Incwadi yomculo |

inothi lomculo, notation (Latin notatio, Italian notazione, semeiografia, French notation, semeiographie, German Notation, Notenschrift) kuwuhlelo lwezimpawu eziyingcaca ezisetshenziselwa ukurekhoda umculo, kanye nokuqoshwa komculo ngokwawo. Iziqalo ze-N.P. kwavela endulo.

Ekuqaleni, imiculo edluliselwa ngezindlebe yayiqokwa ngokwezithombe. indlela (usebenzisa izithombe). E-Dr. EGibhithe, kwenziwa imizamo yokwenza irekhodi elinjalo. KuDkt. iBhabhiloni kukholakala ukuthi yasebenzisa i-ideographic. (syllabic) ukuqoshwa komculo. imisindo esebenzisa ukubhala kwe-cuneiform (icwecwe lobumba elinombhalo we-cuneiform ligciniwe - inkondlo yabhalwa ngezimpawu ezengeziwe, ezihunyushwa ngokuthi i-syllabary notation yemisindo yomculo). Ithrekhi. isiteji kwakuwuhlamvu uN. p. Isistimu yezinhlamvu yokuqoka imisindo yasetshenziswa eDr. Greece. Nakuba lesi simiso sasiqopha ukuphakama kwemisindo kuphela, kodwa hhayi ubude bayo, sanelisa abaculi bangaleso sikhathi, njengoba umculo wamaGreki asendulo wawuyi-monophonic futhi ingoma yayihlobene eduze nenkondlo. umbhalo. Ngenxa yalokhu, naphezu kokungapheleli kwe-N. p., umculo nomculo. ithiyori kuDkt. Greece, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zamacala, zathola incazelo. ukuthuthukiswa (bheka umculo we-Alfabhethi, umculo wesiGreki sasendulo). Ngo-6th c. ukuze kuqondwe imisindo, kanye nesiGreki, izinhlamvu ezithi lat zaqala ukusetshenziswa. izinhlamvu zamagama; ngo-10 c. indlela yokuqoka imisindo ngesiLatini. izinhlamvu zayishintsha ngokuphelele eyokuqala. Uhlelo lwezinhlamvu ekhulwini lama-20. isetshenziswa kancane emculweni-thiyori. litre-re ukuze kuqokwe u-otd. imisindo namathoni. UDkt uhlelo lwasendulo lwaluhlanya lwe-N. p., olwasakazeka kabanzi ku-cf. ikhulu leminyaka (bheka i-Nevmy). Izimpawu ezikhethekile - ama-neumes ayebhalwa phezu kombhalo womlomo ukuze akhumbuze imiculo yamaculo; uhlanya N. p. yayisetshenziswa kakhulu. ngombhalo wamaKatolika. izingoma zesonto. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imigqa yaqala ukusetshenziswa ukukhombisa ngokunembe kakhudlwana ukuphakama kwe-neum. Ekuqaleni, imigqa enjalo ayizange ibonise iphimbo eliqondile lemisindo, kodwa ivumele umculi ukuba abone ukuthi iyiphi inombolo yemisindo ekhonjiswa i-neuma ephansi futhi iphakeme kakhulu. Inombolo yemigqa yayisuka kowodwa iye ku-18; amasistimu avela emigqeni eminingana, njengokungathi, akhiqiza kabusha ephepheni izintambo zamamuses. ithuluzi. Ngekhulu le-11 u-Guido d'Arezzo wathuthukisa le ndlela ye-N. p., ethula imigqa emine yomculo, okwakuyisibonelo sesimanje. abasebenzi bomculo. Ekuqaleni kwemigqa, wayefaka izimpawu zezinhlamvu ezibonisa ukuphimisa okuqondile kwemisindo eqoshwe kuyo; lezi zimpawu zaziyizibonelo zesimanje. okhiye. Kancane kancane, amamaki angasho lutho athathelwa indawo amakhanda amanothi ayizikwele, abonisa ukuphakama kwemisindo kuphela. Lokhu N. p. yasetshenziswa kakhulu ukuqopha ingoma kaGregory ngakhoke yathola igama elithi choral (bheka iChoral notation, Gregorian chant).

Ithrekhi. isiteji ekuthuthukisweni kwe-N. p. kwaba okuthiwa. mensural notation, eyalungiswa ngesikhathi esifanayo. kanye nephimbo nobude bemisindo. Lesi sakamuva saboniswa ukuma kwamakhanda anothi. Izimpawu zesikali, ezasungula uhlamvu oluthathu noma olunezingxenye ezimbili zobude benothi ngalinye, zabekwa ekuqaleni komugqa womculo, nalapho isikali sishintshwa, phakathi kombhalo womculo. Izimpawu zokumisa isikhashana ezisetshenziswe kulolu hlelo zihambisana nobude besikhathi sokuya esikhathini futhi zinamagama azo (bona i-Mensural notation, Misa isikhashana).

