Uhlobo lomculo |

Uhlobo lwesiFulentshi, kusukela ku-lat. uhlobo - uhlobo, uhlobo

Umqondo ongacacile obonisa igenera eyasungulwa ngokomlando nezinhlobo zamamnyuziyamu. isebenza ngokuhambisana nemvelaphi nenjongo yokuphila, indlela nezimo (indawo) yokusebenza nokuqonda, kanye nezici zokuqukethwe kanye nefomu. Umqondo wohlobo ukhona kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko, kodwa emculweni, ngenxa yemininingwane yobuciko bawo. izithombe, zinencazelo ekhethekile; ima, njengokungathi, emngceleni phakathi kwezigaba zokuqukethwe kanye nefomu, futhi ivumela umuntu ukuba ahlulele okuqukethwe okuhlosiwe komkhiqizo, ngokusekelwe enkingeni yezinkulumo ezisetshenzisiwe. izimali.

Ubunkimbinkimbi nokungaqondakali komqondo we-Zh. m. zihlobene nokuthi akuzona zonke izici ezinqumayo ukuthi zisebenze kanyekanye nangamandla alinganayo. Lezi zici ngokwazo zinohlelo oluhlukile (isibonelo, isimo kanye nendawo yokusebenza) futhi zingasebenza ngezinhlanganisela ezihlukene ngamazinga ahlukahlukene okuvumelana. Ngakho-ke, isayensi yomculo ithuthukiswe ngendlela ehlukile. amasistimu wokuhlukaniswa kwe-Zh. m. Ziya ngokuthi yiziphi izici ezibangela u-Zh. m. ithathwa njengeyinhloko. Isibonelo, u-BA Zuckerman ugqamisa isici sokuqukethwe (uhlobo - okuqukethwe okufaniswayo), u-AH Coxop - umphakathi. ubukhona, isib inhloso yempilo yomculo kanye nemvelo yokusebenza kwawo kanye nokubona kwawo. Incazelo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yomculo wefilosofi iqukethwe ezincwadini ezithi “Isakhiwo Semisebenzi Yomculo” kaL. A. I-Mazel kanye "Ukuhlaziywa Kwemisebenzi Yomculo" ka-L. A. UMazel no-BA Zuckerman. Ubunkimbinkimbi bokuhlukaniswa kwe-Zh. m. ibuye ihlotshaniswe nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabo. Izimo ezishintshayo zokuba khona kwama-muses. imisebenzi, ukuxhumana kweNar. ubuciko kanye nophrof. art-va, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwama-muses. izilimi ziholela ekuguqulweni kwezinhlobo ezindala kanye nokuvela kwezintsha. Zh. m. ikhombisa futhi nat. imininingwane yomkhiqizo womculo, oyingxenye yobuciko bemibono ethile. isiqondiso (isibonelo, i-French romantic grand opera). Ngokuvamile umsebenzi ofanayo ungabonakala emibonweni ehlukene, noma uhlobo olufanayo lungaba ngamaqembu ezinhlobo eziningana. Ngakho, i-opera ingachazwa ngamagama ajwayelekile njengohlobo lomculo. ubuhlakani. Bese ungakubalula kuqembu le-wok.-instr. (indlela yokwenza) kanye nethiyetha kanye nedrama. (indawo yokusebenza nokuxhumana nesimangalo esiseduze) semisebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukucacisa ukubukeka kwayo komlando, okuhlotshaniswa nenkathi, amasiko (ngokuvamile kazwelonke) yokukhetha isiqephu, ukwakhiwa, ngisho nokusebenza endaweni ethile yaseshashalazini, njll. (isib Izinhlobo ze-opera yase-Italy i-seria ne-buffa, i-French comic noma i-lyric opera). Umuntu ngamunye ngaphezulu. izici zomculo nedrama. okuqukethwe kanye nesimo se-opera kuzoholela ekwakhiweni okwengeziwe kohlobo lwemibhalo (i-opera kaMozart ye-buffa Umshado kaFigaro iyi-opera yamahlaya, i-Rimsky-Korsakov's Sadko iyi-opera yamaqhawe, nabanye). Lezi zincazelo zingase zehluke ngokunemba okukhulu noma okuncane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngokunganaki okuthile; ngezinye izikhathi zinikezwa umqambi ngokwakhe ("I-Snow Maiden" - inganekwane yasentwasahlobo, "Eugene Onegin" - izigcawu zezingoma, njll.). Kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa "izinhlobo ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo". Ngakho-ke, ama-arias, ama-ensembles, ama-recitatives, amakhwaya, ama-symphony. izingcezu ezifakwe ku-opera nazo zingachazwa ngokuthi yi-dec. izinhlobo ze-wok. kanye ne-instr. umculo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici zabo zohlobo zingacaciswa ngokusekelwe ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zansuku zonke (isibonelo, i-waltz kaJuliet evela kuGounod's Romeo and Juliet noma ingoma yokudansa eyindilinga ka-Sadko evela ku-Sadko ka-Rimsky-Korsakov), zombili zithembele emiyalweni yomqambi futhi zinikeza ezazo. izincazelo (Cherubino's aria “Inhliziyo Iyajabulisa” iwuthando, i-aria kaSusanna iyi-serenade).

