Alessandro Scarlatti |

U-Alessandro Scarlatti

Umuntu okwehliselwa kuye ifa lobuciko njengamanje ... wonke umculo we-Neapolitan wekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngu-Alessandro Scarlatti. R. Rollan

Umqambi wase-Italy u-A. Scarlatti ungene emlandweni wesiko lomculo laseYurophu njengenhloko nomsunguli wowaziwa kabanzi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Isikole se-opera saseNeapolitan.

Umlando womqambi usagcwele amabala amhlophe. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ebuntwaneni bakhe nasebusheni bakhe. Kwaphela isikhathi eside kwakukholelwa ukuthi uScarlatti wazalelwa eTrapani, kodwa kwatholakala ukuthi wayengowokuzalwa ePalermo. Akwaziwa kahle ukuthi umqambi wesikhathi esizayo wafunda kuphi futhi nobani. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi kusukela ngo-1672 ehlala eRoma, abacwaningi baphikelela ikakhulukazi ekukhulumeni igama likaG. Carissimi njengomunye wothisha bakhe okungenzeka. Impumelelo yokuqala ebalulekile yomqambi ihlotshaniswa neRoma. Lapha, ngo-1679, i-opera yakhe yokuqala ethi "Innocent Sin" yadlalwa, futhi lapha, unyaka ngemva kwalokhu kukhiqizwa, uScarlatti waba umqambi wenkantolo weNdlovukazi yaseSweden uChristina, owayehlala ngaleyo minyaka enhloko-dolobha yamapapa. ERoma, umqambi wangena kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-Arcadian Academy" - umphakathi wezimbongi nabaculi, owakhiwe njengesikhungo sokuvikela izinkondlo zase-Italy kanye nokukhuluma kahle ezingqungqutheleni zobuciko bokuziqhenya nobugagu bekhulu le-1683. Esikoleni, uScarlatti nendodana yakhe uDomenico bahlangana no-A. Corelli, B. Marcello, u-GF Handel osemusha futhi ngezinye izikhathi babencintisana nabo. Kusukela ngo-1684 uScarlatti wazinza eNaples. Lapho wasebenza kuqala njengebhendi yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseSan Bartolomeo, futhi kusukela ngo-1702 kuya ku-1702. - Royal Kapellmeister. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wabhala umculo eRoma. Ngo-08-1717 naku-21-XNUMX. umqambi wayehlala eRoma noma eFlorence, lapho ama-opera akhe ayedlalwa khona. Uchithe iminyaka yakhe yokugcina eNaples, efundisa kwenye yezindawo zokugcinwa kwezilwane kuleli dolobha. Phakathi kwabafundi bakhe, abadume kakhulu kwakunguD. Scarlatti, A. Hasse, F. Durante.

Namuhla, umsebenzi wokudala we-Scarlatti ubonakala umangalisa ngempela. Waqamba cishe ama-opera angu-125, ama-cantata angaphezu kuka-600, okungenani izixuku ezingu-200, ama-oratorio amaningi, ama-motet, ama-madrigals, ama-orchestra kanye neminye imisebenzi; wayengumdidiyeli webhukwana le-methodological lokufunda ukudlala i-digital bass. Kodwa-ke, ukufaneleka okuyinhloko kwe-Scarlatti kuwukuthi wadala emsebenzini wakhe uhlobo lwe-opera-seria, kamuva eyaba indinganiso yabaqambi. I-Creativity Scarlatti inezimpande ezijulile. Uthembele emasikweni e-opera yaseVenetian, izikole zomculo zamaRoma nezaseFlorentine, efingqa izitayela eziphambili kubuciko be-opera yase-Italy ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Umsebenzi wokusebenza ka-Scarlatti uhlukaniswa ngomqondo ocashile wedrama, okutholwe emkhakheni we-orchestration, kanye nokunambitheka okukhethekile kwesibindi esivumelanayo. Kodwa-ke, mhlawumbe inzuzo enkulu yamaphuzu akhe ama-arias, agcwele i-cantilena ehloniphekile noma ngobuhle obudabukisayo. Kukuzo lapho amandla amakhulu okuveza ama-opera akhe agxilile, imizwa ejwayelekile ifakwe ezimweni ezijwayelekile: usizi - ku-lamento aria, uthando idyll - kumfundisi noma eSicilian, ubuqhawe - ku-bravura, uhlobo - ekukhanyeni. i-aria yengoma nomdanso womlingiswa.

U-Scarlatti wakhetha izinhlobonhlobo zezihloko zama-opera akhe: inganekwane, umlando-legendary, amahlaya-nsuku zonke. Kodwa-ke, isakhiwo sasingenalo ukubaluleka okubalulekile, ngoba umqambi wayesithatha njengesisekelo sokwembula ngomculo uhlangothi lomzwelo lwedrama, izinhlobonhlobo zemizwa yomuntu kanye nolwazi. Okwesibili kumqambi bekungabalingiswa babalingisi, ubuntu babo, ubuqiniso noma okungelona iqiniso kwezehlakalo ezenzeka emdlalweni we-opera. Ngakho-ke, u-Scarlatti naye wabhala ama-opera afana ne-"Koresi", "i-Great Tamerlane", futhi njenge-"Daphne ne-Galatea", "Ukungaqondi kahle kothando, noma u-Rosaura", "Ekubi - okuhle", njll.

Iningi lomculo we-operatic we-Scarlatti unenani elihlala njalo. Nokho, izinga lethalente lomqambi lalingakaze lilingane nokuthandwa kwakhe e-Italy. “… Impilo yakhe,” kubhala u-R. Rolland, “yayinzima kakhulu kunalokho okubonakala… noma abaqambi abangaqapheli kangako unembeza bakwazi kangcono ukuzuza uthando lwakhe ... Wayenokuzola nengqondo ehluzekile, cishe engaziwa phakathi kwamaNtaliyane enkathi yakhe. Ukuqanjwa komculo bekuyisayensi yakhe, “umqondo wezibalo”, njengoba abhalela uFerdinand de Medici … Abafundi bangempela baseScarlatti baseJalimane. Yaba nomphumela odlulayo kodwa onamandla ku-Handel encane; ikakhulukazi, wathonya uHasse ... Uma sikhumbula inkazimulo kaHasse, uma sikhumbula ukuthi wabusa eVienna, wayehlotshaniswa noJS - Juan "".

I. Vetlitsyna