Ukucutshungulwa kwamakhora |

hhayi. Choralbeitung, англ. ukuhlelwa kwekhwaya, ukuhlelwa kwekhwaya, франц. composition sur choral, итал. ukucaciswa kwekhwaya, ukuqanjwa kwekhwaya

Umsebenzi wezinsimbi, wezwi noma wezinsimbi lapho ingoma eyenziwe yaba ngcwele yesonto lamaKrestu aseNtshonalanga (bona ingoma kaGregory, ingoma yamaProthestani, iChoral) ithola idizayini ye-polyphonic.

Igama elithi X. mayelana.” ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ekuqanjweni kwe-polygonal ku-choral cantus firmus (isibonelo, i-antiphon, iculo, i-responsory). Ngezinye izikhathi ngaphansi kuka-X. mayelana. wonke umculo ufakiwe. op., indlela eyodwa noma enye exhumene nekhwaya, kuhlanganisa naleyo lapho isetshenziswa khona njengomthombo wezinto. Kulokhu, ukucubungula kuba ukucubungula, futhi igama lithatha incazelo ebanzi ngokungacacile. Kuye. izihloko ze-musicology. X mayelana.” evame ukusetshenziswa ngomqondo oseduze ukubhekisa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokucubungula iculo lamaProthestani. Ububanzi X. mayelana. ebanzi kakhulu. Izinhlobo ezihamba phambili zika-prof. umculo weNkathi Ephakathi kanye neRenaissance. Emafomu okuqala e-polyphonic (i-parallel organum, i-foburdon) i-chorale yenziwa ngokugcwele. Njengoba iyizwi eliphansi, eliphindwa yiwo wonke amanye amazwi, lakha isisekelo sokuqanjwa ngomqondo ongokoqobo. Nge-polyphonic amplification. ukuzimela kwamazwi, i-chorale ikhubazekile: imisindo yayo izwakala ikhula futhi ifinyelele izinga (ku-organum ye-melismatic ayagcinwa kuze kube yilapho kuzwakala ukuhlotshiswa okuchichimayo kwamazwi aphikisanayo), i-chorale ilahlekelwa ubuqotho bayo (ukunensa kwesethulo ngenxa ukwanda kwesigqi kuphoqa ukuthi ikhawulelwe ekuqhubeni kancane - kwezinye izimo ingabi ngaphezu kwemisindo yokuqala emi-4-5). Lo mkhuba wathuthukiswa ezibonelweni zakuqala ze-motet (ikhulu le-13), lapho i-cantus firmus ngokuvamile yayiwucezu lwengoma kaGregory (bheka isibonelo ngezansi). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-chorale yayisetshenziswa kabanzi njengesisekelo se-ostinato se-polyphonic. ifomu eliguquguqukayo (bheka i-Polyphony, ikholomu 351).

Ingoma kaGregory. Haleluya Vidimus Stellam.

I-Motet. Isikole saseParis (ngekhulu le-13). Ucezu lwe-chorale lwenzeka ku-tenor.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo emlandweni we-X. o. - ukunwetshwa ku-chorale yomgomo we-isorhythm (bheka i-Motet), esetshenziswe kusukela ngekhulu le-14. Amafomu X. o. uhlonishwe ngompetha bamagoli amaningi. uquqaba. Izindlela eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa i-chorale (ezinye zazo zingahlanganiswa endaweni eyodwa.): ingxenye ngayinye iqukethe iziqeshana ezingu-1-2 zomculo we-chorale, ohlukaniswe imishwana ehlukaniswa ngokumisa isikhashana (yonke insalela, ngakho-ke, imele umjikelezo we ukuhlukahluka); ingxenye ngayinye iqukethe ucezu lwe-chorale, oluhlakazeka phakathi nenqwaba; i-chorale – ngokuphambene nesiko lokwethula ku-tenor (2) – isuka ezwini iye kwelinye (okubizwa ngokuthi i-migrating cantus firmus); i-chorale yenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile, hhayi kuzo zonke izingxenye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-chorale ayihlali ingashintshi; emsebenzini wokucutshungulwa kwayo, kwanqunywa okungu-4 okuyinhloko. amafomu etimu. izinguquko - ukwanda, ukunciphisa, ukujikeleza, ukunyakaza. Ezibonelweni zangaphambili, i-chorale, elandiswe ngokunembile noma ehlukahlukene (ukugcwaliswa kwezingoma zokugxuma, ukuhlobisa, ukuhlelwa okuhlukahlukene kwesigqi), yayiqhathaniswa namaphoyinti amahhala uma kuqhathaniswa, angahlobene.

