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I-French oververture, kusukela ku-lat. i-apertura - ukuvula, ukuqala

Isethulo sensimbi sokudlala kwetiyetha ngomculo (i-opera, i-ballet, i-operetta, idrama), kumsebenzi wezinsimbi zezwi njenge-cantata ne-oratorio, noma ochungechungeni lwezinsimbi ezifana ne-suite, ngekhulu lama-20. Futhi amamuvi. Uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-U. - conc. umdlalo onezici zetiyetha. isibonelo. Uhlobo olubili oluyisisekelo U. - umdlalo onesethulo. zisebenza, futhi zizimele. umkhiqizo. ngencazelo engokomfanekiso nesakhiwayo. izakhiwo-zisebenzisana ohlelweni lokuthuthukiswa kohlobo (kusukela ngekhulu le-19). Isici esivamile yitiyetha engaphinyiswa kancane. imvelo ye-U., "inhlanganisela yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zohlelo ngendlela yazo emangalisa kakhulu" (BV Asafiev, Selected Works, vol. 1, p. 352).

Umlando we-U. ubuyela ezinyathelweni zokuqala zokuthuthukiswa kwe-opera (e-Italy, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16-17), nakuba leli gama ngokwalo lasungulwa engxenyeni yesi-2. Ikhulu le-17 eFrance futhi yabe isabalele. I-toccata ku-opera Orfeo kaMonteverdi (1607) ibhekwa njengeyokuqala. Umculo wabalandeli ubonise isiko lakudala lokuvula amakhonsathi ngokumema abalandeli. Kamuva isiNtaliyane. izingeniso ze-opera, eziwukulandelana kwezigaba ezi-3 - ngokushesha, kancane futhi ngokushesha, ngaphansi kwegama. “ama-symphonies” (sinfonia) alungiswa kuma-opera esikole se-opera sase-Neapolitan (A. Stradella, A. Scarlatti). Izigaba ezidlulele ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwe-fugue, kodwa okwesithathu ngokuvamile kunohlobo lomdanso wasekhaya. umlingiswa, kuyilapho ophakathi ehlukaniswa ngomculo omnandi, amazwi. Kuyisiko ukubiza ama-symphonies anjalo wokusebenza ngesi-Italian U. Ngokuhambisanayo, uhlobo oluhlukile lwezingxenye ezi-3 ze-U. oluthuthukiswe e-France, lwakudala. amasampula okusikwa adalwe ngu-JB Lully. Ku-French U. ngokuvamile ilandelwa isethulo esinensayo, esihloniphekile, ingxenye ye-fugue esheshayo, nokwakhiwa okunensayo kokugcina, okuphinda kafushane okubalulekile kwesethulo noma okufana nomlingiswa wayo ngokwemigomo evamile. Kwamanye amasampula akamuva, ingxenye yokugcina ayikhishwanga, yathathelwa indawo ukwakhiwa kwe-cadenza ngesivinini esincane. Ngaphezu kwabaqambi baseFrance, uhlobo lwesiFulentshi. W. wayisebenzisa. abaqambi besitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu le-1 (i-JS Bach, i-GF Handel, i-GF Telemann nabanye), ilindele nayo hhayi kuphela ama-opera, ama-cantatas nama-oratorio, kodwa futhi ne-instr. ama-suites (esimweni sakamuva, igama elithi U. ngezinye izikhathi linwetshwa kuwo wonke umjikelezo we-suite). Indima eholayo yagcinwa i-opera U., incazelo yemisebenzi yoquqaba yabangela imibono eminingi engqubuzanayo. Umculo othile. izibalo (I. Mattheson, IA Shaibe, F. Algarotti) zabeka phambili isidingo sokuxhumanisa kwemibono nomculo ngokomfanekiso phakathi kwe-opera ne-opera; emnyangweni Kwezinye izimo, abaqambi benza lolu hlobo lokuxhumana ezinsimbini zabo (i-Handel, ikakhulukazi i-JF Rameau). Iphuzu eliwujuqu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-U. lifike esitezi sesi-18. Ikhulu le-2 sibonga ukuvunyelwa kwe-sonata-symphony. imigomo yentuthuko, kanye nemisebenzi yokuguqula i-KV Gluck, eyahumusha i-U. ngokuthi “ngena. ukubuyekezwa kokuqukethwe kwe-opera. Ibhayisikili. uhlobo lunikeze ithuba engxenyeni eyodwa ye-U. efomini le-sonata (ngezinye izikhathi ngesingeniso esifushane esifushane), ngokuvamile esidlulisa ithoni evelele yedrama kanye nomlingiswa we-main. ukungqubuzana (“Alceste” by Gluck), okuyinto emnyangweni. amacala aqiniswa ukusetshenziswa komculo e-U. ngokuhambisanayo. ama-operas (“Iphigenia in Aulis” by Gluck, “The Abduction from the Seraglio”, “Don Giovanni” by Mozart). Kusho. Abaqambi benkathi ye-Great French benza umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni i-opera opera. revolution, primarily L. Cherubini.

