa. Uyaziwa ukuthi uyishiya kuleli cala kuze kube umzuzu wokugcina futhi akakaze alingise ngaphambi kokungena esiteji. Uzibambe njengenkosana futhi ubusa esiteji. Ihholo liyabanda, libambe umoya, libabaza le ndoda.

Ngempela, labo ababethamele amakhonsathi ka-Heifetz abasoze bakhohlwa ukubukeka kwakhe okuziqhenyayo, isimo sakhe esibi, inkululeko engenakuvinjelwa ngenkathi edlala ngokunyakaza okuncane, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu bazokhumbula amandla ahehayo omthelela wobuciko bakhe obumangalisayo.

Ngo-1925, u-Heifetz wathola ubuzwe baseMelika. Eminyakeni yama-30s wayeyisithixo somphakathi womculo waseMelika. Umdlalo wakhe uqoshwe izinkampani ezinkulu zegilamafoni; ulingisa kumafilimu njengeciko, kwenziwa ifilimu ngaye.

Ngo-1934, wavakashela eSoviet Union kuphela. Umenywe ohambweni lwethu yi-People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs MM Litvinov. Endleleni eya e-USSR, amaKheifets adlula eBerlin. IJalimane yasheshe yangena ku-fascism, kodwa inhloko-dolobha yayisafuna ukulalela i-violinist edumile. UHeifets wabingelelwa ngezimbali, uGoebbels wazwakalisa isifiso sokuthi umculi odumile ahloniphe iBerlin ngobukhona bakhe futhi anikeze amakhonsathi amaningana. Nokho, umdlali wevayolini wenqaba ngokuphelele.

Amakhonsathi akhe eMoscow naseLeningrad aqoqa izilaleli ezishisekayo. Yebo, futhi akumangalisi - ubuciko be-Heifetz phakathi no-30s base befinyelele ukuvuthwa okuphelele. Ephendula amakhonsathi akhe, u-I. Yampolsky ubhala "ngomculo ogcwele igazi", "ukunemba kwe-classical of expression." “Ubuciko busezingeni eliphezulu futhi bunamandla amakhulu. Ihlanganisa i-monumental austerity kanye ne-virtuoso brilliance, ukuvezwa kwepulasitiki kanye nefomu lokujaha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi udlala i-trinket encane noma i-Brahms Concerto, ngokulinganayo uwaletha eduze. Uhlukile ngokulinganayo ekuthandeni nasekuthatheni izinto ezincane, ukuzwela kanye nezindlela zokuziphatha. Ku-Andante yakhe evela ku-Concerto ka-Mendelssohn ayikho i-“Mendelssohnism”, futhi e-Canzonetta evela ku-Tchaikovsky's Concerto abukho ubuhlungu obumangalisayo be-“chanson triste”, obuvamile ekuhunyushweni kwabadlali bevayolini ... lokhu kuzibamba akusho neze ukubanda .

EMoscow naseLeningrad, uKheifets wahlangana namaqabane akhe amadala ekilasini lika-Auer - uMiron Polyakin, uLev Tseytlin nabanye; waphinde wahlangana noNalbandyan, uthisha wokuqala owake wamlungiselela ikilasi lika-Auer eSikoleni SaseSt. Ekhumbula isikhathi esidlule, wahamba emaphasishi esikhungo sokugcinwa kwezilwane esimkhulisile, wama isikhathi eside ekilasini, lapho ake afika khona ngemuva kukaprofesa wakhe owayefuna ngenkani.

Ayikho indlela yokulandelela impilo ye-Heifetz ngokulandelana kwesikhathi, ifihliwe kakhulu emehlweni okuhlola. Kepha ngokusho kwamakholomu amaphakathi ezihloko zamaphephandaba kanye nomagazini, ngokobufakazi babantu abahlangana naye mathupha, umuntu angathola umbono wendlela yokuphila, ubuntu kanye nomlingiswa wama-XNUMX XNUMXbhis.

“Uma uthi nhlá,” kubhala u-K. Flesh, “uKheifetz unikeza umbono womuntu onama-phlegmatic. Izici zobuso bakhe zibonakala zinganyakazi, zinokhahlo; kodwa lokhu kumane kuyi-mask ngemuva afihla ngayo imizwa yakhe yangempela .. Unomqondo ocashile wokuhlekisa, ongasoli lapho uqala ukuhlangana naye. U-Heifetz ulingisa ngokujabulisayo igeyimu yabafundi abamaphakathi.

