Paul Hindemith |

Paul Hindemith

Isiphetho sethu umculo wendalo yomuntu Futhi ulalele buthule umculo wemihlaba. Biza izingqondo zezizukulwane ezikude Ukuze uthole ukudla okungokomoya kobuzalwane. G. Hesse

U-P. Hindemith ungumqambi omkhulu waseJalimane, ongomunye womculo wakudala owaziwayo wekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Ukuba ubuntu bezinga lomhlaba wonke (umqhubi, i-viola kanye nomculi we-viola d'amore, i-theorist yomculo, umkhulumeli womphakathi, imbongi - umbhali wemibhalo yemisebenzi yakhe) - i-Hindemith yayisebenza yonke indawo emsebenzini wakhe wokuqamba. Alukho uhlobo olunjalo nohlobo lomculo olungeke luhlanganiswe nomsebenzi wakhe - kungaba i-symphony ebaluleke ngokwefilosofi noma i-opera yabantwana basenkulisa, umculo wezinsimbi zokuhlola ze-elekthronikhi noma izingcezu zeqoqo lezintambo ezindala. Alikho ithuluzi elinjalo elingeke livele emisebenzini yakhe njengomuntu ocula yedwa futhi ayengakwazi ukuzidlalela yena (ngoba, ngokusho kwabantu besikhathi, u-Hindemith wayengomunye wabaqambi abambalwa ababekwazi ukwenza cishe zonke izingxenye zezingoma zakhe ze-orchestra, ngakho-ke. - unikezwe ngokuqinile indima "yomculo wonke" - All-round-musiker). Ulimi lomculo lomqambi ngokwalo, oluthathe izitayela zokuhlola ezahlukahlukene zekhulu lesi-XNUMX, luphawulwa nesifiso sokubandakanywa. futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo egijimela njalo emsuka - ku-JS Bach, kamuva - ku-J. Brahms, M. Reger no-A. Bruckner. Indlela yokudala ye-Hindemith iyindlela yokuzalwa kweklasikhi entsha: kusuka ku-polemical fuse yobusha kuya ekugomeni okuya kuba bucayi nokucatshangelwayo kwe-credo yakhe yobuciko.

Ukuqala komsebenzi we-Hindemith kwaqondana neminyaka yama-20s. - uchungechunge lokusesha okujulile kwezobuciko baseYurophu. Amathonya abonisa indlela yokukhuluma kule minyaka (i-opera ethi The Killer, The Hope of Women, esekelwe embhalweni ka-O. Kokoschka) adedela ngokushesha izimemezelo ezimelene nezothando. I-grotesque, i-parody, inhlekisa yawo wonke ama-pathos (i-opera News of the Day), umfelandawonye ne-jazz, imisindo nezigqi zedolobha elikhulu (i-piano suite 1922) - yonke into yayihlangene ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esivamile - "phansi nge-romanticism. ” Uhlelo lokusebenza lomqambi osemusha lubonakala ngokungananazi emazwini ombhali wakhe, njengalowo ohambisana nesiphetho se-viola Sonata op. 21 #1: “Ijubane liyaphithizela. Ubuhle bomsindo yinto yesibili. Kodwa-ke, nangaleso sikhathi i-neoclassical orientation yayibusa kuchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi yokusesha kwesitayela. Ku-Hindemith, i-neoclassicism yayingeyona nje enye yezindlela zolimi eziningi, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke umgomo wokudala ohamba phambili, ukusesha "ifomu eliqinile nelihle" (F. Busoni), isidingo sokuthuthukisa izimiso zokucabanga ezizinzile nezithembekile, ezisukela emuva. kumakhosi amadala.

Ngengxenye yesibili yama-20s. ekugcineni kwakheka isitayela somqambi ngamunye. Inkulumo enokhahlo yomculo kaHindemith inikeza isizathu sokuwufanisa “nolimi lokuqoshwa ngokhuni.” Isingeniso sosiko lomculo we-Baroque, owaba isikhungo sezinkanuko ze-Hindemith neoclassical, savezwa ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi kwendlela ye-polyphonic. I-Fugues, i-passacaglia, inqubo ye-linear polyphony saturate yezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. Phakathi kwazo kukhona umjikelezo wezwi othi “The Life of Mary” (esiteshini sika-R. Rilke), kanye ne-opera ethi “Cardillac” (esekelwe endabeni emfushane ka-TA Hoffmann), lapho ukubaluleka okungokwemvelo kwemithetho yomculo yentuthuko kubonwa njengokungahambisani “nedrama yomculo” kaWagnerian. Kanye nemisebenzi eqanjiwe eya ekudalweni okungcono kakhulu kwe-Hindemith yama-20s. (Yebo, mhlawumbe, futhi ngokuvamile, indalo yakhe engcono kakhulu) ihlanganisa imijikelezo yomculo wezinsimbi zegumbi - ama-sonata, ama-ensembles, amakhonsathi, lapho ukuthambekela kwemvelo komqambi ukucabanga emiqondweni yomculo kuphela kwathola umhlabathi ovunde kakhulu.

Umsebenzi ka-Hindemith okhiqiza ngendlela emangalisayo ezinhlotsheni zezinsimbi awunakuhlukaniswa nomfanekiso wakhe awudlalayo. Njengomdlali we-violist kanye nelungu le-quartet edumile ye-L. Amar, umqambi wanikeza amakhonsathi emazweni ahlukahlukene (kuhlanganise ne-USSR ngo-1927). Ngaleyo minyaka, wayengumhleli wemikhosi yomculo omusha wekamelo e-Donaueschingen, ephefumulelwe izinto ezintsha ezizwakala lapho futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo echaza isimo esijwayelekile semikhosi njengomunye wabaholi be-avant-garde yomculo.

