U-Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov |

UNikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

Noma ithalenta lakhe, amandla akhe, noma umusa wakhe ongenamkhawulo kubafundi bakhe kanye namaqabane akhe, akuzange kube buthaka. Impilo ekhazimulayo nomsebenzi wesizwe ojulile womuntu onjalo kufanele kube ukuziqhenya nenjabulo yethu. … kungakanani okungavezwa kuwo wonke umlando womculo wemvelo ephakeme kangaka, abaculi abakhulu kangaka nabantu abangavamile njengoRimsky-Korsakov? V. Stasov

Cishe eminyakeni engu-10 ngemva kokuvulwa kwesikhungo sokuqala somculo saseRussia eSt. Naphezu kobusha bakhe - wayeneminyaka engamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili - wayesevele ezuze udumo njengombhali wezingoma zokuqala ze-orchestra: Overtures ngezindikimba zesiRashiya, Amaphupho ngezindikimba zezingoma zomdabu zaseSerbia, isithombe se-symphonic esisekelwe kwi-epic yaseRussia " I-Sadko" kanye ne-suite ngesakhiwo senganekwane yasempumalanga "Antar". Ngaphezu kwalokho, zabhalwa zothando eziningi, futhi umsebenzi opera zomlando, Maid of Pskov kwaba iqhubeka ngokugcwele. Akekho owayengacabanga (okungenani kubo bonke umqondisi we-conservatory, owamema uN. Rimsky-Korsakov) ukuthi waba umqambi cishe ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa komculo.

U-Rimsky-Korsakov wazalelwa emndenini okude nezithakazelo zobuciko. Abazali, ngokwesiko lomndeni, balungiselela umfana enkonzweni yeNavy (umalume nomfowabo omdala babengamatilosi). Nakuba amakhono omculo embulwa kusenesikhathi, kwakungekho muntu owayezofunda ngokujulile edolobheni elincane lesifundazwe. Izifundo zepiyano zanikezwa umakhelwane, ngaleso sikhathi owayengumbusi ojwayelekile kanye nomfundi wale governess. Okuvelayo komculo kwengezwe izingoma zomdabu eziculwa ngumama oyimfundamakhwela nomalume kanye nehlelo elicula eTikhvin Monastery.

E-St. Petersburg, lapho u-Rimsky-Korsakov eza khona ezobhalisa e-Naval Corps, uvakashela indlu ye-opera nasemakhonsathini, uyaqaphela u-Ivan Susanin no-Glinka uRuslan noLyudmila, ama-symphonies kaBeethoven. E-St. Petersburg, ekugcineni unothisha wangempela - umdlali wepiyano omuhle kakhulu nomculi ofundile uF. Canille. Weluleka umfundi onesiphiwo ukuba aziqambele umculo, wamethula kuM. Balakirev, lapho abaqambi abasha bahlangana khona - M. Mussorgsky, C. Cui, kamuva u-A. Borodin wabajoyina (umbuthano kaBalakirev wehla emlandweni ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Mighty Handful ”).

Akekho noyedwa we "Kuchkists" akazange athathe inkambo yokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile komculo. Uhlelo u-Balakirev abalungiselela ngalo umsebenzi ozimele wokudala kwaba kanje: ngokushesha waphakamisa isihloko esinomthwalo wemfanelo, bese, ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe, ezingxoxweni ezihlangene, ngokuhambisana nokutadisha imisebenzi yabaqambi abakhulu, bonke ubunzima obavela. ohlelweni lokuqamba zaxazululwa.

U-Rimsky-Korsakov oneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa welulekwa nguBalakirev ukuba aqale nge-symphony. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umqambi osemusha, owaphothula i-Naval Corps, kwakufanele athathe uhambo lokuzungeza umhlaba. Wabuyela emculweni nakubangane bezobuciko kuphela ngemva kweminyaka emi-3. Ithalente elihlakaniphile lasiza u-Rimsky-Korsakov ngokushesha ukuba aqonde uhlobo lomculo, kanye ne-orchestration enemibala egqamile, namasu okuqamba, ukudlula izisekelo zesikole. Ngemva kokudala izikolo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-symphonic nokusebenza ku-opera, umqambi wayengazi izinto eziyisisekelo zesayensi yomculo futhi wayengazi kahle amagama adingekayo. Futhi kungazelelwe isicelo sokufundisa e-conservatory! .. “Uma ngifunde ngisho nakancane, ukube ngangazi okungaphezu kwalokho engangikwazi ngempela, bekuyoba sobala kimina ukuthi angikwazi futhi anginalo ilungelo lokuthatha lesi siphakamiso iphuzu liwukuthi ukuba uprofesa. kungaba yisiphukuphuku nokungathembeki kimi, ”kukhumbula uRimsky-Korsakov. Kodwa hhayi ukungathembeki, kodwa umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu kunayo yonke, awubonisa, eqala ukufunda zona kanye izisekelo okwakufanele azifundise.