Izici ezifanayo nazo ziphawulwe nguNicole Hirsch. Ubuye abhale ukuthi ukubanda nokuqhosha kukaHeifetz kungaphandle nje: empeleni unesizotha, unamahloni, futhi unomusa enhliziyweni. Ngokwesibonelo, eParis wanikela ngamakhonsathi ngokuzithandela ukuze kuzuze abaculi asebekhulile. U-Hirsch uphinde waveza ukuthi uthanda kakhulu amahlaya, amahlaya futhi akakuthandi ukuphonsa inombolo ehlekisayo nabathandekayo bakhe. Kulesi senzakalo, ucaphuna indaba ehlekisayo ne-impresario uMaurice Danelo. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngaphambi kokuqala kwekhonsathi, uKheifets wabizela uDandel, owayephethe, ekamelweni lakhe lobuciko futhi wamcela ukuthi amkhokhele imali ngokushesha ngisho nangaphambi kokucula.

“Kodwa umculi akaze akhokhelwe ngaphambi kwekhonsathi.

– Ngiyagcizelela.

- Ah! Ngiyeke!

Ngala mazwi uDanelo uphonsa imvilophu ephethe imali phezu kwetafula bese eya kwi-control. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, uyabuya ezoxwayisa u-Heifetz mayelana nokungena esiteji futhi ... athole igumbi lingenalutho. Akekho umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo, akukho cala le-violin, akukho ncekukazi yaseJapane, akekho. Imvilophi nje phezu kwetafula. UDandel uhlala phansi etafuleni futhi ufundeka kanje: “Maurice, ungalokothi ukhokhele iciko ngaphambi kwekhonsathi. Sonke siye ebhayisikobho.”

Umuntu angacabanga isimo se-impresario. Nangempela inkampani yonke yacasha ekamelweni yabuka uDanelo injabulo. Abakwazanga ukubekezelela lo mdlalo wamahlaya isikhathi eside bavele bahleka kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, u-Hirsch uyanezela, u-Dandel cishe ngeke akukhohlwe ukugeleza komjuluko obandayo owehla entanyeni yakhe ngalobo busuku kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe.

Ngokuvamile, isihloko sakhe siqukethe imininingwane eminingi ezithakazelisayo mayelana nobuntu Heifetz, akuthandayo kanye nemvelo umndeni. U-Hirsch ubhala ukuthi uma enqaba izimemo ezidlweni zakusihlwa ngemva kwamakhonsathi, kungenxa yokuthi uyathanda, ukumema abangani bakhe ababili noma abathathu ehhotela lakhe, ukuze azinqumele mathupha inkukhu aziphekele yona. “Uvula ibhodlela le-champagne, ashintshe izingubo zasesiteji azifake ekhaya. Umdwebi uzizwa ke engumuntu ojabulayo.

Ngenkathi eseParis, ubheka zonke izitolo zasendulo, futhi azihlelele ukudla kwakusihlwa okuhle. “Uyawazi amakheli awo wonke ama-bistros kanye ne-recipe yama-lobster esitayela saseMelika, awadla kakhulu ngeminwe yakhe, eneduku entanyeni, ekhohlwa udumo nomculo…” Lapho engena ezweni elithile, ngokuqinisekile uvakashela izwe lalo. izindawo ezikhangayo, iminyuziyamu; Uyazi kahle izilimi eziningana zaseYurophu - isiFulentshi (kuze kufike kuzilimi zesigodi zendawo kanye nejagoni evamile), isiNgisi, isiJalimane. Uzazi kahle izincwadi, izinkondlo; ngokuhlanya othandweni, isibonelo, noPushkin, izinkondlo zakhe azicaphuna ngekhanda. Nokho, kukhona okungavamile ekuthandeni kwakhe kwemibhalo. Ngokusho kukadadewabo, u-S. Heifetz, uphatha umsebenzi ka-Romain Rolland ngokupholile, angamthandi "uJean Christophe".

Emculweni, uHeifetz uthanda owakudala; imisebenzi yabaqambi banamuhla, ikakhulukazi “yabanxele,” ayivamile ukumnelisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uyayithanda i-jazz, nakuba izinhlobo ezithile zayo, njengoba izinhlobo zomculo we-rock ne-jazz ziyamethusa. “Ngelinye ilanga kusihlwa ngaya ekilabhini yendawo ngayolalela umculi odumile wamahlaya. Kusenjalo kuzwakale umsindo wetshe netshe. Ngazizwa sengathi ngilahlekelwa ingqondo. Kunalokho, wakhipha iduku, walidabula laba izicucu futhi wavala izindlebe zakhe ... “.