Ngakho-ke, lapho uhlukanisa izinhlobo zezinhlobo, kuyadingeka ukukhumbula isikhathi ngasinye ukuthi iyiphi isici noma inhlanganisela yezinto ezimbalwa enqumayo. Ngokwenhloso yezinhlobo, izinhlobo zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezihlobene ngokuqondile nezidingo zokuphila komuntu, ezizwakalayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke - izinhlobo zasekhaya nezabantu zansuku zonke, kanye nezinhlobo ezingathwali imisebenzi ethile ebalulekile neyosuku. Izinhlobo eziningi zeqembu loku-1 zavela ngesikhathi lapho umculo ungakahlukani ngokuphelele nezinhlobo ezihlobene zobuciko (izinkondlo, i-choreography) futhi wawusetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinqubo zabasebenzi, izenzo zemicikilisho (imidanso eyindilinga, imibhikisho yokunqoba noma yezempi, amasiko, iziphonso, njll.).

Decl. abacwaningi bahlonza izimiso eziyisisekelo ezihlukene zezinhlobo. Ngakho-ke, u-BA Zuckerman ubheka ingoma nomdanso "njengezinhlobo eziyinhloko", u-CC Skrebkov ukhuluma ngezinhlobo ezintathu zohlobo - isimemezelo (ngokuhambisana negama), i-motority (ngokuphathelene nokunyakaza) kanye nokucula (okuhambisana nokuzwakalayo kwezingoma ezizimele). U-AH Coxop wengeza ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili kulezi zinhlobo ezintathu - instr. izimpawu kanye nezithombe zomsindo.

Izici zohlobo zingahlangana, zenze ukuphila kuxutshwe, isibonelo. ingoma nomdanso, izinhlobo. Ezinhlotsheni zesintu zansuku zonke, kanye nasezinhlotsheni ezibonisa okuqukethwe kwempilo ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi, ephakathi nendawo, kukhona, kanye nokuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile, okuhlukanisiwe. Ihlanganisa kokubili injongo engokoqobo kanye nokuqukethwe, uhlobo lomkhiqizo. (isibonelo, i-lullaby, i-serenade, i-barcarolle njengezingoma ezihlukahlukene zezingoma, amamashi okulila nawokunqoba, njll.).

Izinhlobo ezintsha zansuku zonke zavela njalo, zathonya izinhlobo zohlobo oluhlukile futhi zangena ekusebenzisaneni nazo. I-Renaissance ihlanganisa, isibonelo, ukuqala kokubunjwa kwe-instr. suite, eyayihlanganisa imidanso yansuku zonke yangaleso sikhathi. I-suite isebenze njengenye yemvelaphi ye-symphony. Ukulungiswa kwe-minuet njengenye yezingxenye ze-symphony kube negalelo ekucwebezeleni kwalolu hlobo oluphakeme kakhulu lwe-instr. umculo. Ngesimangalo sekhulu le-19. ukuhaya izinkondlo kwezingoma nemidanso kuxhumene. izinhlobo, ezicebisa izingoma zabo kanye nezengqondo. okuqukethwe, i-symphonization, njll.