Ngama-30s. Umsebenzi we-Hindemith udonsela ekucaceni okukhulu nasekuzinzeni: ukusabela okungokwemvelo “kodaka” lwemisinga yokuhlola eyayishisa kuze kube manje ibonwa yiwo wonke umculo waseYurophu. Ku-Hindemith, imibono ye-Gebrauchsmusik, umculo wokuphila kwansuku zonke, yadlala indima ebalulekile lapha. Ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zokwenza umculo we-ateur, umqambi wayehlose ukuvimbela ukulahlekelwa isilaleli esikhulu ngobuciko besimanje obuchwepheshile. Nokho, uphawu oluthile lokuzithiba manje alubonakali nje kuphela ukuhlola kwakhe okusetshenzisiwe nokufundisa. Imibono yokuxhumana nokuqondana okusekelwe emculweni ayishiyi inkosi yaseJalimane lapho edala izingoma "zesitayela esiphezulu" - njengoba nje kuze kube sekupheleni egcina ukholo entandweni enhle yabantu abathanda ubuciko, ukuthi "Abantu ababi baye azikho izingoma" ( "Bose Menschen haben keine Lleder").

Ukufuna isisekelo esinenhloso yesayensi yokuqamba umculo, isifiso sokuqonda ngokwethiyori kanye nokuqinisekisa imithetho yaphakade yomculo, ngenxa yesimo sawo somzimba, kuphinde kwaholela embonweni wesitatimende esivumelanayo nesilinganiselayo sakudala se-Hindemith. Yile ndlela "Umhlahlandlela Wokubunjwa" (1936-41) wazalwa - isithelo seminyaka eminingi yomsebenzi kaHindemith, usosayensi nothisha.

Kodwa, mhlawumbe, isizathu esibaluleke kakhulu sokuhamba komqambi ekuziphenduleleni kwesitayela seminyaka yokuqala kwakuyimisebenzi emisha yokudala. Ukuvuthwa ngokomoya kwe-Hindemith kwakhuthazwa yiwo kanye umkhathi wama-30s. - isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesibi se-fascist Germany, esasidinga ukuthi umdwebi ahlanganise wonke amandla okuziphatha. Akumangalisi ukuthi i-opera ethi The Painter Mathis (1938) yavela ngaleso sikhathi, idrama yezenhlalo ejulile eyabonwa ngabaningi ngokuqondana ngqo nokwakwenzeka (izinhlangano ezinobuciko zavuswa, isibonelo, isigameko sokushiswa komlilo. Izincwadi zamaLuthela esigcawini semakethe eMainz). Ingqikithi yomsebenzi ngokwawo izwakale ifaneleka kakhulu - umdwebi nomphakathi, othuthukiswe ngesisekelo somlando odumile kaMathis Grunewald. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-opera kaHindemith yavinjelwa iziphathimandla zamaFascist futhi ngokushesha yaqala impilo yayo ngendlela ye-symphony yegama elifanayo (izingxenye ezi-3 zayo zibizwa ngokuthi imidwebo ye-altare ye-Isenheim, edwetshwe nguGrunewald: "Ikhonsathi Yezingelosi" , “I-Entombment”, “Izilingo Zika-St. Anthony”) .

Ukungqubuzana nobushiqela be-fascist kwaba isizathu sokufuduka komqambi isikhathi eside futhi okungenakubuyiseka. Kodwa-ke, ehlala iminyaka eminingi kude nezwe lakubo (ikakhulukazi eSwitzerland nase-USA), i-Hindemith yahlala iqinisile emasikweni okuqala omculo waseJalimane, kanye nendlela yomqambi wakhe okhethiwe. Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, waqhubeka nokuthanda izinhlobo zezinsimbi (i-Symphonic Metamorphoses ye-Weber's Themes, i-Pittsburgh ne-Serena symphonies, ama-sonatas amasha, ama-ensembles, namakhonsathi adalwe). Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu kaHindemith weminyaka yamuva yi-symphony ethi "Harmony of the World" (1957), eyavela endabeni ye-opera yegama elifanayo (esitshela ngokufuna okungokomoya kwesazi sezinkanyezi u-I. Kepler nesiphetho sakhe esinzima) . Ukuqanjwa kuphetha nge-passacaglia ebabazekayo, ebonisa umdanso oyindilinga wezinkanyezi zasemkhathini futhi ebonisa ukuvumelana kwendawo yonke.

Ukukholelwa kulokhu kuvumelana—naphezu kwezinxushunxushu zokuphila kwangempela—kwakugcwele kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakamuva womqambi. Izindlela zokuzivikela ezishumayelayo zizwakala kuwo ngokuphikelelayo. Encwadini ethi The Composer's World (1952), i-Hindemith imemezela impi “nemboni yezokuzijabulisa” yesimanje futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngobuchwepheshe be-elitist bomculo wakamuva we-avant-garde, onobutha ngendlela efanayo, ngokombono wakhe, emoyeni wangempela wokusungula. . Ukuqapha kukaHindemith kwakunezindleko ezisobala. Isitayela sakhe somculo sisuka kuma-50s. ngezinye izikhathi kugcwele izinga lezemfundo; hhayi mahhala kuma-didactics nokuhlaselwa okubucayi komqambi. Kodwa-ke, kulokhu kulangazelela ukuzwana, okukhona - ngaphezu kwalokho, emculweni we-Hindemith - amandla amakhulu okumelana, lapho "inzwa" eyinhloko yokuziphatha neyobuhle yendalo engcono kakhulu yenkosi yaseJalimane ilele. Lapha wahlala engumlandeli weBach omkhulu, ephendula ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyo yonke imibuzo "egulayo" yokuphila.

T. Kwesokunxele

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