Unkosikazi wokuqala kaHeifetz wayengumlingisi wefilimu odumile waseMelika uFlorence Vidor. Ngaphambi kwakhe, wayeshade nomqondisi wefilimu ohlakaniphile. Ukusuka eFlorence, uHeifetz ushiye izingane ezimbili - indodana nendodakazi. Wabafundisa bobabili ukudlala ivayolini. Indodakazi yayilwazi kahle lolu hlelo kunendodana. Uvame ukuphelezela uyise ohambweni lwakhe. Ngokuqondene nendodana, i-violin iyamthakazelisa kancane kakhulu, futhi ikhetha ukuhlanganyela hhayi emculweni, kodwa ukuqoqa izitembu zokuposa, ukuncintisana noyise kulokhu. Njengamanje, u-Jascha Heifetz unelinye lamaqoqo acebe kakhulu emhlabeni.

U-Heifetz uhlala cishe njalo eCalifornia, lapho enendlu yakhe yokuhlala endaweni enhle yase-Los Angeles e-Beverly Hill, eduze kwaseHollywood.

I-villa inezizathu ezinhle kakhulu zazo zonke izinhlobo zemidlalo - inkundla yethenisi, amatafula e-ping-pong, ompetha ongenakunqotshwa ongumnikazi wendlu. UHeifetz ungumdlali osezingeni eliphezulu - uyabhukuda, ushayela imoto, udlala ithenisi ngendlela encomekayo. Ngakho-ke, cishe, namanje, nakuba eseneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-60 ubudala, uyamangala nge-vivacity namandla omzimba. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, kwenzeka isigameko esingemnandi kuye - waphuka inqulu futhi wayengasebenzi izinyanga ezingu-6. Nokho, umzimba wakhe wensimbi usize ukuphuma ngokuphepha kule ndaba.

UHeifetz ungumsebenzi onzima. Usadlala i-violin kakhulu, nakuba esebenza ngokucophelela. Ngokuvamile, ekuphileni nasemsebenzini, uhleleke kakhulu. Ukuhleleka, ukucabangela nakho kubonakala ekusebenzeni kwakhe, okuhlala kushaya ngokujaha okuqoshiwe kwefomu.

Uyawuthanda umculo wasekamelweni futhi uvamise ukudlala umculo ekhaya noGrigory Pyatigorsky oyi-cellist noma umdlali wevayoli uWilliam Primrose, kanye no-Arthur Rubinstein. Kwesinye isikhathi banikeza 'izikhathi ezimnandi' ukukhetha izethameli zabantu abangu-200-300."

Eminyakeni yakamuva, uKheifets unikeze amakhonsathi kuyaqabukela. Ngakho, ngo-1962, wanikeza amakhonsathi 6 kuphela - 4 e-USA, 1 eLondon futhi 1 eParis. Ucebe kakhulu futhi uhlangothi lwezinto ezibonakalayo alumthakazelisi. U-Nickel Hirsch ubika ukuthi kuphela emalini etholwe kuma-discs angu-160 amarekhodi enziwe nguye ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe kwezobuciko, uzokwazi ukuphila kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe. Umbhali wempilo yabantu uyanezela ukuthi eminyakeni edlule, uKheifetz ubengavamile ukwenza - hhayi ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili ngesonto.

Izithakazelo zomculo zika-Heifetz zibanzi kakhulu: akayena nje umdlali we-violinist, kodwa futhi umqhubi omuhle kakhulu, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, umqambi onesiphiwo. Unemibhalo eminingi yekhonsathi yezinga lokuqala kanye nenani lemisebenzi yakhe yoqobo yevayolini.

Ngo-1959, u-Heifetz wamenywa ukuba athathe i-professorship ye-violin e-University of California. Wamukele abafundi abayi-5 nabayisi-8 njengabalaleli. Omunye wabafundi bakhe, uBeverly Somah, uthi uHeifetz uza ekilasini ephethe ivayolini futhi ubonisa izindlela zokuyidlala: “Le miboniso imelela ukudlalwa kwevayolini okumangalisayo kwengake ngakuzwa.”