Umndeni uZh. m., ukugxila kubo ejwayelekile. amagama nezigqi zenkathi, imvelo yenhlalo, abantu ababazalayo, zibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kuka-prof. umculo. Ingoma yasekhaya nomdanso. izinhlobo (isiJalimane, isi-Austrian, isiSlavic, isiHungary) kwakungesinye sezisekelo lapho kwakwakhiwa khona i-Viennese classic. isikole (i-symphonism ye-folk-genre ka-J. Haydn iyinkomba ikakhulukazi lapha). Izinhlobo ezintsha zenguquko yomculo. I-France ibonakala ngobuqhawe. i-symphonism ka-L. Beethoven. Ukuvela kwezikole zezwe kuhlale kuhlotshaniswa nokujwayelekile komqambi wezinhlobo zokuphila kwansuku zonke kanye ne-nar. umculo. Ukuthembela okubanzi ezinhlotsheni zansuku zonke nezabantu zansuku zonke, okusebenza kokubili njengendlela yokwenza izinto zibe yimfihlo kanye nokwenza okuvamile (“ukwenziwa ngokujwayelekile ngohlobo” – igama elethulwe ngu-AA Alschwang ngokuphathelene ne-opera ka-Bizet ethi “Carmen”), kubonakalisa umuntu wangempela. i-opera (PI Tchaikovsky, MP Mussorgsky, J. Bizet, G. Verdi), pl. phenomena instr. umculo wekhulu le-19 nelama-20. (F. Schubert, F. Chopin, I. Brahms, DD Shostakovich nabanye). Ngomculo wekhulu le-19-20. isistimu ebanzi yokuxhumana kohlobo yisici, esivezwa ku-synthesis (ngokuvamile ngaphakathi kwesihloko esifanayo) izici zokubola. izinhlobo (hhayi kuphela umculo wansuku zonke) nokukhuluma ngokunotha okukhethekile kokuqukethwe okubalulekile komkhiqizo. (isibonelo, F. Chopin). Incazelo yohlobo idlala indima ebalulekile emdlalweni we-dramaturgy wezinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi "zezinkondlo" ze-romanticism. umculo wekhulu le-19, isibonelo. mayelana nesimiso se-monothematism.

Kuncike kumlando wezenhlalo-mlando. izici zemvelo zendawo, izimo zokusebenza kanye nokuba khona kwamamuse. umkhiqizo. ngenkuthalo ibe nomthelela ekwakhiweni nasekuguqukeni kohlobo. kusukela ezigodlweni zezicukuthwane kuya enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini kwashintsha okuningi kuyo futhi kwaba nengxenye ekukhanyeni kwayo njengohlobo lomculo. Ukusebenza enkundleni yemidlalo kuhlanganisa uDisemba onjalo. ngezingxenye kanye nendlela yokusebenza kwedrama yomculo. izinhlobo ezifana ne-opera, i-ballet, i-vaudeville, i-operetta, umculo womdlalo wamadrama. t-pe, njll. B 17 c. izinhlobo ezintsha zomculo wefilimu, umculo werediyo, nomculo we-pop.

