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ISICELO (kusuka ku-Latin applico - ngifaka isicelo, ngiyacindezela; i-English fingering; French doigte; Italian digitazione, diteggiature; German Fingersatz, Applikatur) – indlela yokuhlela nokushintshanisa iminwe lapho udlala umculo. ithuluzi, kanye nokuqokwa kwale ndlela kumanothi. Ikhono lokuthola isigqi esingokwemvelo nesinengqondo esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zamakhono okwenza omdlali wezinsimbi. Inani lika-A. libangelwa ukuxhumana kwayo kwangaphakathi nezikhathi zika-l. izindlela ze-instr. imidlalo. I-A. ekhethwe kahle inomthelela ekuvezeni kwayo, isiza ukunqoba lobuchwepheshe. ubunzima, isiza umculi ukuthi akwazi kahle umculo. iprod., imboze ngokushesha ngokujwayelekile nangokuningiliziwe, iqinisa iminyuziyamu. inkumbulo, yenza kube lula ukufunda eshidini, ithuthukisa inkululeko yokuma entanyeni, ikhibhodi, ama-valve, kubadlali bezintambo. izinsimbi nazo zinomthelela ekuhlanzekeni kwephimbo. Ukukhetha okunekhono kwe-A., ehlinzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa i-sonority edingekayo kanye nokuhamba kalula, inquma kakhulu izinga lokusebenza. Ku-A. yanoma yimuphi umdlali, kanye nezimiso ezithile ezivamile esikhathini sakhe, izici zomuntu ngamunye nazo ziyavela. Ukukhethwa kuka-A. ngokwezinga elithile kuthonywa ukwakheka kwezandla zomenzi (ubude beminwe, ukuguquguquka kwabo, izinga lokwelula). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-A. unqunywa kakhulu ukuqonda komuntu ngamunye komsebenzi, uhlelo lokwenziwa kanye nokuqaliswa kwalo. Ngalo mqondo, singakhuluma ngobuhle be-A. Amathuba we-A. ancike ohlotsheni kanye nomklamo wensimbi; zibanzi ikakhulukazi kumakhibhodi nezintambo. izinsimbi ezikhotheme (i-violin, i-cello), zikhawulelwe kakhulu ezintanjeni. bakha futhi ikakhulukazi umoya. amathuluzi.

A. kumanothi kuboniswa izinombolo ezibonisa ukuthi yimuphi umunwe lona noma lowo msindo othathiwe. Emculweni weshidi wezintambo. izinsimbi zomculo wezintambo, iminwe yesandla sobunxele iboniswa izinombolo kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-4 (kusukela emunweni wenkomba kuya emunweni omncane), ukufakwa kwesithupha ngamaseli kuboniswa uphawu . Kumanothi wezinsimbi zekhibhodi, ukuqokwa kweminwe kwamukelwa izinombolo 1-5 (kusuka esithupheni kuya emunweni omncane wesandla ngasinye). Ngaphambili, ezinye izilinganiso zazisetshenziswa. Izimiso ezijwayelekile zika-A. zashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuye ngokuvela kwamamyuziyamu. art-va, kanye kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwama-muses. amathuluzi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokwenza.