G. Dufay. Ihubo elithi “Aures ad nostras deitatis”. Isigaba sokuqala siwumculo wamakhwaya we-monophonic, isigaba sesibili siwuhlelo lwamazwi amathathu (umculo wamakhwaya ohlukahlukene kwisoprano).

Ngokuthuthuka kokulingisa, okuhlanganisa wonke amazwi, amafomu e-cantus firmus avulela amasha, futhi i-chorale isalokhu ingumthombo we-thematic. impahla yokukhiqiza. (bheka isibonelo esingezansi kanye nesibonelo esikukholamu 48).

I-Гимн "Pange lingua"

Izindlela nezindlela zokucubungula i-chorale, ezathuthukiswa ngenkathi yesitayela esiqinile, zathuthukiswa emculweni wesonto lamaProthestani, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokulingisa. amafomu avuselelwe amafomu ku-cantus firmus. Izinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu - i-cantata, "inkanuko", ikhonsathi yezomoya, i-motet - ivame ukuhlotshaniswa ne-chorale (lokhu kubonakala kumagama asetshenziswayo: Choralkonzert, isibonelo "Gelobet seist du, Jesus Christ" ka-I. Schein; Choralmotette, isibonelo “Komm, heiliger Geist » A. von Brook; Choralkantate). Khipha. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cantus firmus kuma-cantatas ka-JS Bach kuhlukaniswa ngokuhlukahluka kwawo. I-Chorale ivame ukunikezwa ngamagoli ama-4 alula. ukuvumelana. Ingoma yomculo wekwaya edlalwa yizwi noma insimbi ibekwa phezulu ekhoneni elinwetshiwe. ukwakheka (isb. BWV 80, No 1; BWV 97, No 1), wok. noma instr. i-duet (BWV 6, No 3), i-aria (BWV 31, No 8) ngisho ne-recitative (BWV 5, No 4); ngesinye isikhathi imigqa yamakhwaya ephakamayo kanye nemigqa ephindaphindayo engeyona eyekhwaya iyashintshana (BWV 94, No 5). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chorale ingasebenza njengengqikithi. isisekelo sazo zonke izingxenye, futhi ezimweni ezinjalo i-cantata iphenduka uhlobo lomjikelezo ohlukile (isibonelo, i-BWV 4; ekugcineni, i-chorale yenziwa ngendlela eyinhloko ezingxenyeni zekhwaya ne-orchestra).

Umlando X. mayelana. izinsimbi zekhibhodi (ngokuyinhloko zesitho) iqala ngekhulu le-15, lapho okuthiwa. enye indlela yokusebenza (lat. alternatim – alternately). Amavesi engoma, enziwa ikhwaya (amavesi), ngaphambilini ayeshintshana nemishwana eyedwa (ngokwesibonelo, kuma-antiphons), aqala ukushintshana ne-org. processing (versett), ikakhulukazi eMiseni naseMagnificat. Ngakho-ke, uKyrie eleison (e-Krom, ngokwesiko, isigaba ngasinye kwezi-3 ze-Kyrie - Christe - Kyrie saphindwa kathathu) singenziwa:

U-Josquin Despress. Mecca "Pange lingua". Ukuqala kwe-“Kyrie eleison”, “Christe eleison” neyesibili ethi “Kyrie”. I-thematic material yokulingisa imishwana ehlukahlukene ye-chorale.