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ne-mensural notation ngekhulu le-15-17. kwakukhona uhlelo lwama-alfabhethi noma lwezinombolo, njll. ithebhulaphu esetshenziselwa ukurekhoda i-instr. umculo. Wayenezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ezihambisana nezici zomnyango. amathuluzi; kwakukhona nezinhlobo zikazwelonke zamathebhu: isiJalimane, isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, iSpanishi.

Indlela yokuqoka amachords anezinombolo ezibhalwe ngenhla noma ngezansi kwezwi lebhesi eliphawuliwe - ibhesi evamile noma i-basso continuo (ibhesi eqhubekayo) isetshenziswe ne-con. Ikhulu le-16 futhi selisabalele. usebenze njengondunankulu. ukuze kwethulwe ingxenye ehambisana nesitho nopiyano. Ngekhulu lama-20 i-digital bass isetshenziswa kuphela njengomsebenzi wokufunda ukuzwana.

Uhlelo lokuqopha umculo lwedijithali lusetshenziswa esikhathini samanje. umkhuba wokufundisa ukwenza lula ukufunda ukudlala kwamanye ama-bunks. amathuluzi. Induku ithathelwa indawo imigqa ngokwenani lezintambo zensimbi, izinombolo zibhalwa kuzo ezibonisa ukuthi iyiphi i-fret ukuze intambo icindezeleke entanyeni.

E-Russia, i-non-linear N. p. (i-znamenny, noma i-hook) yayikhona kusukela ekugcineni. ngo-11 c. (mhlawumbe ngaphambili) kuze kube sekhulwini le-17. konke. Kwakuwuhlobo lombhalo onhlanhlathayo futhi wawusetshenziswa eSontweni Lobu-Orthodox. ukucula. Incazelo yokucula kuka-Znamenny yayiyi-ideographic. ifomu N. p. - izimpawu ezisho otd. amaphimbo noma izisusa, kodwa azizange zibonise iphimbo eliqondile nezinga lemisindo. Kamuva, kwethulwa izimpawu ezengeziwe ezichaza ukuphakama kwemisindo, okuthiwa. amamaki e-cinnabar (bona ingoma ye-Znamenny, Izingwegwe).

Ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-17 e-Ukraine, bese kuthi e-Russia, ngokuqanjwa kwezingoma zansuku zonke ze-monophonic, ukuguqulwa kancane kancane kwenziwa kusukela ekubhaleni i-hook kuya ohlelweni lomculo olunemigqa emi-5 kusetshenziswa amanothi ayisikwele kanye nokhiye we-cefaut (bheka ukhiye).

Ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka yokufuna inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwama-muses. icala lasungulwa ngabanamuhla. N. p., okuthi, naphezu kokushiyeka okuthile, isaqhubeka isetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke kuze kube namuhla. Inzuzo yesimanje N. p. iqukethe ngokuyinhloko ukubonakala kokuqokwa kwendawo yomsindo wokuphakama kwamanothi kanye nesigqi sawo se-metro. izilinganiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwezikhiye ezivumela ukusetshenziswa kwabasebenzi bomculo ngo-dec. amabanga omculo. Isikali, senza sikwazi ukuzivalela ohlelweni lomculo lwemigqa emi-5, ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela siphendukela kweminye imigqa nokuhambisana. izikhundla.

D. Millau. Les Choephores. 1916. Amakhasi esigaba athola amaphuzu ophindayo, ikhwaya yabaphindayo nezinsimbi ezishaywayo.

Izakhi eziyisisekelo zesimanje. N. p. yilezi: abasebenzi bemigqa emi-5; okhiye abanquma inani lokuphakama kwemigqa yesigxobo; izimpawu zomculo: amakhanda e-oval anesiqu (noma induku) - engagcwalisiwe (emhlophe) futhi egcwele (emnyama); Dec. izici zomculo eziveza izimpawu zihlobene. ubude besikhathi bemisindo, ngokusekelwe kuzibalo. umgomo wokuhlukaniswa kabili kwesabelo ngasinye (sokwesikhashana); izimpawu zengozi kukhiye, ukulungisa ukuphakama kwesinyathelo esinikeziwe kuwo wonke umculo. imisebenzi, kanye nezingozi ngamanothi (okungahleliwe), ukushintsha iphimbo kuphela ngesilinganiso esinikeziwe kanye ne-octave enikeziwe; izilinganiso zamamitha, okungukuthi inani lezikhathi ezibhithi esilinganisweni kanye nobude bazo; engeza. izimpawu ezichaza ukwanda kwesikhathi somsindo (ichashazi, i-fermata, iligi), inyunyana yabaningana. izinti zomculo zibe uhlelo lomculo olujwayelekile oluhlangabezana namakhono ensimbi, ukuhlanganisa, izingoma zamakhwaya nezinsimbi (bheka Abasebenzi bomculo, Indondo, Izimpawu Ezibalulekile, Amaphuzu).