Izibonelo zokuqala zika-A. eyethulwa: yezinsimbi ezikhotheme - ku-"Treatise on Music" ("Tractatus de musica", phakathi kuka-1272 no-1304) isiCzech. ice theorist u-Hieronymus Moravsky (iqukethe u-A. ngezintambo ezi-5. fidel viola), yezinsimbi zekhibhodi - encwadini ethi “The Art of Performing Fantasies” (“Arte de tacer Fantasia …”, 1565) nguThomas waseSpain waseSanta Maria naku-“Organ or Instrumental Tablature” (“Orgel-oder Instrumenttabulatur …”, 1571) isiJalimane. umculi u-E. Ammerbach. Isici esibalulekile salezi A. - ukusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe kwenombolo yeminwe: lapho udlala izinsimbi ezikhotheme, iminwe yokuqala emibili kuphela neyunithi yezinhlamvu evulekile yayihlanganiswe ngokuyinhloko, ukuslayida ngomunwe ofanayo ku-chromatic nakho kwasetshenziswa. i-semitone; kumakhibhodi, kwasetshenziswa i-arithmetic, esekelwe ekuguquguqukeni kweminwe ephakathi kuphela, kuyilapho iminwe eyeqisayo, ngaphandle kokungavamile, yayingasebenzi. Uhlelo olufanayo futhi esikhathini esizayo luhlala lujwayelekile kuma-viols aqoshiwe kanye ne-harpsichord. Ngekhulu le-15, ukudlala i-viol, okulinganiselwe ikakhulukazi endaweni ephakathi nendawo yokuqala, kwakuyi-polyphonic, chordal; indlela yokudlula i-viola da gamba yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngekhulu le-16, futhi ukuguqulwa kwezikhundla kwaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 nele-18. Okuningi okuthuthukisiwe kwaba ngu-A. ku-harpsichord, okwathi ngekhulu le-16-17. yaba insimbi eyedwa. Wayehlukaniswa ngamasu ahlukahlukene. imininingwane a. kwanqunywa ikakhulukazi uhla lwezithombe zobuciko zomculo we-harpsichord. Uhlobo lwama-miniature, oluhlakulelwe ngabashayi be-harpsichord, ludinga indlela yomunwe emihle, ikakhulukazi i-positional (ngaphakathi ""indawo" yesandla). Ngakho-ke ukugwema ukufaka isithupha, okuthandwayo okunikezwa ukufaka nokugudluza eminye iminwe (4th under 3rd, 3rd through 4th), ukushintsha buthule kweminwe kukhiye owodwa (doigté substituer), ukushelela komunwe usuka kukhiye omnyama uye komhlophe. eyodwa (doigté de glissé), njll. Lezi zindlela A. ihlelwe nguF. I-Couperin encwadini ethi "Ubuciko Bokudlala I-Harpsichord" ("L'art de toucher le clavecin", 1716). Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo a. yayihlotshaniswa: phakathi kwabadlali bezinsimbi ezikhotheme, ikakhulukazi abadlali be-violin, ngokuthuthukiswa kokudlala okuhambisanayo, indlela yoshintsho ukusuka endaweni ukuya endaweni, phakathi kwabadlali bezinsimbi zekhibhodi, ngokwethulwa kwendlela yokubeka isithupha, eyayidinga ukuba nekhono kwekhibhodi. decomp. "izikhundla" zesandla (ukwethulwa kwale nqubo kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa negama lika-I. C. Bhabha). Isisekelo se-violin A. kwaba ukuhlukaniswa kwentamo yensimbi ibe yizikhundla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-decomp. izinhlobo zokubekwa kweminwe ku-fretboard. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-fretboard ibe yizikhundla eziyisikhombisa, ngokusekelwe ekuhlelweni kwemvelo kweminwe, ne-Krom entanjeni ngayinye, imisindo yayimbozwe ngevolumu ye-quart, eyasungulwa ngu-M. Corret encwadini yakhe ethi “School of Orpheus” (“L'école d'Orphée”, 1738); A., ngokusekelwe ekwandiseni nasekufinyezweni kobubanzi besikhundla, kwabekwa phambili nguF. Geminiani at The Art of Playing on the Violin School, op. I-9, 1751). Mayelana no-skr. A. ngesigqi. Ukwakheka kwamavesi nemivimbo kuboniswe ngu-L. U-Mozart encwadini yakhe ethi "Okuhlangenwe nakho kwesikole se-violin eyisisekelo" ("Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule", 1756). Kamuva III. U-Berio wenze umehluko phakathi kwe-violin A. kwe A. cantilena kanye A. izindawo zochwepheshe ngokusetha i-diff. izimiso abazikhethayo "esikoleni sakhe esikhulu se-violin" ("Grande mеthode de violon", 1858). Izinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo, izinsimbi zokuzilolonga kanye nendlela yokunyathela yepiyano ye-hammer-action, esekelwe ezimisweni ezihluke ngokuphelele uma kuqhathaniswa ne-harpsichord, kuvule amasu amasha kubadlali bopiyano. kanye nezobuciko. amandla. Ngesikhathi sika-Y. Haydna, V. A. Mozart kanye L. Beethoven, kwenziwa uguquko ku-FP "yeminwe emihlanu". A. Izimiso zalokhu okuthiwa. i-fp yakudala noma yendabuko. A. kufinyezwa ngendlela enjalo. isebenza njenge-“Complete Theoretical and Practical Piano School” (“Voll-ständige theoretisch-praktische Pianoforte-Schule”, op. 500, cishe ngo-1830) K. Isikole saseCzerny nePiano. Imiyalelo enemininingwane yethiyori nengokoqobo ngokudlala upiyano” (“Klavierschule: ausführliche theoretisch-praktische Anweisung zum Pianofortespiel…”, 1828) ka-I.