Inothi libika ukuthi u-Heifetz ugcizelela ukuthi abafundi kufanele basebenze nsuku zonke ezikalini, badlale i-sonatas ka-Bach, ama-etudes ka-Kreutzer (ahlala eyidlala ngokwakhe, ewabiza ngokuthi “ibhayibheli lami”) kanye ne-Basic Etudes ye-Violin Without a Bow kaCarl Flesch. Uma kukhona okungahambi kahle ngomfundi, u-Heifetz uncoma ukusebenza kancane kule ngxenye. Emazwini okuvalelisa kubafundi bakhe, uthi: “Yibani abagxeki benu. Ungalokothi uphumule, ungalokothi uzinike izaphulelo. Uma okuthile kungasebenzi kuwe, ungasoli ivayolini, izintambo, njll. Zitshele ukuthi iphutha lami, bese uzama ukuthola imbangela yokushiyeka kwakho ngokwakho ... ”

Amazwi aqeda umcabango wakhe abonakala ejwayelekile. Kodwa uma ucabanga ngakho, khona-ke ungathola isiphetho mayelana nezinye izici zendlela ye-pedagogical yomculi omkhulu. Izikali… kukangaki abafundi bevayolini bengabaluleki kuzo, futhi kungakanani ukusetshenziswa umuntu angakuthola kuzo ukuze akwazi ukufunda indlela yokulawula iminwe! Yeka indlela uHeifetz athembeke ngayo futhi wahlala esikoleni sasendulo sase-Auer, ethembele kuze kube manje ezifundweni zikaKreutzer! Futhi, ekugcineni, yeka ukubaluleka akuhlanganisayo emsebenzini ozimele womfundi, ikhono lakhe lokuzihlola, isimo sengqondo esibucayi kuye ngokwakhe, yeka isimiso esinokhahlo esiyikho konke lokhu!

NgokukaHirsch, uKheifets akamukelanga abafundi aba-5, kodwa abayisi-6 ekilasini lakhe, futhi wabahlalisa ekhaya. “Nsuku zonke bahlangana nomphathi basebenzise izeluleko zakhe. Omunye wabafundi bakhe, u-Eric Friedman, wenza umdlalo wakhe wokuqala ophumelelayo eLondon. Ngo-1962 wenza amakhonsathi eParis”; ngo-1966 wathola isihloko of laureate of International Tchaikovsky Competition eMoscow.

Ekugcineni, ulwazi olumayelana nokufundisa kuka-Heifetz, oluhluke ngandlela thize kulokhu okungenhla, lutholakala esihlokweni sentatheli yaseMelika evela “ngoMgqibelo Kusihlwa”, esanyatheliswa kabusha yiphephabhuku elithi “Musical Life”: “Kumnandi ukuhlala noHeifetz esitudiyo sakhe esisha esibheke uBeverly. Amagquma. Izinwele zomculi ziphenduke zaba mpunga, usephenduke kancane, iminonjana yeminyaka edlule ibonakala ebusweni bakhe, kodwa amehlo akhe akhanyayo asakhanya. Uyakuthanda ukukhuluma, futhi ukhuluma ngomdlandla nangobuqotho. Esiteji, uKheifets ubonakala ebanda futhi egobile, kodwa ekhaya ungumuntu ohlukile. Uhleko lwakhe luzwakala lufudumele futhi lunozwela, futhi ukhuluma ngezandla ngendlela ecacile.”

Nekilasi lakhe, uKheifetz usebenza izikhathi ezi-2 ngeviki, hhayi zonke izinsuku. Futhi futhi, futhi kulesi sihloko, kumayelana nezikali azidingayo ukuze adlale ezivivinyweni zokwamukela. "UHeifetz ubabheka njengesisekelo sokwenza kahle." “Unenkani futhi, njengoba amukele abafundi abahlanu ngo-1960, wenqaba ababili ngaphambi kwamaholide ehlobo.

“Manje nginabafundi ababili kuphela,” esho ehleka. “Nginovalo lokuthi ekugcineni ngizofika ngelinye ilanga ehholo elingenalutho, ngihlale ngedwa isikhashana ngigoduke. - Futhi wanezela kakade sina: Lena akuyona ifektri, ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi akukwazi ukusungulwa lapha. Iningi labafundi bami lalingenalo ukuqeqeshwa okudingekayo.”

