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I-German Choral, Late Lat. cantus choralis - ingoma yamakhwaya

Igama elijwayelekile lezingoma zendabuko (ezigunyaziwe) ze-monophonic zeSonto LaseWestern Christian (ngezinye izikhathi futhi namalungiselelo abo e-polyphonic). Ngokungafani nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezingoma zomoya, u-X. wenziwa esontweni futhi uyingxenye ebalulekile yenkonzo, enquma ubuhle. izinga X. Kukhona 2 main. uhlobo X. – Gregorian (bheka ingoma kaGregory), eyaqala ukwakheka emakhulwini okuqala okuba khona kwamaKatolika. amasonto (i-German Gregorianischer Choral, iculo lesiNgisi elithi gregorian, iculo elilula, ingoma engacacile, i-French chant grégorien, plain-chant, Italian canto gregoriano, Spanish canto piano), kanye nengoma yamaProthestani eyasungulwa phakathi nenkathi yeNguquko ( Ikhwaya yaseJalimane , iculo lesiNgisi, iculo , ikwaya yesiFulentshi, i-corale yase-Italian, i-Spanish coral protestante). Igama elithi "X". yasakazeka kamuva kakhulu kunokuvela kwezimo ezichazwa yikho. Ekuqaleni (kusukela cishe ngekhulu le-14) lesi siphawulo kuphela esibonisa umenzi. ukwakheka (choral – choral). Kancane kancane, leli gama liba yindawo yonke, futhi kusukela ngekhulu le-15. e-Italy naseJalimane, igama elithi cantus choralis litholakala, okusho ukuthi ikhanda elilodwa. umculo ongalinganiselwe ngokungafani ne-polygonal. mensural (musica mensurabilis, cantus mensurabilis), ebizwa nangokuthi ingokomfanekiso (cantus figuratus). Ngokuhambisana nayo, nokho, izincazelo zakuqala nazo ziyalondolozwa: i-musica plana, i-cantus planus, i-cantus gregorianus, i-cantus firmus. Isetshenziswa ekucubunguleni i-polygonal ye-Gregorian X. leli gama lisetshenziswe kusukela ngekhulu le-16. (isib, choralis Constantinus X. Isaac). Abaholi bokuqala beNguquko abazange bazisho izingoma zamaProthestani u-X. (ULuther wazibiza ngokuthi korrekt canticum, psalmus, izingoma zesiJalimane; kwamanye amazwe amagama athi chant ecclésiastique, Calvin cantique, njll.); ngokuphathelene nokucula kwamaProthestani, leli gama lisetshenziswa elithi con. Ikhulu le-16 (Osiander, 1586); nge con. Ikhulu le-17 X. ibizwa ngokuthi ipholigoni. izinhlelo zomculo wamaProthestani.

Ngokomlando indima ka-X. inkulu kakhulu: ngo-X. kanye nezinhlelo zamakwaya ngokwesilinganiso. okungenani okuhlobene nokuthuthukiswa kweYurophu. ubuciko bomqambi, okuhlanganisa ukuvela kwemodi, ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa kwe-counterpoint, ukuvumelana, umculo. amafomu. U-Gregorian X. wamukelwe noma wehliselwa ngemuva izenzakalo ezisondelene nezihlobene nobuhle ngokulandelana kwezikhathi: Ukucula kwe-Ambrosian, i-Mozarabic (yamukelwa ngaphambi kwekhulu le-11 eSpain; umthombo osaphila - u-Leon antiphonary wekhulu le-10 awukwazi ukuchazwa ngomculo) nokucula kwe-Gallican , amasampula ambalwa afundiwe afakazela inkululeko enkulu ngokuqhathaniswa yomculo ovela embhalweni, owawuthandwa izici ezithile zenkonzo yaseGallican. U-Gregorian X. uhlukaniswa ngombono wakhe owedlulele, umlingiswa ongenamuntu (obaluleke ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke umphakathi wezenkolo). Ngokwezimfundiso zesonto lamaKatolika, “iqiniso laphezulu” elingabonakali lembulwa “embonweni ongokomoya”, okusho ukuthi ukungabikho ku-X. kwanoma yikuphi ukuzithoba, ubuntu bomuntu; liziveza “ezwini likaNkulunkulu”, ngakho-ke ingoma ka-X. ingaphansi kombhalo wezinkonzo, futhi u-X. umile ngendlela efanayo “njengezwi elike lashiwo uNkulunkulu ngokungaguquki.” X. - icala le-monodic ("iqiniso lilodwa"), eliklanyelwe ukuhlukanisa umuntu kusukela eqinisweni lansuku zonke, ukunciphisa umuzwa wamandla wokunyakaza "kwemisipha", okubonakaliswa ngesigqi. njalo.