Ukubukwa kobuhle kanye nombono wezwe we-Rimsky-Korsakov kwakhiwe ngawo-1860. ngaphansi kwethonya le "Mighty Handful" kanye ne-ideologist yayo u-V. Stasov. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isisekelo sikazwelonke, ukuqondiswa kwentando yeningi, izingqikithi eziyinhloko nemifanekiso yomsebenzi wakhe kunqunywa. Eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, imisebenzi kaRimsky-Korsakov inezici eziningi: ufundisa e-Conservatory, uthuthukisa indlela yakhe yokuqamba (ubhala ama-canons, ama-fugues), ubambe isikhundla somhloli wezintambo zethusi zoMnyango Wezempi (1873-84) futhi uqhuba i-symphony. Amakhonsathi, angena esikhundleni somqondisi we-Free Music School Balakirev futhi ulungiselela ukushicilelwa (kanye noBalakirev noLyadov) ama-operas womabili we-Glinka, amarekhodi futhi avumelanise izingoma zomdabu (iqoqo lokuqala lanyatheliswa ngo-1876, elesibili - ngo-1882).

Isikhalazo kumlando womculo waseRussia, kanye nocwaningo oluningiliziwe lwezikolo ze-opera zikaGlinka lapho zilungiselela ukushicilelwa, kwasiza umqambi ukuba anqobe ukuqagela kwezinye zezingoma zakhe, ezavela ngenxa yocwaningo olunzulu lwendlela yokuqamba. Ama-opera amabili abhalwe ngemva kwe-The Maid of Pskov (1872) - May Night (1879) kanye ne-The Snow Maiden (1881) - ahlanganisa uthando lukaRimsky-Korsakov lwemikhuba yesintu nengoma yesintu kanye nombono wakhe wezwe wokuphambana.

Ubuciko bomqambi wama-80s. ikakhulukazi imelelwa imisebenzi ye-symphonic: "The Tale" (1880), Sinfonietta (1885) kanye Piano Concerto (1883), kanye edumile "Spanish Capriccio" (1887) kanye "Scheherazade" (1888). Ngesikhathi esifanayo Rimsky-Korsakov wasebenza eNkantolo Choir. Kodwa uchitha isikhathi esiningi namandla akhe ekulungiseleleni ukudlala nokushicilelwa kwemidlalo ye-opera yabangane bakhe abangasekho - iKhovanshchina kaMussorgsky kanye neNkosana kaBorodin u-Igor. Kungenzeka ukuthi lo msebenzi onzima wemiphumela ye-opera uholele ekutheni umsebenzi kaRimsky-Korsakov uthuthuke phakathi nale minyaka emkhakheni we-symphonic.

Umqambi wabuyela ku-opera kuphela ngo-1889, edale uMlada othakazelisayo (1889-90). Kusukela maphakathi nawo-90s. ngokulandelana kulandelwa I-Night Before Christmas (1895), Sadko (1896), isethulo se-The Maid of Pskov - isenzo esisodwa u-Boyar Vera Sheloga kanye noMlobokazi We-Tsar (bobabili ngo-1898). Ngama-1900s I-Tale ye-Tsar Saltan (1900), i-Servilia (1901), i-Pan Governor (1903), i-Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh (1904) kanye ne-Golden Cockerel (1907) yenziwa.

Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe yokudala, umqambi naye waphendukela emazwini omculo. Ku-79 yezothando zakhe, izinkondlo zika-A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, AK Tolstoy, L. May, A. Fet, kanye nababhali bangaphandle u-J. Byron noG. Heine banikezwa.

Okuqukethwe komsebenzi kaRimsky-Korsakov kuhlukahlukene: kuphinde kwembule indikimba yomlando wesintu (“The Woman of Pskov”, “The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh”), umkhakha wezingoma (“The Tsar’s Bride”, “ I-Servilia”) nedrama yansuku zonke (“i-Pan Voyevoda”), ibonise izithombe zaseMpumalanga (“Antar”, “Scheherazade”), ehlanganisa izici zamanye amasiko omculo (“i-Serbian Fantasy”, “Spanish Capriccio”, njll.) . Kodwa izici ezengeziwe ze-Rimsky-Korsakov ziyiphupho, ubuhle, ukuxhumana okuhlukahlukene nobuciko besintu.