“Sibadinga kakhulu othisha abenza kahle,” kuqhuba uKheyfets. “Akekho odlala yedwa, wonke umuntu ulinganiselwe ezincazelweni zomlomo … ”NgokukaHeifets, kubalulekile ukuthi uthisha adlale kahle futhi akwazi ukukhombisa umfundi lokhu noma lowo msebenzi. "Futhi alikho inani lemibono ecatshangelwayo elingangena esikhundleni salokho." Uphetha isethulo sakhe semicabango yakhe nge-pedagogy ngala mazwi: “Awekho amazwi omlingo angadalula izimfihlo zobuciko be-violin. Ayikho inkinobho, enganele ukuyicindezela ukuze udlale kahle. Kufanele usebenze kanzima, khona-ke i-violin yakho kuphela izokhala.

Yeka ukuthi konke lokhu kuhlangana kanjani nesimo sengqondo sika-Auer sokufundisa!

Uma ucabangela indlela yokwenza ye-Heifetz, uCarl Flesh ubona izigxobo ezeqisayo ekudlaleni kwakhe. Ngokombono wakhe, uKheifets ngezinye izikhathi udlala "ngesandla esisodwa", ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwemizwelo yokudala. “Kodwa-ke, lapho ugqozi lufika kuye, umculi-umculi omkhulu uyaphaphama. Izibonelo ezinjalo zihlanganisa ukuchaza kwakhe i-Sibelius Concerto, engavamile ngemibala yayo yobuciko; Useteyipini. Kulezo zimo lapho u-Heifetz edlala ngaphandle komdlandla wangaphakathi, umdlalo wakhe, obandayo ngokungenasihawu, ungafaniswa nesithombe semabula esihle ngokumangalisayo. Njengomdlali we-violinist, uhlala elungele noma yini, kodwa, njengomculi, akahlali engaphakathi .. "

Inyama ilungile ngokukhomba izigxobo zokusebenza kukaHeifetz, kodwa, ngokubona kwethu, unephutha ngokuphelele ekuchazeni ingqikithi yazo. Futhi ingabe umculi ocebile kangaka angadlala “ngesandla esisodwa”? Kuyinto engenakwenzeka! Iphuzu, yiqiniso, lingokunye - kubuntu bukaHeifets, ekuqondeni kwakhe izigigaba ezahlukahlukene zomculo, endleleni yakhe kubo. E-Heifetz, njengengcweti, kunjengokungathi izimiso ezimbili ziyaphikiswa, ukuxhumana eduze futhi kuhlanganiswe komunye nomunye, kodwa ngendlela yokuthi kwezinye izimo eyodwa ibusa, kwezinye enye. Lezi ziqalo “zakudala” ngokwedlulele futhi ziyaveza futhi ziyamangalisa. Akukona ukuqondana nje ukuthi i-Flash iqhathanise inkundla “ebanda ngokungenasihawu” yomdlalo ka-Heifetz nesifanekiso semabula esihle ngendlela emangalisayo. Ekuqhathaniseni okunjalo, kukhona ukuqashelwa kokuphelela okuphezulu, futhi bekungeke kufinyeleleke uma uKheifets edlala "ngesandla esisodwa" futhi, njengomculi, ngeke "alungele" ukusebenza.

Kwesinye sezindatshana zakhe, umbhali walo msebenzi uchaze indlela yokwenza ka-Heifetz njengesitayela "se-high classicism" yesimanje. Kithina kubonakala sengathi lokhu kuhambisana kakhulu neqiniso. Eqinisweni, isitayela se-classical ngokuvamile siqondwa njenge-sublime futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ubuciko obuqinile, obubuhlungu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo sinzima, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - kulawulwa ukuhlakanipha. I-Classicism iyisitayela esihlakaniphile. Kodwa emva kwakho konke, konke okushiwo kusebenza kakhulu ku-Heifets, kunoma yikuphi, kwenye "yezigxobo" zobuciko bakhe bokudlala. Ake sikhumbule futhi mayelana nokuhleleka njengesici esihlukile semvelo ka-Heifetz, ebuye ibonakale ekusebenzeni kwakhe. Imvelo enjalo evamile yokucabanga komculo iyisici se-classicist, hhayi esothando.