Kuzijwayeze isikhathi eside, ukusebenza kwe-ensemble kanye ne-solo isebenza. (ama-quart, ama-trios, ama-sonata, ezothando nezingoma, izingcezu zezinsimbi zomculo ngazinye, njll.) endaweni yasekhaya, “yegumbi” kudale ukucaciswa kwezinhlobo zegumbi nokujula kwazo okukhulu, kwesinye isikhathi ukusondelana kwenkulumo, ingoma yomculo nefilosofi noma , ngokuphambene, ukuba seduze kwezinhlobo zansuku zonke (ngenxa yezimo zokusebenza ezifanayo). Ukucaciswa kwezinhlobo zegumbi kuthonywa kakhulu inani elilinganiselwe labahlanganyeli ekusebenzeni.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-conc. impilo, ukudlulisa ukusebenza komculo. isebenza esiteji esikhulu, ukwanda kwenani labalaleli nakho kuholele ekucacisweni kokuphela. izinhlobo ngobuhle bazo, ukukhululeka okukhulu kwetimu, ngokuvamile ithoni “ye-oratorical” ephakeme yamamuse. izinkulumo, njll. Umsuka wezinhlobo ezinjalo ubuyela emisebenzini yezitho. J. Frescobaldi, D. Buxtehude, GF Handel futhi ikakhulukazi u-JS Baxa; izici zabo zesici zazigxivizwe ohlotsheni “elikhethekile” lwekhonsathi (ikakhulukazi okwensimbi eyodwa eyodwa ene-orchestra), ku-conc. izingcezu zabo bobabili abacula yedwa kanye ne-orchestra (izingcezu zepiyano zika-F. Mendelssohn, F. Liszt, njll.). Kudluliselwe ku-conc. esiteji, ezifuywayo ngisho ezifundisayo-pedagogical. izinhlobo (etudes) zingathola izici ezintsha, ngokulandelana. gcina imininingwane. Izinhlobonhlobo ezikhethekile yizo okuthiwa yizinhlobo ze-plein-air (umculo wangaphandle), osuvele umelelwe emisebenzini ye-GF Handel ("Music on the Water", "Firework Music") futhi eyasakazeka kakhulu ngenkathi ye-Great French. uguquko. Ngalesi sibonelo, umuntu angabona ukuthi indawo yokusebenza ibe nomthelela kanjani kwi-thematicism ngokwayo nenzalo yayo, i-lapidarity kanye nobubanzi.

Isici sezimo zokusebenza sihlobene nezinga lomsebenzi womlaleli ekuboneni umculo. imisebenzi - kuze kufike ekubambeni iqhaza ekusebenzeni. Ngakho-ke, emngceleni wezinhlobo zansuku zonke kukhona izinhlobo eziningi (ingoma yobuningi), ezazalelwa ekuguqukeni. era futhi wazuza intuthuko enkulu emculweni wezikhova. Idrama yomculo yekhulu lama-20 yanda. izinhlobo, ezidizayinelwe ukubamba iqhaza kanyekanye kuka-prof. abadlali nababukeli (ama-opera ezingane ka-P. Hindemith no-B. Britten).

Ukwakheka kwabadlali kanye nendlela yokusebenza kunquma ukuhlukaniswa okuvame kakhulu kwezinhlobo. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko ukuhlukaniswa kwe-wok. kanye ne-instr. izinhlobo.

Izinhlobo zamabhokisi ezihlukile ezimbalwa (ukucula) zihlotshaniswa nobunkondlo. (akuvamile ukuba i-prosaic) imibhalo. Ezikhathini eziningi zavela njengomculo nezinkondlo. izinhlobo (emculweni wempucuko yasendulo, iNkathi Ephakathi, emculweni wesintu wamazwe ahlukene), lapho igama nomculo kwadalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa, kwakunesigqi esivamile. inhlangano. Imisebenzi yebhokisi ihlukaniswe yaba yedwa (ingoma, ezothando, i-aria), iqoqo kanye nekhwaya. Zingaba yizwi kuphela (i-solo noma i-xop ngaphandle kokuhambisana, i-cappella; ukwakheka kwe-cappella kuyingxenye yomculo we-polyphonic we-Renaissance, kanye nomculo wamakwaya waseRussia wekhulu le-17-18) kanye ne-vocal-instr. (ngokuvamile, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngekhulu le-17) - kuhambisane neyodwa (ngokuvamile ikhibhodi) noma eziningana. izinsimbi noma i-orchestra. Ibhokisi lomkhiqizo. ngokuhambisana noyedwa noma ngaphezulu. izinsimbi ngezakwa-chamber woks. izinhlobo, ezihambisana ne-orchestra - ku-wok enkulu.-instr. izinhlobo (oratorio, mass, requiem, izinkanuko). Zonke lezi zinhlobo zinomlando oyinkimbinkimbi okwenza kube nzima ukuhlukanisa. Ngakho-ke, i-cantata ingaba umsebenzi we-solo wekamelo kanye nokwakheka okukhulu komculo oxubile. ukwakheka (xop, soloists, orchestra). Ngekhulu lama-20 ukubamba iqhaza okujwayelekile ku-wok.-instr. umkhiqizo. umfundi, abalingisi, ukubandakanyeka kwe-pantomime, ukudansa, imidlalo yaseshashalazini (idramatic oratorios ka-A. Onegger, "i-stage cantatas" ka-K. Orff, esondeza izinhlobo zezinsimbi zezwi eduze kwezinhlobo zethiyetha yedrama).