Ngekhulu le-18 ngaphansi kwethonya lokudlala i-violin, i-A. ye-cello iyakhiwa. Usayizi omkhulu wensimbi (uma uqhathaniswa nevayolini) kanye nendlela eqondile yokuyibamba (ezinyaweni) enquma ukucaciswa kwevayolini ye-cello: ukuhlelwa okubanzi kwezikhawu ku-fretboard kudinga ukulandelana okuhlukile kweminwe lapho idlala ( ukwenza endaweni yokuqala yethoni yonke hhayi eyoku-1 neyesi-2, neyokuqala nomunwe wesi-1), ukusetshenziswa kwesithupha emdlalweni (okuthiwa ukwamukela ukubheja). Ngokokuqala ngqa, izimiso zika-A. cello zibekwe obala ku-cello “Isikole …” (“Mthode … pour apprendre … le violoncelle”, op. 3, 24) ka-M. Correta (ch. “On fingering in the izikhundla zokuqala nezilandelayo”, “Ekubekweni kwesithupha – isilinganiso”). Ukuthuthukiswa kokwamukelwa kokubheja kuhlotshaniswa negama lika-L. Boccherini (ukusetshenziswa komunwe we-1741, ukusetshenziswa kwezikhundla eziphezulu). Esikhathini esizayo, u-J.-L. U-Duport uveze izimiso ze-cello acoustics emsebenzini wakhe othi Essai sur le doigté du violoncelle et sur la conduite de l'archet, 4, mayelana ne-cello fingering kanye nokuqhuba umnsalo. Ukubaluleka okuyinhloko kwalo msebenzi kuhlotshaniswa nokusungulwa kwezimiso zepiyano ye-cello efanele, ukuzikhulula ku-gambo (futhi, ngezinga elithile, i-violin) kuthonya kanye nokuthola umlingiswa we-cello ngokukhethekile, ekuhleleni izikali zepiyano.

Abadlali abakhulu bezitayela zothando ekhulwini le-19 (N. Paganini, F. Liszt, F. Chopin) bagomela imigomo emisha ka-A., engasekelwe kakhulu “ekululameni” kokusebenza, kodwa ekubhaleni kwayo kwangaphakathi iminyuziyamu. okuqukethwe, emandleni okuzuza ngosizo lokuhambisanayo. A. umsindo ogqame kakhulu noma umbala. umphumela. UPaganini wethula amasu ka-A., osn. ekululekeni kweminwe nasekugxumeni kwebanga elide, okwenza okuningi kobubanzi bomuntu ngamunye. izintambo; ngokwenza kanjalo, wanqoba isikhundla ekudlaleni ivayolini. U-Liszt, owathonywa amakhono okusebenza kaPaganini, waphusha imingcele ye-FP. A. Kanye nokubeka isithupha, ukuguqula nokuwela umunwe wesi-2, wesi-3 nowesi-5, wasebenzisa kakhulu isithupha nomunwe wesi-5 kokhiye abamnyama, edlala imisindo elandelanayo ngomunwe ofanayo, njll.