Esinye “isigxobo” sobuciko bakhe sabiza ngokuthi “expressive-dramatic”, futhi i-Flesh yakhomba isibonelo esihle kakhulu sayo - ukuqoshwa kwe-Sibelius Concerto. Lapha yonke into iyabila, ibilisa ngokuthululwa kwemizwa okuvuthayo; alikho nelilodwa inothi “elingenandaba”, “elingenalutho”. Kodwa-ke, umlilo wezinkanuko unomqondo oqinile - lokhu kungumlilo we-Prometheus.

Esinye isibonelo sesitayela sika-Heifetz esimangalisayo ukusebenza kwakhe kwe-Brahms Concerto, eguquguquke kakhulu, egcwele amandla entaba-mlilo ngempela. Kuyisici ukuthi kuwo uHeifets akagcizeleli ezothando, kodwa isiqalo sakudala.

Kuvame ukushiwo ngoHeifetz ukuthi ugcina izimiso zesikole sase-Auerian. Kodwa-ke, yini ngempela futhi yiziphi ngokuvamile ezingabonisiwe. Ezinye izici ze-repertoire yakhe zibakhumbuza. U-Heifetz uyaqhubeka nokwenza imisebenzi eyake yafundwa ekilasini lika-Auer futhi esecishe yashiya uhlu lwabadlali bamakhonsathi abakhulu benkathi yethu - amakhonsathi e-Bruch, i-Fourth Vietana, i-Ernst's Hungarian Melodies, njll.

Kodwa, yiqiniso, akukhona lokhu kuphela okuxhumanisa umfundi nothisha. Isikole i-Auer sathuthukiswa ngesisekelo samasiko aphezulu obuciko bezinsimbi bekhulu lesi-XNUMX, obunomculo omnandi wezinsimbi “zezwi”. I-cantilena enegazi eligcwele, ecebile, uhlobo lwebel canto eqhoshayo, iphinde ihlukanise ukudlala kuka-Heifetz, ikakhulukazi uma ecula ingoma kaSchubert ethi “Ave, Marie”. Nokho, “iphimbo” lenkulumo yensimbi ka-Heifetz akubandakanyi kuphela “i-belcanto” yayo, kodwa kakhulu ngephimbo elishisayo, elimemezelayo, elisikhumbuza ama-monologue ashisekayo womculi. Futhi kulokhu, mhlawumbe, akaseyona indlalifa ka-Auer, kodwa esikhundleni se-Chaliapin. Uma ulalela i-Sibelius Concerto eyenziwa ngu-Heifets, ngokuvamile indlela yakhe yokuphimisa imishwana, njengokungathi iphinyiswe umphimbo "ocindezelwe" kusukela kokuhlangenwe nakho kanye nesici "ukuphefumula", "iminyango", ifana nokuphindaphinda kuka-Chaliapin.

Ukuthembela emasikweni e-Auer-Chaliapin, amaKheifets, ngesikhathi esifanayo, awenza abesimanje ngokwedlulele. Ubuciko bekhulu le-1934 bebungajwayelene namandla atholakala emdlalweni we-Heifetz. Ake siphinde sikhombe i-Brahms Concerto edlalwa u-Heifets “ngensimbi”, isigqi se-ostinato sangempela. Masiphinde sikhumbule imigqa edalula yokubuyekezwa kuka-Yampolsky (XNUMX), lapho ebhala khona ngokungabi bikho kwe-“Mendelssohnism” ku-Concerto kaMendelssohn kanye nobuhlungu obumangalisayo kuCanzonette evela ku-Tchaikovsky's Concerto. Kusukela kumdlalo we-Heifetz, ngakho-ke, lokho obekujwayelekile kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX kuyanyamalala - imizwa yothando, ukuthinteka okubucayi, ukuqina kwezothando. Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uHeifetz uvame ukusebenzisa i-glissando, i-tart portamento. Kepha bona, kuhlanganiswe nesisho esibukhali, bathola umsindo ovusa isibindi, ohluke kakhulu ekutshuzeni okubucayi kwamaviolinist ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX nasekuqaleni lesi-XNUMX.

Ingcweti eyodwa, noma ngabe ibanzi kangakanani futhi inezici eziningi kangakanani, ngeke ize ikwazi ukukhombisa zonke izindlela zobuhle zenkathi ephila kuyo. Kodwa-ke, uma ucabanga ngoHeifetz, ngokuzenzakalelayo unombono wokuthi kwakuye, kukho konke ukubukeka kwakhe, kukho konke ubuciko bakhe obuyingqayizivele, izici ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi eziveza kakhulu zesimanje zethu zazifakwe.

L. Raaben, 1967