Ukuxazulula |

Ukuxazulula (kusukela egameni lemisindo yomculo usawoti и E), solfeggio, ukuxazulula

ital. solmisazione, solfeggio, solfeggiare, French. i-solmisation, i-solfege, i-solfier, hhayi. I-Solmisation, i-solfeggioren, i-solmisieren, isiNgisi. i-solmization, i-sol-fa

1) Ngomqondo omncane - iNkathi Ephakathi. I-Western Europe umkhuba wokucula izingoma ezinama-syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, owethulwa nguGuido d'Arezzo ukukhombisa izinyathelo ze-hexachord; ngomqondo obanzi - noma iyiphi indlela yokucula izingoma ezinamagama e-syllabic. izinyathelo k.-l. isikali (isihlobo S.) noma ngegama. imisindo ehambelana nephimbo lakho eliphelele (iphimbo eliphelele); ukufunda ukucula emculweni. Izimiso zakudala zamagama—isiShayina (i-pentatonic), isiNdiya (izinyathelo eziyisikhombisa), isiGreki (i-tetrachordic), ne-Guidonian (i-hexachordic)—zazihlobene. U-Guido usebenzise ihubo lika-St. John:

Wasebenzisa amagama okuqala “komugqa” ngamunye wombhalo njengegama. izinyathelo ze-hexachord. Ingqikithi yale ndlela kwakuwukuthuthukisa izinhlangano eziqinile phakathi kwamagama nokuvezwa kokuzwa kwezinyathelo ze-hexachord. Kamuva, amagama kaGuido emazweni amaningana, kuhlanganise ne-USSR, aqala ukusetshenziswa ukuze abonise ukuphakama okuphelele kwemisindo; ohlelweni lukaGuido ngokwakhe, igama le-syllabic. ayihlotshaniswa nencazelo eyodwa. ukuphakama; isibonelo, uhlamvu u-u lusebenze njengegama. Nginyathela ezimbalwa. ama-hexachords: okwemvelo (c), okuthambile (f), okuqinile (g). Uma kucatshangelwa iqiniso lokuthi imiculo ayivamile ukungena phakathi kwemingcele ye-hexachord eyodwa, ne-S. ngokuvamile kwakudingeka ukuthi kushintshelwe kwenye i-hexachord (ukuguqulwa). Lokhu kube ngenxa yokushintsha kwamagama esilabhasi. imisindo (isibonelo, umsindo u-a unegama elithi la kuyi-hexachord yemvelo, kanye ne-mi ku-hexachord ethambile). Ekuqaleni, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kwakungabhekwa njengento ephazamisayo, njengoba ama-syllables mi kanye ne-fa ayehlala ebonisa indawo ye-semitone futhi eqinisekisa iphimbo elifanele (yingakho incazelo enamaphiko yethiyori yomculo yeNkathi Ephakathi: “Mi et fa sunt tota musica” – “ Mina kanye no-fa wonke umculo”) . Ukwethulwa kwe-syllable si ukuze kuqondwe idigri yesikhombisa yesilinganiso (X. Valrant, Antwerp, circa 1574) kwenza izinguquko ngaphakathi kokhiye owodwa ongadingeki. Izinyathelo eziyisikhombisa ezithi “gamma through si” zasetshenziswa “kusukela emsindweni wanoma iziphi izinhlamvu” ( E. Lullier, Paris, 1696), okungukuthi, ngomqondo olinganiselwe. Ukuxazululwa okunjalo kwabizwa ngokuthi. "ukuguqula", ngokungafani nokwangaphambili "ukuguqula".