UKyrie (isitho) – uKyrie (ikwaya) – uKyrie (isitho) – uChriste (ikwaya) – uChriste (isitho) – uChriste (ikwaya) – uKyrie (isitho) – uKyrie (ikwaya) – uKyrie (isitho). NgoMgqibelo org. zashicilelwa. imibhalo ye-Gregorian Magnificats kanye nezingxenye zeMisa (eqoqwe ndawonye, ​​kamuva yabizwa ngokuthi i-Orgelmesse - org. mass): "Magnificat en la tabulature des orgues", eyanyatheliswa ngu-P. Attenyan (1531), "Intavolatura coi Recercari Canzoni Himni I-Magnificat …” kanye nethi “Intavolatura d'organo cio Misse Himni Magnificat. Libro secondo” by G. Cavazzoni (1543), “Messe d'intavolatura d'organo” by C. Merulo (1568), “Obras de musica” by A. Cabeson (1578), “Fiori musicali” by G. Frescobaldi ( 1635) nokunye.

"I-Sanctus" evela ku-organ mass "Cimctipotens" ngumlobi ongaziwa, eyanyatheliswa ngu-P. Attenyan ku-"Tabulatura pour le ieu Dorgucs" (1531). I-Cantus firmus yenziwa ku-tenor, bese kuba nge-soprano.

Iculo le-Liturgical (cf. i-cantus firmus kusukela kusibonelo esingenhla).

I-Org. ukuguqulwa kwe-chorale yamaProthestani yekhulu le-17-18. yamunca isipiliyoni songcweti benkathi edlule; zethulwa ngendlela egxilile yobuchwepheshe. futhi uveze. impumelelo yomculo wesikhathi sakhe. Phakathi kwababhali be-X. o. - umsunguli wezingoma eziyisikhumbuzo u-JP Sweelinck, owadonsela ku-polyphonic eyinkimbinkimbi. inhlanganisela ka-D. Buxtehude, enemibala egqamile yomculo wamakhwaya u-G. Böhm, esebenzisa cishe zonke izinhlobo zokucutshungulwa kuka-JG Walter, esebenza ngenkuthalo emkhakheni wezingoma zamakhwaya uS. Scheidt, J. Pachelbel nabanye (ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhwaya kwakuwumsebenzi wawo wonke umculi wesonto) . U-JS Bach wanqoba isiko. inkulumo ejwayelekile ye-X. o. (injabulo, usizi, ukuthula) futhi walicebisa ngawo wonke amathunzi afinyeleleka emqondweni womuntu. Ukulindela ubuhle bothando. ama-miniatures, unikeze ucezu ngalunye ubuntu obuhlukile futhi wandisa ngokungenakulinganiswa ukugqama kwamazwi ayisibopho.

Isici sokuqanjwa X. o. (ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa, ngokwesibonelo, i-fugue endikimbeni yekhwaya) “imvelo yayo enezingqimba ezimbili”, okungukuthi, ukwengezwa kwezingqimba ezizimele - umculo we-chorale kanye nalokho okuzungezile (ukucubungula kwangempela ). Ukubukeka okujwayelekile kanye nesimo se-X. o. kuncike enhlanganweni yabo kanye nesimo sokusebenzisana. Muses. izici zezingoma zamakhwaya zamaProthestani azinzile: aziguquguquki, zinama-caesuras acacile, kanye nokwehliswa okubuthakathaka kwemishwana. Ifomu (ngokuya ngenani lemisho kanye nesilinganiso sazo) likopisha ukwakheka kombhalo, okuvame ukuba yi-quatrain ngokungezwa kwenombolo engafanele yemigqa. Kusuka kanjalo. ama-sextines, ama-sevenths, njll. emculweni ahambisana nokwakhiwa kokuqala njengenkathi kanye nokuqhubeka kwe-polyphrased ngaphezulu noma kancane (ngezinye izikhathi ukwakha ibha ndawonye, ​​isibonelo i-BWV 38, No 6). Izakhi zokuphindaphinda zenza lawa mafomu ahlobane nezingxenye ezimbili, izingxenye ezintathu, kodwa ukuntuleka kokuthembela ku-squareness kubahlukanisa ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ku-classical. Uhlu lwamasu akhayo nezindlela zokukhuluma ezisetshenziswa emculweni. indwangu ezungeze i-chorale ibanzi kakhulu; yena ch. ar. futhi inquma ukubukeka okuvamile kwe-Op. (cf. izinhlelo ezahlukene zekhwaya eyodwa). Ukuhlukaniswa kusekelwe ku-X. o. indlela yokucutshungulwa ibekwa (umculo we-chorale uyahlukahluka noma uhlala ungashintshiwe, akunandaba ukuhlukaniswa). Kukhona 4 uhlobo oluyinhloko X. o.:

1) izinhlelo ze-chord warehouse (ezincwadini zenhlangano, ezingajwayelekile kakhulu, isibonelo, eka-Bach ethi “Allein Gott in der Hoh sei Ehr”, BWV 715).

2) Ukucubungula kwe-polyphonic. inqolobane. Amazwi ahambisana nalesi sihloko ngokuvamile ahlobene nekhorali (bheka isibonelo kukholamu 51, ngenhla), avamile ukuzimela kuyo (“Der Tag, der ist so freudenreich”, BWV 605). Baphikisana ngokukhululekile ne-chorale nomunye nomunye (“Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stund”, BWV 621), ngokuvamile benza okulingisayo (“Wir Christenleut”, BWV 612), ngezikhathi ezithile i-canon (“Canonical Variations on a Christmas Song”, BWV 769 ).

3) I-Fugue (fughetta, ricercar) njengendlela ye-X. o .:

a) endikimbeni yokucula, lapho ingqikithi kuwumushwana wayo wokuvula (“Fuga super: Jesus Christus, unser Heiland”, BWV 689) noma – kulokho okubizwa. i-strophic fugue – yonke imishwana yekhorale ngokushintshana, yakha uchungechunge lokuvezwa (“Aus tiefer Not schrei'ich zu dir”, BWV 686, bheka isibonelo ku-Art. Fugue, ikholomu 989);

b) ku-chorale, lapho i-fugue ezimele ngokwetimu isebenza njengokuhambisana nayo (“Fantasia sopra: Jesus meine Freude”, BWV 713).

4) I-Canon – ifomu lapho i-chorale yenziwa khona ngokomthetho (“Gott, durch deine Güte”, BWV 600), ngezinye izikhathi ngokulingisa (“Erschienen ist der herrliche Tag”, BWV 629) noma i-canonical. ukuphelezela (bheka isibonelo kukholamu 51, ngezansi). Diff. izinhlobo zezinhlelo zingahlanganiswa ngokuhlukahluka kwamakhwaya (bona i-Bach's org. partitas).

Umkhuba ojwayelekile ekuziphendukeleni kwe-X. o. kuwukuqiniswa kokuzimela kwamazwi aphikisana nekhorale. Ukuhlukaniswa kwekhwaya nokuhambisana kufinyelela ezingeni, lapho kuvela khona “indawo ephikisanayo yamafomu” – ukungafani phakathi kwemingcele yekhorale kanye nokuhambisana (“Nun freut euch, lieben Christen g'mein”, BWV 734). Ukuzimela kokucubungula kuphinde kuvezwe ekuhlanganisweni kwe-chorale nezinye, ngezinye izikhathi ezikude nazo, izinhlobo - i-aria, i-recitative, i-fantasy (equkethe izigaba eziningi eziphikisana nemvelo kanye nendlela yokucubungula, isibonelo, "Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesus Christ” ka-V. Lübeck), ngisho nangokudansa (ngokwesibonelo, kuyi-partita ethi “Auf meinen lieben Gott” ka-Buxtehude, lapho ukuhluka kwesibili kuyi-sarabande, okwesithathu kuyi-chime, kanti okwesine i-gigue).