Isistimu esetshenzisiwe neyathuthukiswa izohambisana. ukuqokwa - i-tempo, ashukumisayo, kanye nokubonisa ukubandakanyeka kwezindlela ezithile zokusebenza, uhlobo lokuvezwa kwemizwa, njll. Kanye nokuqokwa kwe-tempo, okuvumela, phakathi kwebanga elibanzi, ukubola. ukuqaliswa kuye ngokuthi jikelele zomculo kanye yobuhle. ukufakwa kwenkathi nomculo. imizwa yomdlali ngokwakhe (izikhundla ezifana ne-allegro, andante, adagio, njll.), kusukela ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-19 kaningi kwaqala ukusetshenziswa kanye nezimpawu ezihambisanayo zetempo, ezivezwa ngezinombolo zokuzungeza kwe-metronome pendulum. Mayelana nakho konke lokhu, N. p. waqala ukuqopha umculo ngokunembe kakhudlwana. Futhi nokho lokhu kulungiswa akukaze kube okungaqondakali njengokulungiswa komculo ngosizo lomsindo oqoshiwe.

K. Stockhausen. Kusukela kumjikelezo wokushaywa.

Ngisho nokugcinwa okuqinile kweziqondiso zomqambi, umculi angakwazi ukuhumusha amazwi afanayo omculo we-muses ngezindlela eziningi. isebenza. Leli rekhodi lihlala liwukulungiswa okubhaliwe okuzinzile komsebenzi; Nokho, emsindweni wangempela womculo. imisebenzi ikhona kumenzi oyedwa kuphela. izincazelo (bheka ukusebenza komculo, Ukutolika).

Umculo omusha. imisinga yekhulu lama-20. beza nezinguquko ezithile ezindleleni zokuphawula komculo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kuwukucwengwa okwengeziwe kanye nokunothiswa kwezimpawu zokusebenza, ukunwetshwa kokuyinkimbinkimbi kwazo. Ngakho, ukuqokwa kwezindlela zokuqhuba, ukuqokwa kwezinhlobo zokusebenza ezazingaziwa ngaphambili (Sprechgesang), njll. zaqala ukusetshenziswa. Kuvela amagama aqanjwe yilo noma yilowo mqambi futhi awazange asetshenziswe ngaphandle komsebenzi wakhe. Emculweni okhonkolo nomculo we-elekthronikhi, N. p. ayisetshenziswa nhlobo - umbhali uzenzela owakhe umsebenzi. ekurekhodweni kwekhasethi, okuwukuphela kwayo okungakuvumeli k.-l. izinguquko esimweni sokulungiswa kwayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abalandeli beminyuziyamu. ama-aleatorics kolunye uhlobo lwawo ayenqaba ukulungiswa okubhaliwe okungaguquleki kwemisebenzi yawo, ashiye okuningi kuwo ngokubona komdlali. Abaqambi, abakholelwa ukuthi ukuzilibazisa kwemibono yabo kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela eseduze nokuthuthukiswa kwamahhala, ngokuvamile benza ukuphawula komculo komsebenzi wabo. ngendlela yochungechunge “lwamacebo”, uhlobo lomculo. amashadi.

Kunohlelo olukhethekile lokulungisa umbhalo womculo wezimpumputhe, olwasungulwa ngo-1839 ngabaFulentshi. uthisha nomculi u-L. Braille; esetshenziswa e-USSR ekufundiseni umculo kwabangaboni. Bheka futhi isihloko esithi Armenian music notation, umculo waseByzantine.

References: I-Papadopulo-Keramevs KI, Umsuka wokuqanjwa komculo phakathi kwamaSlav asenyakatho naseningizimu ..., "Bulletin of Archaeology and History", 1906, no. 17, p. 134-171; I-Nuremberg M., Ihluzo zomculo, L., 1953; Riemann, H. Studien zur Geschichte der Notenschrift, Lpz., 1878; David E. Et Lussy M., Histoire de la notation musicale depuis ses origines, P., 1882; Wölf J., Handbuch der Notationskunde, Bd 1-1, Lpz., 2-1913; yakhe, Die Tonschriften, Breslau, 19; Smits vanWaesberghe J., Ingoma yomculo kaGuido d'Arezzo, "Musica Divina", 1924, v. 1951; Georgiades Thr. G., Sprache, Musik, schriftliche Musikdarstellung, “AfMw”, 5, Jahrg. 1957, no-14; eyakhe, uMusik und Schrift, Münch., 4; Machabey A., Notations musicales non modales des XII-e et XIII-e sicle, P., 1962, 1957; Rarrish C., The notation of medieval music, L. – NY, (1959); Karkoschka E., Das Schriftbild der neuen Musik, Celle, (1957); Kaufmann W., Izingoma zomculo zaseMpumalanga, Bloomington, 1966 (Indiana University Series, No 1967); I-Ape60 W., Die Notation der polyphonen Musik, 1-900, Lpz., 1600.

VA Vakhromeev