Isihloko |

kusukela endikimbeni yesiGreki, ukukhanya. – siyini isisekelo

Isakhiwo somculo esisebenza njengesisekelo somsebenzi womculo noma ingxenye yawo. Isikhundla esiholayo sendikimba emsebenzini siqinisekiswa ngenxa yokubaluleka kwesithombe somculo, ikhono lokuthuthukisa izisusa ezakha isihloko, futhi ngenxa yokuphindaphinda (okuqondile noma okuhlukahlukene). Ingqikithi iyisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa komculo, umnyombo wokwakheka kwefomu lomsebenzi womculo. Ezimweni eziningi, itimu ayikho ngaphansi kokuthuthukiswa (izingqikithi zesiqephu; amatimu amele umsebenzi wonke).

Isilinganiso setimu. kanye nezinto ezingezona ezethematic ekukhiqizeni. zingahluka: kusuka ezindleleni. inani lezinto zokwakha ezingathathi hlangothi (ngokwesibonelo, ama-episodic motifs ezigabeni ezithuthukayo) kuze kube yilapho u-T. elawula ngokuphelele zonke izici zayo yonke. I-Prod. kungaba mnyama okukodwa kanye nobumnyama obuningi, futhi u-T. ungene ebuhlotsheni obuhlukahlukene nomunye nomunye: kusukela ebudlelwaneni obuseduze kakhulu kuya ekungqubuzaneni okucacile. Yonke inkimbinkimbi iyitimu. izenzakalo endabeni zakha isihloko sayo.

Umlingiswa kanye nesakhiwo se-t. zincike kakhulu ohlotsheni kanye nendlela yokukhiqiza. lilonke (noma izingxenye zalo, isisekelo okuyilona T.). Ihluke ngokuphawulekayo, isibonelo, imithetho yokwakhiwa kwe-T. fugue, T. Ch. izingxenye ze-sonata allegro, T. ingxenye ehamba kancane ye-sonata-symphony. umjikelezo, njll. T. i-homophonically harmonic. i-warehouse ishiwo ngendlela yenkathi, kanye nangesimo somusho, ngendlela elula enezingxenye ezi-2 noma ezi-3. Kwezinye izimo, i-T. ayinayo incazelo. ifomu elivaliwe.

Umqondo we "T". wakhuthazela izindlela. izinguquko ekuhambeni komlando. ukuthuthukiswa. Igama livela kuqala ngekhulu le-16, elibolekwe ku-rhetoric, futhi ngaleso sikhathi lalivame ukuhambisana nencazelo neminye imiqondo: cantus firmus, soggetto, tenor, njll. X. Glarean ("Dodecachordon", 1547) ubiza u-T. osn. izwi (tenor) noma izwi, okuphathiswe kulo iculo eliholayo (cantus firmus), u-G. Tsarlino (“Istitutioni harmoniche”, III, 1558) ubiza u-T., noma i-passagio, i-melodic. umugqa lapho i-cantus firmus yenziwa khona ngendlela eguquliwe (ngokungafani ne-soggetto - izwi eliqhuba i-cantus firmus ngaphandle kwezinguquko). Izazi zemfundiso kaDkt. zekhulu le-16. qinisa lo mehluko ngokusebenzisa futhi igama elithi inventio kanye negama elithi tema ne-subjectum kanye ne-soggetto. Ngekhulu le-17 umehluko phakathi kwale miqondo uyasulwa, iba yimcondvofana; ngakho-ke, isihloko njengegama elifanayo elithi T. sigcinwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu. isazi somculo. litre-re kuze kube sekhulwini lama-20. Esitezi sesi-2. 17 - 1st floor. Ngekhulu le-18 igama elithi “T.” eqokwe ngokuyinhloko umculo oyinhloko. umcabango we-fugue. Beka phambili ithiyori yomculo we-classical. izimiso zokwakhiwa kwe-T. fugues zisekelwe ku-Ch. ar. ekuhlaziyeni ukwakheka kwetimu kumafugue ka-JS Bach. I-Polyphonic T. ngokuvamile i-monophonic, igeleza ngokuqondile ekuthuthukisweni komculo okulandelayo.