Ukwandisa indima ye-instr. umculo uholele eFrance ekusetshenzisweni kwamalunga ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si ukuze ukhombise imisindo c, d, e, f, g, a, h, kanjalo nokuvela kwentsha, indlela ephelele kaC., tory wathola igama. i-solfegging yemvelo ("solfier au naturel"), ngoba izingozi azizange zicatshangelwe kuyo (Monteclair, Paris, 1709). Ku-S. yemvelo, inhlanganisela yamagama ama-mi – fa angeke isho isekhondi elincane kuphela, kodwa futhi nelikhulu noma elikhulisiwe (ef, e-fis, es-f, es-fis), ngakho-ke indlela yaseMonteclair yayidinga ukutadisha inani lethoni lezikhathi, ngaphandle kokungabali, uma kwenzeka kuba nobunzima, ukusetshenziswa kwe-"transposing" S. Natural S. kwasakazeka ngemva kokuvela komsebenzi omkhulu "i-Solfeggia yokufundisa e-Conservatory of Music eParis" , ihlanganiswe nguL. Cherubini, FJ Gossec, EN Megul nabanye (1802). Lapha, u-S kuphela ophelele wasetshenziswa ngesibopho. instr. ukuphelezela, i-ioted ngendlela ye-digital bass. Ukuqonda amakhono okucula ngamanothi kwanikezwa abaningi. ukuqeqeshwa umzimba izinhlobo ezimbili: onesigqi. okuhlukile kwezikali nokulandelana okuvela ezinkathini, okokuqala ngo-C-dur, bese kuba kwabanye okhiye. Iphimbo elilungile latholakala ngokucula ngokuhambisana.