Khipha. Umsebenzi kaL. Beethoven wadlala indima ekuthuthukisweni kohlobo lwe-wu. Ukuqinisa ingqikithi yomculo. ukuxhumana ne-opera ezinguqulweni ezi-2 ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu ze-W. kuya ku-“Fidelio”, ubonise eminyuziyamu yabo. ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-dramaturgy (okuqondile kakhudlwana ku-Leonora No. 2, ngokucabangela imininingwane yefomu le-symphonic - ku-Leonora No. 3). Uhlobo olufanayo lwedrama yobuqhawe. U-Beethoven ulungise uhlelo lokuguqula umculo wamadrama (Coriolanus, Egmont). Abaqambi be-German Romantic, abathuthukisa amasiko ka-Beethoven, bagcwalisa i-W. ngezindikimba ezisebenzayo. Lapho ukhetha i-U. iminyuziyamu ebaluleke kakhulu. izithombe ze-opera (ngokuvamile - i-leitmotifs) futhi ngokuhambisana ne-symphony yayo. Njengoba inkambo evamile yecebo lokudlala ithuthuka, i-W. iba “idrama yezinsimbi” ezizimele ngokuqhathaniswa (ngokwesibonelo, W. kuya kuma-opera ethi The Free Gunner ka-Weber, The Flying Dutchman, kanye ne-Tannhäuser ka-Wagner). NgesiNtaliyane. umculo, kuhlanganise noka-G. Rossini, ngokuyisisekelo ugcina uhlobo oludala lwe-U. - ngaphandle kokuqondile. ukuxhumana nokuthuthukiswa kwetimu nesakhiwo se-opera; okuhlukile ukuqanjwa kwe-opera kaRossini uWilliam Tell (1829), enokuqanjwa kwayo okuyingxenye eyodwa kanye nokwenza okuvamile kwezikhathi zomculo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-opera.

Izimpumelelo zaseYurophu. Umculo we-Symphony uwonke futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukukhula kokuzimela kanye nokuphelela komqondo wama-symphonies okudlala kube nomthelela ekuveleni kohlobo lwayo olukhethekile, i-symphony yohlelo lwekhonsathi (indima ebalulekile kule nqubo yadlalwa yimisebenzi ka-H. Berlioz noF. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy). Ngendlela ye-sonata ye-U. enjalo, kukhona ukuthambekela okuphawulekayo ku-symphony enwetshiwe. ukuthuthukiswa (izinkondlo zangaphambili ezisebenzayo zazivame ukubhalwa ngendlela ye-sonata ngaphandle kokuchazwa), okwaholela kamuva ekuveleni kohlobo lwenkondlo ye-symphonic emsebenzini kaF. Liszt; kamuva lolu hlobo lutholakala ku-B. Smetana, R. Strauss, nabanye. Ngekhulu le-19. I-U. yemvelo esetshenzisiwe ithola ukuduma - "ezolile", "Siyakwamukela", "isikhumbuzo" (esinye sezibonelo zokuqala "Usuku Lwegama" luka-Beethoven, 1815). Uhlobo U. bekuwumthombo obaluleke kakhulu we-symphony ngesiRashiya. umculo ku-MI Glinka (ngekhulu le-18, ukuguqulwa kuka-DS Bortnyansky, EI Fomin, VA Pashkevich, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 - ngu-OA Kozlovsky, SI Davydov) . Umnikelo obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kokubola. izinhlobo ze-U. zethulwa ngu-MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, MA Balakirev, nabanye, abakha uhlobo olukhethekile lwesici sezwe u-U., ngokuvamile besebenzisa izingqikithi zesintu (ngokwesibonelo, amazwibela kaGlinka "Spanish", "Overture on themes of izingoma ezintathu zesiRashiya" nguBalakirev nabanye). Lokhu kuhlukahluka kuyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka emsebenzini wabaqambi baseSoviet.

Esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-19 Abaqambi baphendukela ohlotsheni lwe-W. kancane kakhulu. Ku-opera, kancane kancane ithathelwa indawo isingeniso esifushane esingasekelwe ezimisweni ze-sonata. Ivamise ukugcinwa kuhlamvu olulodwa, oluhlotshaniswa nesithombe somunye wamaqhawe e-opera (“Lohengrin” ka-Wagner, “Eugene Onegin” kaTchaikovsky) noma, ngohlelo lokuchayeka ngokuphelele, yethula izithombe ezimbalwa ezihamba phambili (“Carmen” ngo-Wiese); izenzakalo ezifanayo zibonwa kuma-ballet (i-Coppelia ka-Delibes, i-Swan Lake ka-Tchaikovsky). Ngena. ukunyakaza ku-opera ne-ballet yalesi sikhathi kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi isingeniso, isingeniso, isandulelo, njll. Umqondo wokulungiselela umbono we-opera uthatha indawo yomqondo we-symphony. elandisa kabusha ngokuqukethwe kwayo, uR. Wagner wabhala ngokuphindaphindiwe ngalokhu, kancane kancane ephuma emsebenzini wakhe kusukela kumgomo we-U. izibonelo ezikhanyayo ze-sonata U. ziyaqhubeka nokuvela eminyuziyamu. yaseshashalazini 2nd floor. Ikhulu le-19 ("I-Nuremberg Meistersingers" kaWagner, "Force of Destiny" kaVerdi, "Pskovite" kaRimsky-Korsakov, "Prince Igor" kaBorodin). Ngokusekelwe emithethweni yefomu le-sonata, i-W. iphenduka ibe yinganekwane yamahhala noma encane ezindikimbeni ze-opera, ngezinye izikhathi njenge-potpourri (le yokugcina ijwayeleke kakhulu i-operetta; isibonelo sakudala i-Strauss' Die Fledermaus). Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona i-U. ngokuzimela. impahla ye-thematic (i-ballet "I-Nutcracker" kaTchaikovsky). Ku-conc. isigaba U. siya ngokuya sinika ithuba ku-symphony. inkondlo, isithombe se-symphonic noma inganekwane, kodwa ngisho nalapha izici ezithile zombono ngezinye izikhathi zenza indawo yaseshashalazini iphile. izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-W. (Bizet's Motherland, W. fantasies i-Romeo noJuliet kanye ne-Hamlet ka-Tchaikovsky).

Ngekhulu lama-20 i-U. efomini le-sonata ayivamile (isibonelo, ukudlula kuka-J. Barber ku-"School of Scandal" ka-Sheridan). Conc. izinhlobo, nokho, ziyaqhubeka nokudonsela ku-sonata. Phakathi kwazo, ezivame kakhulu ziyi-nat.-characteristic. (ngezindikimba zesintu) kanye nesizotha U. (isampula yakamuva ithi Festive Overture kaShostakovich, 1954).

References: Seroff A., Der Thcmatismus der Leonoren-Ouvertère. U-Eine Beethoven-Studie, “NZfM”, 1861, Bd 54, No 10-13 (Ukuhunyushwa kwesiRashiya – I-Thematism (Thematismus) yokudlulela ku-opera ethi “Leonora”. Isifundo ngoBeethoven, encwadini: Serov AN, Izihloko ezibucayi, vol. 3, St. Petersburg, 1895, okufanayo, encwadini: Serov AN, Izihloko ezikhethiwe, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950); Igor Glebov (BV Asafiev), Overture "Ruslan and Lyudmila" by Glinka, encwadini: Musical Chronicle, Sat. 2, P., 1923, okufanayo, encwadini: Asafiev BV, Izbr. imisebenzi, vol. 1, M., 1952; eyakhe, On the French classical overture futhi ikakhulukazi on the Cherubini overtures, encwadini: Asafiev BV, Glinka, M., 1947, okufanayo, encwadini: Asafiev BV, Izbr. imisebenzi, vol. 1, M., 1952; Koenigsberg A., Mendelssohn Overtures, M., 1961; I-Krauklis GV, i-Opera overtures ka-R. Wagner, M., 1964; I-Tsendrovsky V., Ama-Overtures kanye nezingeniso kuma-operas ka-Rimsky-Korsakov, M., 1974; Wagner R., De l'ouverture, Revue et Gazette musicale de Paris, 1841, Janvier, Ks 3-5 okufanayo, encwadini: Richard Wagner, Imibhalo kanye Materials, Moscow, 1841).

GV Krauklis