Esitezi sesi-2. Umcabango we-Homophonic wekhulu le-18, owakhiwa emsebenzini we-Viennese classics nabanye abaqambi balesi sikhathi, ushintsha umlingiswa we-T. Emisebenzini yabo. T. – i-melodic-harmonic ephelele. inkimbinkimbi; kunomehluko ocacile phakathi kwethiyori nentuthuko (uG. Koch wethula umqondo “womsebenzi wethematic” encwadini ethi Musicalisches Lexikon, TI 2, Fr./M., 1802). Umqondo we "T". isebenza cishe kuwo wonke amafomu e-homophonic. I-Homophonic T., ngokungafani ne-polyphonic, inokucaciswa okwengeziwe. imingcele kanye nengaphakathi elicacile. ukucacisa, ngokuvamile ubude obukhulu nokuphelela. I-T. enjalo iyingxenye yeminyuziyamu ehlukaniswe ngezinga elithile noma elinye. prod., "okuhlanganisa umlingisi wayo oyinhloko" (G. Koch), okubonakala egameni lesiJalimane elithi Hauptsatz, elisetshenziswe kusukela esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-18 kanye negama elithi "T." (I-Hauptsatz iphinde isho izingxenye ze-T. ch. ku-sonata allegro).

Abaqambi bezothando bekhulu le-19, abathembele ngokujwayelekile emithethweni yokwakhiwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi zomculo ezakhiwe emsebenzini wama-Viennese zakudala, bandise kakhulu ububanzi bobuciko be-thematic. Okubaluleke nakakhulu futhi ezimele. ama-motifs akha ithoni aqala ukudlala indima (isibonelo, emisebenzini kaF. Liszt noR. Wagner). Ukwanda kwesifiso setimu. ubunye bomkhiqizo wonke, obangele ukubonakala kwe-monothematism (bheka futhi Leitmotif). Ukwenziwa komuntu ngamunye kwe-thematism kuzibonakalise ekwenyukeni kwenani le-texture-rhythm. nezici ze-timbre.

Ngekhulu lama-20 ukusetshenziswa kwamaphethini athile we-thematicism yekhulu le-19. ixhuma nezigigaba ezintsha: isikhalo kuzakhi ze-polyphonic. i-thematism (DD Shostakovich, SS Prokofiev, P. Hindemith, A. Honegger, nabanye), ukucindezelwa kwetimu ekwakhiweni kwezisusa ezimfishane, kwesinye isikhathi ngamathoni amabili noma amathathu (IF Stravinsky, K. Orff, yokugcina isebenza nguDD Shostakovich ). Kodwa-ke, incazelo ye-intonation thematism emsebenzini wabaqambi abaningi iyawa. Kunezimiso ezinjalo zokubunjwa, maqondana lapho ukusetshenziswa komqondo wangaphambili we-T. akubanga nokuthetheleleka ngokuphelele.

Ezimweni eziningi, ukushuba okwedlulele kwentuthuko kwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa izinsimbi zomculo ezakhiwe kahle, ezihlukaniswa ngokucacile (okuthiwa umculo we-athematic): ukwethulwa komthombo wolwazi kuhlanganiswe nokuthuthukiswa kwawo. Kodwa-ke, izakhi ezidlala indima yesisekelo sentuthuko futhi eziseduze nokusebenza ku-T ziyagcinwa. Lezi izikhawu ezithile ezibamba iminyuziyamu yonke ndawonye. indwangu (B. Bartok, V. Lutoslavsky), uchungechunge kanye nohlobo olujwayelekile lwezakhi zesisusa (isibonelo, ku-dodecaphony), izici ze-textural-rhythmic, timbre (K. Penderetsky, V. Lutoslavsky, D. Ligeti). Ukuze uhlaziye lezi zenzakalo, izazi eziningi zomculo zisebenzisa umqondo othi "i-thematism ehlakazekile".

References: UMazel L., Isakhiwo semisebenzi yomculo, M., 1960; UMazel L., Zukkerman V., Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yomculo, (ingxenye 1), Izakhi zomculo nezindlela zokuhlaziya amafomu amancane, M., 1967; Sposobin I., Ifomu lomculo, M., 1967; Ruchyevskaya E., Umsebenzi wetimu yomculo, L., 1977; Bobrovsky V., Izisekelo ezisebenzayo zefomu lomculo, M., 1978; Valkova V., Endabeni yomqondo "wetimu yomculo", encwadini: Ubuciko bomculo nesayensi, vol. 3, M., 1978; Kurth E., Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts. Bachs melodische Polyphonie, Bern, 1917, 1956

VB Valkova