I-“Solfeggia” yasiza ekuzulazuleni ohlelweni lokhiye; zazihambisana nenqolobane enkulu, encane, esebenzayo yokucabanga kwe-modal eyase yakhiwe ngaleso sikhathi. Kakade u-JJ Rousseau ugxeke uhlelo lwesigqi semvelo ngoba alinaki amagama ezinyathelo ze-modal, alizange libe neqhaza ekuqwashiseni inani lethoni lezikhawu, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuzwa. "I-Solfeggia" ayizange isuse lezi ziphutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zazihloselwe ochwepheshe besikhathi esizayo futhi zanikezwa izikhathi zokuqeqesha ezidla isikhathi. Ngezifundo zokucula zesikole nokuqeqeshwa kwabahlabeleli abangamateur ababambe iqhaza ekwayeni. izinkomishi, kwakudingeka indlela elula. Lezi zidingo zahlangatshezwana nendlela ye-Galen-Paris-Cheve, eyakhiwe ngesisekelo semibono kaRousseau. Uthisha wesikole wezibalo nokucula uP. Galen esigabeni sokuqala semfundo wasebenzisa i-Rousseau digital notation ethuthukisiwe, lapho izikali ezinkulu zaqokwa izinombolo 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, izikali ezincane. ngezinombolo 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, izinyathelo ezandisiwe nezincishisiwe - ngezinombolo ezeqiwe (isib. и ), ithonility – enophawu oluhambisanayo ekuqaleni kokuqoshwa (isibonelo, “Ton Fa” isho ithonithi ye-F-dur). Amanothi aboniswe ngezinombolo kwakudingeka aculwe ngama-syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si. U-Galen wethule ama-syllables ashintshiwe ukuze asho izinguquko. izinyathelo (ezigcina ngonkamisa futhi esimweni sokwanda kanye nakunkamisa u-eu esimweni sokuncipha). Kodwa-ke, wasebenzisa inothi yedijithali kuphela njengendlela yokulungiselela isifundo senothi enemigqa emihlanu eyamukelwa ngokuvamile. Umfundi wakhe u-E. Pari wacebisa uhlelo lwesigqi. ama-syllables (“la langue des durées” – “ulimi lwezikhathi”). E. Sheve, umbhali wenombolo ye-methodical. amamanyuwali nezincwadi zokufunda, iminyaka engu-20 ikhwaya yayihola imibuthano. ukucula, kwathuthukisa uhlelo futhi kwazuza ukuqashelwa kwalo. Ngo-1883, uhlelo lwe-Galen-Paris-Cheve lwanconywa ngokusemthethweni ekuqaleni. izikole, ngo-1905 kanye cf. izikole eFrance. Ngekhulu lama-20 kuma-conservatories aseFrance, i-S. yemvelo iyasetshenziswa; emfundweni jikelele. Izikole zisebenzisa amanothi avamile, kodwa ngokuvamile zifundiswa ukucula ngendlebe. Cishe ngo-1540, umfundisi wase-Italy u-G. Doni washintsha uhlamvu ut wafaka u-syllable okokuqala ukuze kube lula ukucula. E-England ngesiwombe sokuqala. Ikhulu le-1 uS. Glover noJ. Curwen bakha okuthiwa. "Indlela ye-Tonic Sol-fa" yokufundisa umculo. Abasekeli bale ndlela basebenzisa isihlobo esingu-S. esinamagama athi do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti (doh, ray, me, fah, sol, lah, te) kanye nokubhalwa kwezinhlamvu ngezinhlamvu zokuqala zala magama: d , r, m, f, s, 19, t. Ukwanda kwezinyathelo kuvezwa ngonkamisa u-i; ukwehla ngosizo lukankamisa o ekupheleni kwezinhlamvu; amagama ashintshiwe ngombhalo. ibhalwe ngokugcwele. Ukunquma i-tonality, amasiko agcinwa. amagama aqokiwe (ngokwesibonelo, uphawu “Ukhiye G” luchaza ukusebenza ku-G-dur noma ku-e-moll). Okokuqala, amaphimbo ayisici aphathwa kahle ngokulandelana okuhambisana nemisebenzi ye-modal yezinyathelo: Isiteji sokuqala - izinyathelo I, V, III; 1nd - izinyathelo II kanye VII; 1rd - izinyathelo IV kanye VI ezinkulu; emva kwalokho, isikali esikhulu sisonke, izikhawu, ukuguqulwa okulula, izinhlobo ezincane, ukuguqulwa kunikezwa. Ch. Umsebenzi kaCurwen "Isifundo esijwayelekile sezifundo nokuzivocavoca ngendlela ye-Tonic Sol-fa yokufundisa umculo" (2) ihlelekile. isikole samakhwaya. ukucula. EJalimane, u-A. Hundegger walungisa indlela ye-Tonic Sol-fa ukuze ihambisane nezici zayo. ulimi, ukuyiqamba igama. "Tonic Do" (3; izinyathelo zemvelo: yenza, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, ephakanyisiwe - egcina ngo-i, yehlisiwe - ngaphakathi futhi). Le ndlela yasakazeka ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I (1858-1897) (F. Jode eJalimane nezinye). Intuthuko eyengeziwe ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II (1–1914) yenziwa e-GDR ngu-A. Stir naseSwitzerland ngu-R. Schoch. EJalimane, i-"Union of Tonic Do" iyasebenza.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlelo eziyisisekelo ze-S., ngekhulu le-16-19. eNetherlands, eBelgium, eJalimane, eFrance, e-Italy, ezinye eziningi ziye zabekwa phambili. Phakathi kwazo - izinhlobo zihlobene. S. enamagama ezinombolo: eJalimane – eins, zwei, drei, vier, fünf, sechs, sieb'n (!) (K. Horstig, 1800; B. Natorp, 1813), eFrance – un, deux, trois , quatr' (!), cinq, six, sept (G. Boquillon, 1823) ngaphandle kokucabangela izinguquko. izinyathelo. Phakathi kwezinhlelo eziphelele, i-S. igcina incazelo ye-Clavisieren noma i-Abecedieren, okungukuthi, ukucula ngezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu ezisetshenziswa emazweni aseJalimane. ulimi kusukela ekhulwini le-16. Uhlelo lwe-K. Eitz (“Tonwortmethode”, 1891) lwahlukaniswa ngomculo omnandi nokunengqondo, okubonisa kokubili i-chromaticity, i-diatonicity, kanye ne-anharmonism yaseYurophu. uhlelo lomsindo. Ngokwesisekelo sezimiso ezithile ze-Eitz kanye nendlela ye-Tonic Do, isihlobo esisha S. “YALE” ka-R. Münnich (1930) sadalwa, okwathi ngo-1959 satuswa ngokusemthethweni ku-GDR ukuze sisetshenziswe emfundweni evamile. izikole. E-Hungary, u-Z. Kodai uguqule uhlelo lwe-“Tonic Sol-fa” – “Tonic Do” lwaba yi-pentatonic. Imvelo yaseHungary. nar. izingoma. Yena nabafundi bakhe u-E. Adam no-D. Kerenyi ngo-1943-44 banyathelisa INcwadi Yezingoma Zesikole, becula izincwadi zemfundo evamile. izikole, umhlahlandlela we-methodical wothisha abasebenzisa isihlobo esingu-C. (amagama esiHungary: du, rй, mi, fb, szу, lb, ti; ukwanda kwezinyathelo kuvezwa ngesiphetho esithi “i”, ukwehla – ngesiphetho esithi “a ”.) Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo kuqhutshekwa no-E Sönyi, Y. Gat, L. Agochi, K. Forrai nabanye. imfundo ngesisekelo sohlelo lwe-Kodaly e-Hungarian People's Republic yethulwa kuwo wonke amazinga we-Nar. imfundo, eqala ngenkulisa igcine ngoMculo Ophakeme. esikoleni. F. Uhlu. Manje, emazweni amaningi, umculo uyahlelwa. imfundo esekelwe ezimisweni ze-Kodály, esekelwe ku-nat. i-folklore, ngokusetshenziswa kwezihlobo ze-S. Institutes eziqanjwe ngegama. Kodai e-USA (Boston, 1969), Japan (Tokyo, 1970), Canada (Ottawa, 1976), Australia (1977), Intern. Kodai Society (Budapest, 1975).