Enkathini yangemva kwezothando u-K. Yu. U-Davydov wethula umkhuba wokudlala ama-cellists A., osn. hhayi ekusetshenzisweni okuphelele kokunyakaza kweminwe ebhodini leminwe enesikhundla esingaguquki sesandla endaweni eyodwa (isimiso salokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-positional parallelism, ehlakulelwa isikole saseJalimane kumuntu kaB. Romberg), kodwa ekuhambeni kwesandla kanye noshintsho oluvamile lwezikhundla.

Intuthuko. ekhulwini lama-20 lembula ubunjalo bayo bezinto eziphilayo ngokujulile. ukuxhumana ne-Express. ngokusebenzisa amakhono okudlala (izindlela zokukhiqiza umsindo, imisho, i-dynamics, i-agogics, i-aticulation, yabashayi bopiyano - ukupedalisa), kwembula incazelo ka-A. kanjani isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo. isici futhi kuholela ekulinganiseni kwamasu omunwe, ekusungulweni kwamasu, i-DOS. emnothweni wokunyakaza, i-automation yabo. Igalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesimanje. fp. A. elethwe nguF. Busoni, owathuthukisa umgomo wendima eshiwo yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “amayunithi ezobuchwepheshe” noma “ama-complexes” ahlanganisa amaqembu afanayo amanothi adlalwa ngo-A ofanayo. Lesi simiso, esivula amathuba abanzi okwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ukunyakaza kweminwe futhi, ngezinga elithile, lihlotshaniswa nesimiso salokho okubizwa ngokuthi. "i-rhythmic" A., ithole izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene ku-A. enye amathuluzi. I-AP Casals iqale uhlelo olusha luka-A. ku cello, osn. ekunwetshweni okukhulu kweminwe, okwandisa ivolumu yesikhundla ocingweni olulodwa kuze kube isikhawu se-quart, ekuhambeni okuveziwe kwesandla sobunxele, kanye nasekusetshenzisweni kokuhlelwa okuhlangene kweminwe ku-fretboard. Imibono yeCasals yathuthukiswa ngumfundi wakhe uD. U-Aleksanyan emisebenzini yakhe ethi “Teaching the Cello” (“L’ enseignement de violoncelle”, 1914), “Theory and Practical Guide to Playing the Cello” (“Traité théorétique et pratique du violoncelle”, 1922) nakuhlelo lwakhe lwama-suites. ngo I. C. I-Bach ye-cello solo. Abadlali be-violin u-E. U-Izai, esebenzisa ukwelula iminwe nokwandisa ivolumu yesikhundla kuze kube sekhefu lesithupha ngisho nelesikhombisa, wethula okuthiwa. ukudlala i-violin "ye-interpositional"; wabuye wasebenzisa inqubo yokushintsha indawo "ethule" ngosizo lwezintambo ezivulekile nemisindo ye-harmonic. Ukuthuthukisa amasu ka-Izaya wokuthatha iminwe, uF. U-Kreisler uthuthukise amasu okusebenzisa kakhulu izintambo ezivulekile zevayolini, okube nesandla ekukhanyeni okukhulu nokuqina komsindo wensimbi. Okubaluleke kakhulu izindlela ezethulwa nguKreisler. ekuculeni, kusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene komculo omnandi, inhlanganisela yemisindo (portamento), esikhundleni seminwe ngomsindo ofanayo, ukuvala umunwe wesine ku-cantilena futhi esikhundleni sawo ngomunye wesi-4. Isimanje umkhuba wokudlalwa kwamaviolinist usekelwe kumqondo wokunwebeka kakhudlwana futhi ohambayo wesikhundla, ukusetshenziswa kokuhlelwa okuwumngcingo nokunwetshiwe kweminwe ku-fretboard, indawo ewuhhafu, ngisho nezikhundla. Mnu. Izindlela ze-violin yesimanje A. ihlelwe ngu-K. I-Flash ku-“The Art of Violin Playing” (“Kunst des Violinspiels”, Teile 1-2, 1923-28). Ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene kwe-A. impumelelo ebalulekile yezikhova. Isikole esidlalayo: upiyano - A. B. Goldenweiser, K. N. Igumnova, G. G. Neuhaus kanye L. AT. Nikolaev; umdlali wevayolini - L. UM. Tseytlina A. FUTHI. Yampolsky, D. F. I-Oistrakh (isiphakamiso esithela kakhulu ezindaweni zesikhundla esibekwe nguye); iseli - S. UM. Kozolupova, A. Ya Shtrimer, kamuva - M. L. Rostropovich, futhi A. U-AP Stogorsky, osebenzise amasu omunwe we-Casals futhi wasungula amasu amasha amaningana.