Umqambi udale yonke igalari eyingqayizivele ekhangayo yayo, emsulwa, izithombe zabesifazane ezicula kamnandi - zombili zangempela nezinhle (i-Pannochka "ngoMeyi Night", uSnegurochka, uMartha ku-"The Tsar's Bride", Fevronia ku-"The Tale of the Invisible City". yaseKitezh”) , izithombe zabaculi bomdabu (uLel ku-“The Snow Maiden”, Nezhata ku-“Sadko”).

Yakhiwe ngawo-1860. umqambi wahlala ethembekile emibonweni yezenhlalo ethuthukayo impilo yakhe yonke. Ngosuku olwandulela inguquko yokuqala yaseRussia ka-1905 nangenkathi yokusabela eyalandela, u-Rimsky-Korsakov wabhala ama-operas Kashchei the Immortal (1902) kanye ne-Golden Cockerel, athathwa njengokulahla ukuntengantenga kwezombusazwe okwakubusa eRussia.

Indlela yokudala yomqambi yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40. Ukungena kuwo njengomlandeli wamasiko kaGlinka, yena kanye nekhulu lama-XX. imele ngokwanele ubuciko baseRussia esikweni lomculo lomhlaba. Imisebenzi kaRimsky-Korsakov yokudala kanye nomculo womphakathi inezici eziningi: umqambi nombhidisi, umbhali wemisebenzi yetiyetha kanye nokubuyekezwa, umhleli wemisebenzi kaDargomyzhsky, uMussorgsky noBorodin, waba nethonya elinamandla ekuthuthukiseni umculo waseRussia.

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-37 yokufundisa e-conservatory, wafundisa abaqambi abangaphezu kuka-200: A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, A. Arensky, M. Ippolitov-Ivanov, I. Stravinsky, N. Cherepnin, A. Grechaninov, N. Myaskovsky, S. Prokofiev nabanye. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindikimba zasempumalanga nguRimsky-Korsakov ("Antar", "Scheherazade", "Golden Cockerel") kwakubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni amasiko omculo kazwelonke weTranscaucasia ne-Asia Ephakathi, kanye nezindawo zolwandle ezihlukahlukene ("Sadko", "Sheherazade". ", "I-Tale of Tsar Saltan", umjikelezo wezothando "Ngasolwandle", njll.) kunqunywa okuningi emdwebeni womsindo we-plein-air we-Frenchman C. Debussy kanye ne-Italian O. Respighi.

E. Gordeeva

Umsebenzi Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov kuyinto eyingqayizivele emlandweni isiko lomculo Russian. Iphuzu alikona nje kuphela ukubaluleka okukhulu kwezobuciko, umthamo omkhulu, ukuguquguquka okungavamile komsebenzi wakhe, kodwa futhi eqinisweni lokuthi umsebenzi womqambi cishe uhlanganisa inkathi eguquguqukayo emlandweni waseRussia - kusukela ekuguqulweni kwabalimi kuya esikhathini esiphakathi kwamavukelambuso. Omunye wemisebenzi yokuqala yomculi osemusha kwakuyi-instrumentation kaDargomyzhsky esanda kuqedwa i-Stone Guest, umsebenzi wokugcina omkhulu wenkosi, i-Golden Cockerel, eyaqala ngo-1906-1907: i-opera yaqanjwa kanyekanye ne-Scriabin's Poem of Ecstasy, I-Symphony yesibili kaRachmaninov; iminyaka emine kuphela ehlukanisa i-Premiere ye-Golden Cockerel (1909) kusukela ku-premiere ye-Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, emibili kusukela ku-Prokofiev yokuqala njengomqambi.

Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi kaRimsky-Korsakov, ngokwemibandela yokulandelana kwezikhathi, uhlanganisa, njengokungathi, umnyombo womculo wasendulo waseRussia, oxhumanisa isixhumanisi phakathi kwenkathi yeGlinka-Dargomyzhsky nekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Kuhlanganisa impumelelo yesikole saseSt. yasekhaya neyangaphandle.

Uhlamvu olunzulu, oluhlelekile lutholakala kunoma iyiphi indlela yomsebenzi kaRimsky-Korsakov - umqambi, uthisha, i-theorist, umqhubi, umhleli. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuphila uwonke yizwe eliyinkimbinkimbi, engingathanda ukulibiza ngokuthi "i-cosmos Rimsky-Korsakov". Inhloso yalo msebenzi ukuqoqa, ukugxilisa izici eziyinhloko zomculo kazwelonke futhi, ngokubanzi, ukwazi ubuciko, futhi ekugcineni udale kabusha isithombe esibalulekile sokubuka komhlaba waseRussia (yebo, ekuphenduleni komuntu siqu, "Korsakovian"). Lo mbuthano uxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu siqu, kombhali, njengenqubo yokufundisa, ukufundisa - hhayi kuphela abafundi abaqondile, kodwa indawo yonke yomculo - ngokuzifundisa, ukuzifundisa.