JS Bach. Ukuhlelwa kwesitho sekhwaya “Ach Gott und Herr”, BWV 693. Ukuphelezela kusekelwe ngokuphelele ezintweni zekhora. Ilingiswa kakhulu (ekuncishisweni okuphindwe kabili nokuphindwe kane) eyokuqala neyesibili (ukuboniswa kwesibuko koku-1)

JS Bach. “In dulci Jubilo”, BWV 608, evela ku-Organ Book. I-canon kabili.

Kusuka ku-Ser. Ikhulu le-18 ngezizathu zohlelo lomlando nobuhle X. o. acishe anyamalale ekwenziweni kokuqamba. Phakathi kwezibonelo ezimbalwa zamuva yiMisa lamaChoral, org. inganekwane kanye ne-fugue kuma-chorales ngu-F. Liszt, org. Izandulela zamakwaya zika-I. Brahms, ama-choral cantatas, org. amaphupho amakhwaya kanye nezandulela zika-M. Reger. Kwesinye isikhathi i-X. iba yinto yokwenza isitayela, bese izici zohlobo zenziwa kabusha ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa komculo wangempela (isibonelo, i-toccata ne-chaconne ka-E. Krenek).

References: Livanova T., Umlando womculo waseNtshonalanga Yurophu kuze kube ngu-1789, M.-L., 1940; I-Skrebkov SS, ukuhlaziywa kwe-Polyphonic, M.-L., 1940; Sposobin IV, Ifomu lomculo, M.-L., 1947; I-Protopopov Vl., Umlando we-polyphony ezimeni zawo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ama-classics aseNtshonalanga Yurophu yekhulu le-XVIII-XIX, uM., 1965; Lukyanova N., Emthethweni owodwa wokubumba izinhlelo zamakwaya ezivela kuma-cantatas ka-JS Bach, ku: Izinkinga Zesayensi Yomculo, vol. 2, M., 1975; Druskin M., Izinkanuko nezixuku zikaJS Bach, L., 1976; U-Evdokimova Yu., Izinqubo zeThematic in the mass of Palestrina, in: Observations Theory on the history of music, M., 1978; Simakova N., Melody “L'homme arm” kanye nokuphikiswa kwayo ngoquqaba lweRenaissance, ibid.; Etinger M., Early classical harmony, M., 1979; Schweitzer A, JJ Bach. I-Le musicien-poite, P.-Lpz., 1905, yandisa isiJalimane. ed. ngaphansi kwesihloko: JS Bach, Lpz., 1908 (inguqulo yesiRashiya - Schweitzer A., ​​​​Johann Sebastian Bach, M., 1965); Terry CS, Bach: the cantatas and oratorios, v. 1-2, L., 1925; Dietrich P., JS Bach's Orgelchoral und seine geschichtlichen Wurzeln, “Bach-Jahrbuch”, Jahrg. 26, 1929; Kittler G., Geschichte des protestantischen Orgelchorals, Bckermünde, 1931; Klotz H., Lber die Orgelkunst der Gotik, der Renaissance und des Barock, Kassel, 1934, 1975; Frotscher G., Geschichte des Orgelspiels und der Orgelkomposition, Bd 1-2, B., 1935-36, 1959; Schrade L., I-organ ngobuningi bekhulu le-15, "MQ", 1942, v. 28, No 3, 4; Lowinsky EE, English organ umculo we Renaissance, ibid., 1953, v. 39, No 3, 4; Fischer K. von, Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Orgelchoralvariation, in Festschrift Fr. Blume, Kassel (ua), 1963; Krummacher F., Die Choralbearbeitung in der protestantischen Figuralmusik zwischen Praetorius und Bach, Kassel, 1978.

TS Kyuregyan