I-opera esebenzisa abadlali abafanayo (abacula yedwa, i-xop, i-orchestra) futhi ngokuvamile izingxenye ezifanayo njenge-wok-instr. izinhlobo, ihlukaniswa ngesigaba sayo. kanye nedram. imvelo futhi empeleni yokwenziwa. uhlobo, okuhlanganisa kulo umehluko. izinhlobo zezimangalo.

Izinhlobo zamathuluzi zisuka kumdanso, kabanzi ekuxhumekeni komculo nokunyakaza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlobo ze-wok bezilokhu zinethonya ekuthuthukisweni kwazo. umculo. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko instr. umculo - wedwa, i-ensemble, i-orchestra - yaqala ukumila enkathini yama-Viennese classics (ingxenye yesibili yekhulu lesi-2). Lawa ama-symphony, i-sonata, i-quartet namanye ama-ensembles e-chamber, ikhonsathi, i-overture, i-rondo, njll. Ukwenziwa jikelele kwezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuphila komuntu (isenzo nomzabalazo, ukuzindla nomuzwa, ukuphumula nokudlala, njll.) kudlale indima ebalulekile ekukhanyeni kwalezi zinhlobo. ) ngendlela ejwayelekile ye-sonata-symphonic. umjikelezo.

Inqubo yokwenza i-classical instr. izinhlobo zenzeka ngokuhambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwabadlali. izingoma, nentuthuko izoveza. kanye nobuchwepheshe. amakhono ithuluzi. Indlela yokusebenza ibonakale ekucacisweni kwezinhlobo ze-solo, ensemble kanye ne-orchestra. Ngakho-ke, uhlobo lwe-sonata lubonakala ngendima enkulu yesiqalo somuntu ngamunye, i-symphony - ngokujwayelekile okukhulu kanye nesilinganiso, eveza ukuqala kwenqwaba, iqoqo, i-concerto - inhlanganisela yalezi zindlela ngokuthuthukisa.

Esikhathini se-romanticism ku-instr. umculo, okuthiwa. izinhlobo zezinkondlo - i-ballad, inkondlo (fp. ne-symphonic), kanye ne-lyric. into encane. Kulezi zinhlobo zomculo, kukhona umthelela wobuciko obuhlobene, ukuthambekela ekuhleleni, ukusebenzisana kwezimiso ze-lyrical-psychological kanye nezithombe-zokudweba. Indima enkulu ekwakhekeni kwezothando. instr. izinhlobo zadlalwa ngokudalulwa kwamathuba acebile avezayo kanye ne-timbre ye-FP. kanye ne-orchestra.

Izinhlobo eziningi zasendulo (ingxenye ye-17-1 yekhulu le-18) ziyaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa. Abanye babo banothando. inkathi yaguqulwa (isibonelo, isandulela kanye nefantasy, lapho ukuthuthukiswa kudlala indima enkulu, i-suite, yavuselelwa ngendlela yomjikelezo wothando wama-miniatures), abanye abazange bahlangabezane nezinguquko ezibalulekile (i-concerto grosso, i-passacaglia, okuthiwa umjikelezo omncane we-polyphonic - isandulela kanye ne-fugue, njll.).

Okubaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kohlobo yisici sokuqukethwe. Ukuthayipha umculo. okuqukethwe emculweni othile. ifomu (ngomqondo obanzi wegama) ingqikithi yomqondo weZh. m. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Zh. m., ekhombisa ngqo izinhlobo zokuqukethwe, ibolekwe kuthiyori yemibhalo; ngokuhambisana nayo, kuhlukaniswa izinhlobo zamadrama, izingoma zomculo nama-epic. Kodwa-ke, ukuluka okungapheli kwalezi zinhlobo zokuvezwa kwenza kube nzima ukuchaza lolu hlobo lokuhlukanisa. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa okumangalisayo kungakhipha ingoma. encane ngaphezu kwe-lyric. izinhlobo (C-moll Chopin's nocturne), i-narrative-epic. imvelo yohlobo lwe-ballad ingaba yinkimbinkimbi ngamazwi. ubunjalo betimu nedrama. ukuthuthukiswa (ama-ballads ka-Chopin); ama-symphonies amangalisayo angahlotshaniswa nezimiso zengoma-lyrical of dramaturgy, thematics (Schubert's h-moll symphony, Tchaikovsky's symphonies, njll.).

Izinkinga ze-Zh. m. ziyathinteka kuzo zonke izingxenye ze-musicology. Mayelana nendima ka-Zh. m. ekudaluleni okuqukethwe eminyuziyamu. umkhiqizo. Kuthiwa emisebenzini enikelwe ezinkingeni ezehlukene kanye nezigigaba zamamuses. ubuciko (isibonelo, encwadini ka-A. Dolzhansky "Instrumental Music of PI Tchaikovsky", emisebenzini ye-LA Mazel mayelana noF. Chopin, DD Shostakovich, njll.). Ukunaka pl. emazweni angaphakathi nangaphandle, abacwaningi bakhangwa umlando womnyango. izinhlobo. B 60-70s. Izinkinga zekhulu lama-20 ze-Zh. m. zihlobene kakhulu neminyuziyamu. i-aesthetics ne-sociology. Lesi siqondiso ocwaningweni lomculo wabesifazane sichazwe emisebenzini ye-BV Asafiev ("Umculo WaseRussia Kusukela Ekuqaleni Kwekhulu Le-1930", XNUMX). Ikhredithi yokuthuthukiswa okukhethekile kwethiyori yomculo womculo ingeyesayensi yomculo yaseSoviet (isebenza ngu-AA Alschwang, LA Mazel, BA Zuckerman, SS Skrebkov, AA Coxopa, nabanye).

Ngombono wezikhova. Ku-musicology, ukucaciswa kokuxhumana kohlobo kuyisici esidingekayo nesibaluleke kakhulu sokuhlaziywa kwamamuse. isebenza, inomthelela ekuhlonzweni kokuqukethwe komphakathi kwamamuses. ubuciko futhi ihlobene eduze nenkinga yamaqiniso emculweni. Ithiyori yohlobo ingenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu ku-musicology.

References: I-Alschwang AA, izinhlobo ze-Opera "Karmen", encwadini yakhe: Izihloko Ezikhethiwe, M., 1959; I-Zuckerman BA, Izinhlobo zomculo nezisekelo zamafomu omculo, M., 1964; I-Skrebkov CC, Izimiso Zobuciko Zezitayela Zomculo (Isingeniso Nocwaningo), ku: Music and Modernity, vol. 3, M., 1965; izinhlobo zomculo. Sat. izihloko, ed. I-TB Popova, M., 1968; I-Coxop AH, Imvelo yobuhle bohlobo lomculo, M., 1968; yakhe, Ithiyori yezinhlobo zomculo: imisebenzi namathemba, eqoqweni: Izinkinga zethiyori yezinhlobo zomculo nezinhlobo, M., 1971, p. 292-309.

EM Tsareva