U-Rimsky-Korsakov, indodana yomqambi, ekhuluma ngemisebenzi eyahlukene ehlala ivuselelwa exazululwe ngu-Rimsky-Korsakov, uchaze ngempumelelo impilo yomdwebi ngokuthi “ukweluka okufana nokuluka imicu.” Ecabanga ngalokho okwenza umculi ohlakaniphile anikele ingxenye enkulu ngokungenangqondo yesikhathi namandla akhe “eceleni” kwezinhlobo zomsebenzi wokufundisa, wabhekisela “ekuqapheleni okucacile komsebenzi wakhe emculweni nabaculi baseRussia.” “Izikhungo"- igama eliyisihluthulelo empilweni kaRimsky-Korsakov, njengokuthi "ukuvuma" - empilweni kaMussorgsky.

Kukholakala ukuthi umculo waseRussia wengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-1860 ngokusobala uthambekele ekufinyeleleni impumelelo yobunye ubuciko besikhathi sawo, ikakhulukazi izincwadi: yingakho okuthandwayo kwezinhlobo “zamazwi” (kusuka kwezothando, ingoma kuye ku-opera, umqhele wezingoma zomculo we-Opera). izifiso zokudala zabo bonke abaqambi besizukulwane se-XNUMX), futhi okuwusizo - ukuthuthukiswa okubanzi komgomo wokuhlela. Kodwa-ke, manje sekuya ngokusobala nakakhulu ukuthi isithombe somhlaba esidalwe umculo we-Russian classical asifani neze nalawo ezincwadini, imidwebo noma izakhiwo. Izici zokukhula kwesikole sabaqambi baseRussia zixhunywe kokubili nemininingwane yomculo njengendlela yobuciko kanye nesikhundla esikhethekile somculo esikweni lezwe lekhulu lesi-XNUMX, nemisebenzi yalo ekhethekile ekuqondeni impilo.

Isimo somlando namasiko eRussia sanquma kusengaphambili igebe elikhulu phakathi kwabantu, ngokusho kukaGlinka, "abakha umculo" nalabo abafuna "ukuwuhlela". Ukuqhekeka kwakujulile, okudabukisayo okungenakuhlehliswa, futhi imiphumela yako isazwakala nanamuhla. Kodwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isipiliyoni sokuzwa esinezingqimba eziningi sabantu baseRussia sasiqukethe amathuba angenakuqedwa okunyakaza nokukhula kobuciko. Mhlawumbe, emculweni, "ukutholakala kweRussia" kwavezwa ngamandla amakhulu, njengoba isisekelo solimi lwaso - iphimbo - ukubonakaliswa okuphilayo kakhulu komuntu ngamunye kanye nobuhlanga, ukubonakaliswa okugxilile kokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomoya kwabantu. “Isakhiwo esiningi” sendawo yephimbo kazwelonke eRussia maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka ngaphambi kokugcina kungenye yezinto ezidingekayo ukuze kuqalwe kabusha isikole somculo okhokhelwayo saseRussia. Ukuqoqa ekugxilweni okukodwa kwezitayela eziningi - uma kuqhathaniswa, kusukela ebuqabani, ezimpandeni ze-Proto-Slavic kuya emibonweni yakamuva ye-romanticism yomculo yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu, amasu athuthuke kakhulu obuchwepheshe bomculo - kuyisici esiyisici somculo waseRussia wengxenye yesibili yomculo. Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX. Ngalesi sikhathi, ekugcineni ishiya amandla emisebenzi esetshenzisiwe futhi iba umbono wezwe ngemisindo.

Ngokuvamile ukukhuluma ngamashumi ayisithupha Mussorgsky, Balakirev, Borodin, kubonakala sikhohlwe ukuthi Rimsky-Korsakov kungokwalabo inkathi efanayo. Okwamanje, kunzima ukuthola iciko elithembeke kakhulu emibonweni ephakeme kakhulu nemsulwa yesikhathi sakhe.