References: (fp.) Neuhaus G., On fingering, encwadini yakhe: On the art of upiyano. Amanothi kathisha, M., 1961, p. 167-183, Engeza. kuya esahlukweni IV; Kogan GM, On the texture Piano, M., 1961; Ponizovkin Yu. V., Emigomeni yeminwe ye-SV Rakhmaninov, kokuthi: Izinqubo Zombuso. umculo-pedagogical. ngi-m. Gnesins, no. 2, M., 1961; U-Messner W., Ufaka iminwe kuPiano Sonatas kaBeethoven. Incwadi yothisha bepiyano, M., 1962; Barenboim L., Izimiso zomunwe zika-Artur Schnabel, ngo-Sat: Imibuzo yobuciko bomculo nokwenza, (ukukhishwa) 3, M., 1962; I-Vinogradova O., Inani lokufaka iminwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe amakhono okwenza abafundi abashaya upiyano, ku: Izindatshana zendlela yokufundisa ukudlala upiyano, M., 1965; Adam L., Méthode ou principe géneral de doigté…, P., 1798; I-Neate Ch., I-Essay of fingering, L., 1855; Kchler L., Der Klavierfingersatz, Lpz., 1862; Clauwell OA, Der Fingersatz des Klavierspiels, Lpz., 1885; Michelsen GA, Der Fingersatz beim Klavierspiel, Lpz., 1896; Babitz S., Ekusebenziseni iminwe yekhibhodi ka-JS Bach, “ML”, v. XLIII, 1962, No 2; (skr.) - Plansin M., Ukufakwa kweminwe okufingqiwe njengendlela entsha kumasu we-violin, "SM", 1933, No 2; U-Yampolsky I., Okuyisisekelo kokufaka i-violin fingering, M., 1955 (ngesiNgisi - Izimiso ze-violin fingering, L., 1967); Jarosy A., Nouvelle théorie du doigté, Paganini et son secret, P., 1924; Inyama C., Violin fingering: its theory and practice, L., 1966; (cello) - Ginzburg SL, K. Yu. Davidov. Isahluko somlando wesiko lomculo waseRussia nomcabango wendlela, (L.), 1936, p. 111 - 135; Ginzburg L., Umlando we-cello art. Bhukha. kuqala. Ama-Cello classics, M.-L., 1950, p. 402-404, 425-429, 442-444, 453-473; UGutor VP, K.Yu. Davydov njengoba umsunguli wesikole. Isandulelo, u-ed. futhi inothi. LS Ginzburg, M.-L., 1950, p. 10-13; Duport JL, Essai sur Ie doigté du violoncelle et sur la conduite de l'archet, P., 1770 (uhlelo lokugcina 1902); (amabhesi amabili) – uKhomenko V., Ukufakwa kweminwe okusha kwezikali kanye ne-arpeggios ye-double bass, M., 1953; U-Bezdeliev V., Ekusetshenzisweni kweminwe entsha (yeminwe emihlanu) lapho kudlalwa i-bass ephindwe kabili, ku: Amanothi esayensi kanye nendlela yokusebenza ye-Saratov State Conservatory, 1957, Saratov, (1957); (balalaika) - Ilyukhin AS, Ekufakweni kweminwe yezikali ne-arpeggios kanye nobuncane bezobuchwepheshe bomdlali we-balaika, M., 1960; (umtshingo) - UMahilon V., Ütude sur le doigté de la flyte, Boechm, Brux., 1882.

I-IM Yampolsky