Umculo wokulinga |
umculo wokulinga (kusuka ku-lat. experimentum - test, experience) - umculo oqanjwe ukuze kuhlolwe izingoma ezintsha. amasu, izimo ezintsha zokusebenza, impahla engavamile yomsindo, njll Umqondo we-E. m. akunamkhawulo; ihlangana nezinkulumo ezinjengokuthi “usesho lokusungula”, “ukuqamba okusha”, “isipiliyoni esinesibindi” noma (enegama elibi) “indlela eyagcina ingenathemba”. Ukuhlobana kwale miqondo kanye nokuphambana kwazo kwenza igama elithi “E. m." imingcele ecacile nehlala njalo. Imvamisa, imisebenzi ethathwa njengo-E. m., ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ingena kumkhuba wokwenza bese ilahlekelwa eyayo yokuqala. ukuthinta kokuhlola (“i-atonality” ku-Liszt's Bagatelle Without Key, 1885; ukuhamba kwendwangu yomsindo esiqeshini sika-Ives senhlanganisela yegumbi Umbuzo Ongaphendulwanga, 1908; ukwakheka kwe-dodecaphonic okuthuthukiswe ngokuphawulekayo kusiqephu esincane sikaWebern se-Orchestral No. 1, 1913; "ipiyano elungisiwe" ku-Cage's Bacchanalia, 1938, njll.). Ukuhlola-amahlaya kungabuye kuthiwe ku-E. m., isibonelo. Umculo obhalwe ngokwezindlela zokupheka zencwadi ngumfundi kaBach uKirnberger “The Hourly Ready Writer of Polonaises and Minuets” (1757) noma incwadi ebizwa ngeMozart “Umhlahlandlela Wokuqamba Ama-Waltzes Nganoma Yiliphi Inani Ukusebenzisa Amadayisi Amabili, Ngaphandle Kokuba Nombono Omncane Kakhulu Yomculo Nokwakheka ”(1793).
Ngama-50s. Umculo we-Concrete wekhulu lama-20, umculo we-elekthronikhi, wawubizwa ngokuyinhloko ngokuthi umculo we-elekthronikhi (ngo-1958, umsunguli womculo wekhonkrithi, uP. Schaeffer, wahola i-First International Decade of Experimental Music eParis). Kanjani E.m. futhi cabangela, isibonelo, ukuhlanganiswa kokukhanya nomculo (umculo okhanyayo), umculo womshini.
Ukuhlolwa komculo. art-ve, ukudala umuzwa wokugqama kanye nobusha bobuciko. ukwamukela, akuhlali kuholela kumphumela ophelele wobuhle, ngakho abaculi bavame ukungabaza u-E. m.: “Ukuhlola kusho okuthile kusayensi, kodwa akusho lutho ekuqanjweni (komculo)” (IF Stravinsky, 1971, p. 281).
References: I-Zaripov R. Kh., izingoma ze-Ural (enqubweni yokuqamba umculo nge-computer ye-Ural electronic), Ulwazi lunamandla, 1961, No 2; eyakhe, iCybernetics and music, M., 1963, 1971; Galeev B., Scriabin kanye nokuthuthukiswa komqondo womculo obonakalayo, ku: Music and Modernity, vol. 6, M., 1969; eyakhe, Umculo okhanyayo: ukwakheka kanye nengqikithi yobuciko obusha, Kazan, 1976; Kirnberger J. Ph., Der allezeit fertige Polonoisend- und Menuettecomponist, B., 1757; Vers une musique experimentale, “RM”, 1957, Numéro spécial (236); Patkowski J., Zzagadnien muzyki eksperimentalnej, “Muzyka”, 1958, rok 3, no 4; Stravinsky I., Craft R., Izingxoxo no-Igor Stravinsky, NY, 1959 (ukuhumusha ngesiRashiya - Stravinsky I., Dialogues ..., L., 1971); Cage J., Zur Geschichte der experimentellen Musik in den Vereinigten Staaten, “Darmstädter Beiträge zur neuen Musik”, 2, 1959; Hiller LA, Isaacson LM, Umculo Wokuhlola, NY, 1959; Moles A., Les musiques experimentales, P.-Z.-Bruz., 1960; Kohoutek C., Novodobé skladebné teorie západoevropské hudby, Praha, 1962, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi: Novodobé skladebné smery v hudbe, Praha, 1965 (Ukuhunyushwa kwesiRashiya - Kohoutek Ts., I-Technique of Composition 1976, Mth 1975, XNUMX Umculo we-Century XNUMX ; U-Schdffer B., ukwazisa kuka-Maly muzyki XX wieku, Kr., XNUMX. Bheka futhi lit. ngaphansi kwezihloko Umculo okhonkolo, Umculo we-Electronic.
Yu. N. Kholopov