Labo ababazi u-Rimsky-Korsakov kamuva - kuma-80s, 90s, 1900s - abazange badinwe ukumangala ukuthi wazihlukumeza kangakanani yena nomsebenzi wakhe. Ngakho-ke izahlulelo ezivamile mayelana "nokoma" kwemvelo yakhe, "imfundo", "i-rationalism", njll. Eqinisweni, lokhu kujwayelekile kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, kuhlangene nokugwema ama-pathos amaningi maqondana nobuntu bakhe, isici somuntu. umculi waseRussia. Omunye wabafundi bakaRimsky-Korsakov, uMF Gnesin, uzwakalise umbono wokuthi umdwebi, emzabalazweni oqhubekayo naye kanye nalabo abaseduze naye, ngokuthanda kwenkathi yakhe, ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala sengathi ukuqina, kwezinye izitatimende zakhe zehla nakakhulu. kunaye. Lokhu kufanele kukhunjulwe lapho kuchazwa izitatimende zomqambi. Ngokusobala, inkulumo yomunye umfundi weRimsky-Korsakov, u-AV Ossovsky, idinga ukunakwa okwengeziwe: ukuqina, ukuthunjwa kokuzicabangela, ukuzithiba, okwakuhambisana njalo nendlela yomculi, kwakuwukuthi umuntu onethalente elincane angakwazi. hhayi ukumisa lawo "makhefu", lezo zivivinyo ayezibekela zona njalo: umbhali we-Maid of Pskov, njengomntwana wesikole, uhlala phansi ezinkingeni ngokuvumelana, umbhali weThe Snow Maiden akaphuthelwa ukusebenza okukodwa kwe-Wagner operas. , umbhali we-Sadko ubhala uMozart no-Salieri, uprofesa we-academician udala u-Kashchei, njll Futhi lokhu, futhi, kwavela e-Rimsky-Korsakov hhayi nje emvelweni, kodwa futhi kusukela enkathini.

Umsebenzi wakhe womphakathi wawuhlale uphakeme kakhulu, futhi umsebenzi wakhe wawuhlukaniswa nokungabi nasithakazelo okuphelele nokuzinikela okungenakuhlukaniswa emcabangweni womsebenzi womphakathi. Kodwa, ngokungafani no-Mussorgsky, u-Rimsky-Korsakov akayena "i-populist" ngomqondo othize, womlando wegama. Enkingeni yabantu, njalo, kusukela ku-Maid of Pskov kanye nenkondlo ethi Sadko, akabonanga kangako umlando nezenhlalakahle njengokungahlukaniseki nokuphakade. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemibhalo kaTchaikovsky noma kaMussorgsky ezincwadini zikaRimsky-Korsakov, ku-Chronicle yakhe kunezimemezelo ezimbalwa zothando lwabantu neRussia, kodwa njengengcweti wayenomuzwa omkhulu wesithunzi sezwe, nakumesiya wobuMesiya. Ubuciko baseRussia, ikakhulukazi umculo, wayeqiniseka kancane kunoMussorgsky.

Wonke ama-Kuchkists ayebonakala ngesici esinjalo seminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha njengokubuza okungapheli ngezimo zokuphila, ukukhathazeka kwaphakade komcabango. E-Rimsky-Korsakov, igxile kakhulu emvelweni, eqondwa njengobunye bezakhi nomuntu, futhi kwezobuciko njengomfanekiso ophakeme kakhulu wobunye obunjalo. NjengoMussorgsky noBorodin, walwela kancane kancane ulwazi "oluhle", "oluhle" ngezwe. Ngesifiso sakhe sokufunda ngokucophelela zonke izindawo zesayensi yomculo, wasuka esikhundleni - lapho (njengoMussorgsky) wayekholelwa ngokuqinile, ngezinye izikhathi kuze kube seqophelweni lokungenangqondo - ukuthi kwezobuciko kunemithetho (imithetho) enenhloso efanayo. , endaweni yonke njengakwisayensi. hhayi nje izintandokazi zokunambitheka.

Ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzi wobuhle kanye theory of Rimsky-Korsakov wamukela cishe zonke izindawo zolwazi ngomculo futhi ithuthukiswe yaba uhlelo oluphelele. Izingxenye zayo yilezi: imfundiso yokuvumelana, imfundiso ye-instrumentation (kokubili ngendlela yemisebenzi emikhulu yethiyori), ubuhle kanye nefomu (amanothi wama-1890s, izihloko ezibucayi), inganekwane (amaqoqo okuhlelwa kwezingoma zomdabu kanye nezibonelo zokuqonda kokudala. izisusa zomdabu ekuqanjweni), ukufundisa ngemodi (umsebenzi omkhulu wethiyori ngezindlela zasendulo wacekelwa phansi umlobi, kodwa inguqulo emfushane yayo isindile, kanye nezibonelo zokuchazwa kwezindlela zasendulo ezinhlelweni zezingoma zesonto), i-polyphony (ukucatshangelwa okuvezwe ezincwadini, ezingxoxweni no-Yastrebtsev, njll., kanye nezibonelo zokudala), imfundo yomculo kanye nenhlangano yokuphila komculo (izihloko, kodwa ikakhulukazi imisebenzi yezemfundo neyokufundisa). Kuzo zonke lezi zindawo, u-Rimsky-Korsakov waveza imibono enesibindi, into entsha evame ukufihlwa yifomu eliqinile, elifushane lesethulo.