UGvidonova S. wangena eRussia ngePoland naseLithuania ehambisana neculo elinemigqa emihlanu (iculo elithi “Izihlabelelo Zokudumisa uBoskikh”, elahlanganiswa nguJan Zaremba, Brest, 1558; J. Lyauksminas, “Ars et praxis musica”, Vilnius, 1667 ). I-“Grammar of Musician Singing” ka-Nikolai Diletsky (Smolensk, 1677; Moscow, 1679 and 1681, ed. 1910, 1970, 1979) iqukethe imibuthano yesine neyesihlanu ngokunyakaziswa kwemiculo efanayo. izinguquko kubo bonke okhiye abakhulu nabancane. Ngokuvumelana. Ikhulu le-18 elithi "natural solfeggio" yaziwa eRussia ngenxa yamaNtaliyane. vocalists nabaqambi-othisha abasebenza Ch. ar. eSt. Petersburg (A. Sapienza, J. no-V. Manfredini, njll.), futhi yaqala ukusetshenziswa kuyi-Pridv. chanter chapel, in the chapel of Count Sheremetev kanye namanye ama-serf choir, in noble uch. izikhungo (isibonelo, e-Smolny Institute), emculweni wangasese. izikole ezavela ngeminyaka yawo-1770s. Kodwa bandla. amaculo anyatheliswa ekhulwini le-19. "kukhiye we-cephout" (bona ukhiye). Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1860 i-absolute S. iyatshalwa njengesifundo esiyimpoqo eSt. kanye noMosk. ama-conservatories, kodwa ibhekisela. S., ehlotshaniswa nesistimu yedijithali uGalen - Paris - Sheve, eSt. Umculo wamahhala. isikole kanye namakilasi alula ekwaya amahhala. ukucula eMoscow. iminyango ye-RMS. Isicelo sibhekisela. Umculo wawusekelwa ngu-MA Balakirev, G. Ya. Lomakin, VS Serova, VF Odoevsky, NG Rubinshtein, GA Larosh, KK Albrecht, nabanye. amamanuwali e-methodical ashicilelwe kokubili ku-notation enemigqa emihlanu kanye ne-absolute C., naku-digital notation kanye nokuhlobene. C. Kusukela ngo-1905, u-P. Mironositsky wakhuthaza indlela ye-Tonic Sol-fa, ayijwayelanisa nesiRashiya. ulimi.

E-USSR, isikhathi eside baqhubeka nokusebenzisa i-S. yendabuko kuphela, noma kunjalo, ku-Sov. isikhathi, inhloso yamakilasi ka-S, umculo ushintshe kakhulu. impahla, izindlela zokufundisa. Umgomo ka-S. kwakungekona nje kuphela ukwazana nokubhalwa komculo, kodwa futhi nokuba nekhono kwemithetho yomculo. izinkulumo ngendaba kaNar. kanye nophrof. ubuhlakani. Ngo-1964 u-H. Kalyuste (Est. SSR) wasungula uhlelo lomculo. imfundo ngokusebenzisa izixhumanisi. S., ngokusekelwe ohlelweni lwe-Kodai. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-syllables enza, re, mi, fa, salt, la, si asebenza e-USSR ukuze abonise ukuphakama okuphelele kwemisindo, uCaljuste wethula uchungechunge olusha lwamagama e-syllabic. izinyathelo zemodi enkulu: JO, LE, MI, NA, SO, RA, DI ngokuqokwa kwethonikhi encane ngohlamvu RA, ukukhuphuka kwezinyathelo ngokuphela kwamalunga kunkamisa i, ukuncipha ngokusebenzisa iziphetho kunkamisa i. Kuzo zonke izikole ezifundweni zomculo zisebenzisa izinkomba. S. (ngokwezincwadi zika-H. Kaljuste noR. Päts). Nge-latv. I-SSR yenze umsebenzi ofanayo (ababhali bezincwadi zokufunda namamanyuwali ku-C ngu-A. Eidins, E. Silins, A. Krumins). Okuhlangenwe nakho kwesicelo kuhlobene. S. enamagama u-Yo, LE, VI, NA, 30, RA, TI aphethwe ku-RSFSR, Belarus, Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, Lithuania, kanye ne-Moldova. Inhloso yalokhu kuhlola ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zokuthuthukisa iminyuziyamu. ukuzwa, ukuthuthukiswa okungcono kakhulu kwesiko lezingoma zomdabu zesizwe ngasinye, kukhuphula izinga lomculo. ukufunda nokubhala kwabafundi.