"Umdali we-Pskovityanka ne-Golden Cockerel wayengeyena ukubuyisela emuva. Wayengumsunguli, kodwa owayelwela ukuphelela kwe-classical nokulingana kwezinto zomculo ”(Zuckerman VA). NgokukaRimsky-Korsakov, noma yini entsha ingenzeka kunoma iyiphi insimu ngaphansi kwemibandela yokuxhumana kofuzo nesikhathi esedlule, i-logic, isimo se-semantic, kanye nenhlangano ye-architectonic. Injalo imfundiso yakhe yokusebenza kokuvumelana, lapho imisebenzi enengqondo ingamelwa ongwaqa bezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene; injalo imfundiso yakhe yokushaywa kwezinsimbi, eqala ngala mazwi: “Awekho ama-sonorini amabi eqenjini le-orchestra.” Uhlelo lwemfundo yomculo oluhlongozwa nguye luthuthuka ngendlela engavamile, lapho indlela yokufunda ihlotshaniswa khona ngokuyinhloko nemvelo yesiphiwo somfundi kanye nokuba khona kwezindlela ezithile zokwenza umculo bukhoma.

I-epigraph encwadini yakhe mayelana nothisha MF Gnesin ibeka inkulumo evela encwadini kaRimsky-Korsakov eya kunina: "Bheka izinkanyezi, kodwa ungabheki futhi ungawi." Lesi sisho esibonakala singahleliwe se-cadet encane ye-Naval Corps sibonakalisa ngokuphawulekayo isikhundla sika-Rimsky-Korsakov njengeciko esikhathini esizayo. Mhlawumbe umfanekiso wevangeli wezithunywa ezimbili ufanelana nobuntu bakhe, esinye sazo masinyane esathi “ngizohamba” - futhi asizange sihambe, futhi esinye ekuqaleni sathi “ngeke ngihambe” - sahamba (Math., XXI, 28-). 31).

Eqinisweni, phakathi nomsebenzi kaRimsky-Korsakov, kukhona ukungqubuzana okuningi phakathi "kwamazwi" kanye "nezenzo". Isibonelo, akekho owathethisa i-Kuchkism kanye nokushiyeka kwayo (kwanele ukukhumbula isibabazo esivela encwadini eya ku-Krutikov: "Oh, inhlanganisela yaseRussia.оry – Ukugcizelela kukaStasov – bakweleta ukuntula kwabo imfundo kubo! ", Uchungechunge lonke lwezitatimende ezicasulayo ku-Chronicle mayelana no-Mussorgsky, mayelana ne-Balakirev, njll.) - futhi akekho owayengaguquguquki ekusekeleni, evikela izimiso eziyisisekelo zobuhle be-Kuchkism kanye nazo zonke izimpumelelo zakhe zokudala: ngo-1907, izinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kwalokho. Ngokufa kwakhe, uRimsky-Korsakov wazibiza ngokuthi "umKuchkist oqiniseka kakhulu." Bambalwa abantu ababegxeka kakhulu “izikhathi ezintsha” ngokuvamile nezintsha ngokuyisisekelo zesiko lomculo ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-80 - futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo baziphendula ngokujulile nangokugcwele izimfuno zomoya inkathi entsha ("Kashchey", "Kitezh", "Golden Cockerel" kanye nabanye emisebenzini yakamuva yomqambi). U-Rimsky-Korsakov kuma-90s - ekuqaleni kuka-XNUMXs ngezinye izikhathi wayekhuluma kabi kakhulu ngoTchaikovsky kanye nesiqondiso sakhe - futhi wayehlala efunda ku-antipode yakhe: umsebenzi kaRimsky-Korsakov, umsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa, ngokungangabazeki, wawuyisixhumanisi esiyinhloko phakathi kweSt. izikole. Ukugxeka kukaKorsakov ngoWagner kanye nezinguquko zakhe zokusebenza kulimaza kakhulu, futhi phakathi kwabaculi baseRussia, wayamukela ngokujulile imibono kaWagner futhi wayiphendula ngobuhlakani. Ekugcineni, abekho abaculi baseRussia ababegcizelela ngokungaguquki ukukholelwa kwabo kuNkulunkulu ngamazwi, futhi bambalwa abakwazile ukwenza izithombe ezijulile zokholo lwesintu emsebenzini wabo.

Okuvelele kombono wezwe wobuciko kaRimsky-Korsakov kwaba "umuzwa wendawo yonke" (inkulumo yakhe) kanye nenkolelo-mbono eqondwa kabanzi yokucabanga. Esahlukweni se-Chronicle esinikezelwe ku-Snow Maiden, wakha inqubo yakhe yokudala ngale ndlela: “Ngalalela amazwi emvelo nobuciko besintu kanye nemvelo futhi ngathatha ababekucula futhi ngakuphakamisa njengesisekelo somsebenzi wami.” Ukunaka komdwebi kwakugxile kakhulu ezenzakalweni ezinkulu zendawo yonke - isibhakabhaka, ulwandle, ilanga, izinkanyezi, kanye nezigigaba ezinkulu ezimpilweni zabantu - ukuzalwa, uthando, ukufa. Lokhu kuhambisana nawo wonke amatemu obuhle kaRimsky-Korsakov, ikakhulukazi igama lakhe alithandayo - "ukuzindla“. Amanothi akhe mayelana ne-aesthetics avuleka ngokugomela kobuciko njengokuthi "umkhakha womsebenzi wokucabangisisa", lapho into okucatshangwayo ithi "ukuphila komoya womuntu kanye nemvelo, evezwa ebudlelwaneni babo bokuzwana“. Kanye nobunye bomoya womuntu kanye nemvelo, umdwebi uqinisekisa ubunye bokuqukethwe kwazo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko (ngalo mqondo, umsebenzi wakhe ngokuqinisekile uvumelanisiwe, nakuba ngezizathu ezihlukene kunokuba, isibonelo, umsebenzi kaMussorgsky, owabuye wathi ubuciko buhluka ngezinto ezibonakalayo kuphela, kodwa hhayi ngemisebenzi nezinjongo). Amazwi kaRimsky-Korsakov angabekwa njengesiqubulo kuwo wonke umsebenzi kaRimsky-Korsakov: "Ukumelelwa kobuhle kuwukubonakaliswa kobunzima obungapheli." Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wayengeyena ongaziwa ethemini eliyintandokazi ye-Kuchkism yokuqala - "iqiniso lobuciko", waphikisana kuphela nokuqonda okulinganiselwe, okuqinile ngakho.

Izici ze-aesthetics zikaRimsky-Korsakov zaholela ekuhlukeni phakathi komsebenzi wakhe nokuthandwa komphakathi. Ngokuphathelene naye, kungokomthetho ukukhuluma ngokungaqondakali, njengoba kuhlobene noMussorgsky. U-Mussorgsky, ngaphezu kukaRimsky-Korsakov, wayehambisana nenkathi yakhe mayelana nohlobo lwethalenta, ekuqondeni izithakazelo (ngokuvamile, umlando wabantu kanye nengqondo yomuntu ngamunye), kodwa kwavela i-radicalism yezinqumo zakhe. ukuze abe ngaphezu kwamandla abantu besikhathi sakhe. Ukungaqondi kahle kukaRimsky-Korsakov kwakungeyona into enzima kakhulu, kodwa hhayi ejulile.

Ukuphila kwakhe kwakubonakala kujabulisa kakhulu: umndeni omangalisayo, imfundo enhle kakhulu, uhambo olujabulisayo lokuzungeza umhlaba, impumelelo ekhaliphile yezingoma zakhe zokuqala, impilo yomuntu siqu eyimpumelelo engavamile, ithuba lokuzinikela ngokuphelele emculweni, kamuva inhlonipho nenjabulo yendawo yonke. ukubona ukukhula kwabafundi abanekhono eduze kwakhe. Noma kunjalo, kusukela ku-opera yesibili kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka engu-90, uRimsky-Korsakov wayehlale ebhekene nokungaqondi kahle kokubili "yakhe" kanye "nabo". I-Kuchkists yayimbheka njengomqambi ongeyena we-opera, hhayi ingcweti yedramaturgy nokubhala ngezwi. Kwaphela isikhathi eside kunombono mayelana nokuntuleka komculo wokuqala kuye. U-Rimsky-Korsakov waqashelwa ngekhono lakhe, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni we-orchestra, kodwa akukho okunye. Lokhu kungaqondi kahle okwathatha isikhathi eside, eqinisweni, kwakuyisizathu esiyinhloko senhlekelele enzima umqambi abhekana nayo esikhathini sangemva kokushona kukaBorodin kanye nokuwa kokugcina kwe-Mighty Handful njengendlela yokudala. Futhi kuphela kusukela ekupheleni 90s, ubuciko Rimsky-Korsakov kwaya ngokuya kuvumelana nenkathi futhi wahlangana ukuqashelwa nokuqonda phakathi intelligentsia entsha Russian.