2) Ngaphansi kwegama elithi “S.” ngezinye izikhathi baqonda amanothi okufunda ngaphandle kwezwi, ngokungafani negama elithi "solfeggio" - imisindo yokucula ngamagama ahambisanayo (ngokokuqala nguK. Albrecht encwadini ethi "Course of Solfeggio", 1880). Ukuhumusha okunjalo akunangqondo, akuhambelani nanoma yimuphi umlando. okusho, noma intl yesimanje. ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi “C”.

References: U-Albrecht KK, Umhlahlandlela wokucula kwamakwaya ngokwendlela yedijithali ye-Sheve, M., 1868; Miropolsky S., Emfundweni yomculo yabantu baseRussia naseNtshonalanga Yurophu, eSt. Petersburg, 1881, 1910; UDiletsky Nikolai, Umculi Wohlelo Lolimi, eSt. Petersburg, ngo-1910; Livanova TN, Umlando womculo waseNtshonalanga Yurophu kuze kube ngu-1789, M.-L., 1940; U-Apraksina O., Imfundo yomculo esikoleni samabanga aphakeme saseRussia, M.-L., 1948; U-Odoevsky VP, Ikilasi lamahhala lokucula kwamakwaya okulula kwe-RMS eMoscow, Den, 1864, No 46, okufanayo, encwadini yakhe. Amagugu omculo nemibhalo, M., 1956; eyakhe, umculo we-ABC, (1861), ibid.; wakhe, Incwadi eya ku-VS Serova yango-11 I 1864, ibid.; I-Lokshin DL, ukucula Kwamakhwaya esikoleni saseRussia sangaphambi kwenguquko neseSoviet, M., 1957; Weiss R., I-Absolute kanye ne-solmization ehlobene, encwadini: Imibuzo yendlela yokufundisa ukuzwa, L., 1967; Maillart R., Les tons, ou Discours sur les modes de musique…, Tournai, 1610; I-Solfèges pour servir a l'tude dans le Conservatoire de Musique a Pans, par les Citoyens Agus, Catel, Cherubini, Gossec, Langlé, Martini, Méhul et Rey, R., An X (1802); Chevé E., Paris N., Méthode élémentaire de musique vocale, R., 1844; I-Glover SA, Incwadi ye-Norwich sol-fa system, 1845; U-Сurwen J., Inkambo evamile yezifundo nokuzivocavoca m indlela ye-tonic sol-fa yokufundisa umculo, L., 1858; Hundoegger A., ​​Leitfaden der Tonika Do-Lehre, Hannover, 1897; Lange G., Zur Geschichte der Solmisation, “SIMG”, Bd 1, B., 1899-1900; Kodaly Z., Iskolai nekgyjtemny, köt 1-2, Bdpst, 1943; eyakhe, Visszatekintйs, köt 1-2, Bdpst, 1964; Adam J., Mudszeres nektanitbs, Bdpst, 1944; Szцnyi E., Azenei нrвs-olvasбs mуdszertana, kцt. 1-3, Bdpst, 1954; S'ndor F., Zenei nevel's Magyarorsz'gon, Bdpst, 1964; Stier A., ​​Methodik der Musikerziehung. Nach den Grundsätzen der Tonika Do-Lehre, Lpz., 1958; Handbuch der Musikerziehung, Tl 1-3, Lpz., 1968-69.

PF Weiss