Le nqubo yokuqonda imibono yomculi ngokuqaphela komphakathi yaphazanyiswa izenzakalo ezalandela emlandweni waseRussia. Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka ubuciko beRimsky-Korsakov buhunyushwa (futhi buhlanganiswe, uma sikhuluma ngokufezeka kwesiteji sama-operas akhe) ngendlela elula kakhulu. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kuyo - ifilosofi yobunye bomuntu nendawo yonke, umqondo wokukhulekela ubuhle nemfihlakalo yomhlaba yahlala ingcwatshwe ngaphansi kwezigaba ezihunyushwa ngamanga "zobuzwe" kanye "nobuqiniso". Isiphetho sefa likaRimsky-Korsakov kulo mqondo, yiqiniso, alihlukile: isibonelo, ama-operas ka-Mussorgsky ayengaphansi kokuhlanekezela okukhulu nakakhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma ezikhathini zamuva nje kube nezingxabano mayelana nesibalo nomsebenzi kaMussorgsky, ifa likaRimsky-Korsakov liye lashabalala emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Yaqashelwa ngakho konke ukufaneleka kwesimiso semfundo, kodwa yabonakala iphuma ekuqapheleni komphakathi. Umculo kaRimsky-Korsakov udlalwa njalo; kulezo zimo lapho ama-opera akhe efika esiteji, imidlalo eminingi yokudlala - okokuhlobisa kuphela, okuneqabunga noma okudumile - kufakazela ukungaqondi kahle kwemibono yomqambi.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uma kukhona incwadi enkulu yesimanje Mussorgsky kuzo zonke izilimi ezinkulu zaseYurophu, imisebenzi sína Rimsky-Korsakov zimbalwa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwezincwadi ezindala zika-I. Markevich, R. Hoffmann, N. Giles van der Pals, ama-biographies adumile, kanye nezihloko eziningana ezithakazelisayo zezazi zomculo zaseMelika nesiNgisi eziphathelene nezindaba ezithile zomsebenzi womqambi, umuntu angasho inombolo kuphela. yemisebenzi kachwepheshe oyinhloko waseNtshonalanga ku-Rimsky-Korsakov, uGerald Abraham. Umphumela weminyaka eminingi yokufunda kwakhe kwaba, ngokusobala, indatshana emayelana nomqambi wohlelo olusha lwe-Grove's Encyclopedic Dictionary (1980). Izinhlinzeko zayo eziyinhloko zimi kanje: njengomqambi we-opera, u-Rimsky-Korsakov wabhekana nokuntuleka okuphelele kobuciko obumangalisayo, ukungakwazi ukudala abalingiswa; esikhundleni samadrama omculo, wabhala izinganekwane ezijabulisayo zomculo nezesiteji; esikhundleni sezinhlamvu, onodoli abahle abakhangayo benza kuzo; imisebenzi yakhe yama-symphonic ayilutho ngaphandle kokuthi "i-mosaic enemibala egqamile", kuyilapho engakwazi nhlobo ukubhala amagama.

Ku-monograph yakhe ku-Glinka, u-OE Levasheva uphawula into efanayo yokungaqondi maqondana nomculo kaGlinka, ovumelana ngokwejwayelekile, oqoqwe futhi ogcwele ukuzithiba okuhle, kude kakhulu nemibono yakudala mayelana "ne-Russian exoticism" futhi ebonakala "enganele izwe" kubagxeki bakwamanye amazwe. . Umcabango wasekhaya ngomculo, ngaphandle kokumbalwa, awugcini nje ngokulwa nombono onjalo mayelana no-Rimsky-Korsakov - ovame kakhulu eRussia futhi - kodwa ngokuvamile uyawubhebhethekisa, ugcizelele imfundiso ecatshangelwayo ka-Rimsky-Korsakov kanye nokuhlakulela amanga. ukuphikisana nokuqanjwa kabusha kukaMussorgsky.

Mhlawumbe isikhathi sokuqashelwa kwezwe lobuciko bukaRimsky-Korsakov sisengaphambili, futhi kuzofika inkathi lapho imisebenzi yomdwebi owadala umfanekiso ophelele, ophelele wezwe ohlelwe ngokuvumelana nemithetho yokucabangela, ukuvumelana nobuhle. , bayozitholela eyabo, iBayreuth yaseRussia, abantu besikhathi sikaRimsky-Korsakov ababephupha ngayo ngobusuku bangaphambi kuka-1917.

M. Rakhmanova

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