Iculo le-Gregorian X. ekuqaleni liyaphikisana: ukumanzi, ukuqhubeka kweculo eliphelele kubunye nesihlobo. ukuzimela kwemisindo eyakha umculo; U-X. isenzakalo esiwumugqa: umsindo ngamunye (oqhubekayo, ozanele njengamanje) "uyachichima" ngaphandle kokulandela umkhondo uye komunye, futhi usebenza ngokunengqondo. ukuncika phakathi kwabo kubonakala kuphela ku-melodic yonke; bheka i-Tenor (1), i-Tuba (4), i-Repercussion (2), i-Medianta (2), i-Finalis. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubunye bokungaqhubeki (umculo womculo uqukethe ukuthika kwemisindo) nokuqhubeka (ukuthunyelwa komugqa “ngokuvundlile”) kuyisisekelo esingokwemvelo se-X.'s predisposition to polyphony, uma kuqondwa njengokungahlukaniseki. kwe-melodic. imisinga ("evundlile") kanye ne-harmonic. ukugcwalisa ("okuqondile"). Ngaphandle kokunciphisa imvelaphi ye-polyphony ibe isiko lamakhwaya, kungaphikiswana ngokuthi u-X. uyinto ka-prof. i-counterpoint. Isidingo sokuqinisa, ukufinyeza umsindo we-X. hhayi ngokuhlanganisa okuyisisekelo (isibonelo, ukuqinisa amandla), kodwa kakhulu - ngokuphindaphinda (ukuphinda kabili, ukuphindaphinda kathathu esikhathini esisodwa noma kwesinye), kuholela ekudluleleni ngaphesheya kwemingcele ye-monody ( bheka i-Organum, i-Gimel, i-Faubourdon). Isifiso sokukhulisa ivolumu yesikhala somsindo sika-X senza kudingeke ukuthi ungqimba we-melodic. imigqa (bheka i-counterpoint), ngenisa ukulingisa (okufana nombono ekudwebeni). Ngokomlando, inyunyana yamakhulu eminyaka ye-X kanye nobuciko be-polyphony iye yathuthukiswa, ingabonakali nje kuphela ngendlela yokuhlelwa kwamakwaya ahlukahlukene, kodwa futhi (ngomqondo obanzi kakhulu) ngendlela yenqolobane ekhethekile yama-muses. ukucabanga: ku-polyphony. umculo (kuhlanganise nomculo ongahlotshaniswa no-X.), ukwakheka kwesithombe kuyinqubo yokuvuselela engaholeli kukhwalithi entsha (into ehlala ifana nayo, njengoba ukuthunyelwa kuhilela ukuchazwa kwethesis, kodwa hhayi ukuphika kwayo. ). Njengoba nje u-X. yenziwe ngokuhlukahluka kokuthile. izibalo zemiculo, amafomu e-polyphonic (kuhlanganise ne-fugue yakamuva) nazo zinesisekelo sokuhlukahluka nokuhlukahluka. I-polyphony yesitayela esiqinile, okungacatshangwa ngaphandle kwesimo se-X., kwaba umphumela lapho umculo we-Zap uholele khona. European Gregorian X.

Izigigaba ezintsha emkhakheni we-X. zazibangelwa ukuqala kweNguquko, ngokwezinga elithile noma kwelinye eyayihlanganisa wonke amazwe aseNtshonalanga. EYurophu. Izinkulumo zobuProthestani zihluke kakhulu kwezamaKhatholika, futhi lokhu kuhlobene ngokuqondile nezici zolimi lwesiProthestani X. kanye nokuqaphela, ukufanisa okusebenzayo kwehubo lengoma yesintu (bona uLuther M.) kuqinise ngokungenakulinganiswa umzuzu womzwelo nowomuntu siqu ku-X. (umphakathi ngokuqondile, ngaphandle kompristi ongumxhumanisi, uthandaza kuNkulunkulu). I-syllabic. isimiso sokuhleleka, lapho kukhona umsindo owodwa ngohlamvu ngalunye, ezimweni zokuvelela kwemibhalo yezinkondlo, kunqunywa ukujwayela kwemitha kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemisho. Ngaphansi kwethonya lomculo wansuku zonke, lapho ngaphambili futhi ngenkuthalo kakhulu kunomculo okhokhelwayo, imisindo ye-homophonic-harmonic yavela. ukuthambekela, umculo wamakhwaya wathola umklamo olula wokucula. Ukufakwa kokusebenza kwe-X. wumphakathi wonke, ngaphandle kwe-polyphonic eyinkimbinkimbi. isethulo, sithanda ukufezeka kwaleli khono: umkhuba we-4-goal wawusakazwa kabanzi. ukuvumelana kwe-X., okube nesandla ekusungulweni kwe-homophony. Lokhu akuzange kunqabele ukusetshenziswa kweProthestani X. kwesipiliyoni esikhulu se-polyphonic. ukucutshungulwa, okwanqwabelana enkathini edlule, ezinhlotsheni ezithuthukisiwe zomculo wamaProthestani (ingoma eyandulelayo, i-cantata, “inkanuko”). UmProthestani u-X. waba yisisekelo se-nat. uphrof. art-va Germany, the Czech Republic (insika yamaProthestani X. kwakuyizingoma zamaHussite), yaba nesandla ekuthuthukisweni komculo. amasiko aseNetherlands, Switzerland, France, Great Britain, Poland, Hungary nakwamanye amazwe.

Kusuka ku-ser. Ochwepheshe abakhulu bekhulu le-18 cishe abazange baphendukele ku-X., futhi uma isetshenziswe, khona-ke, njengomthetho, emasikweni. izinhlobo (ngokwesibonelo, ku-requiem ka-Mozart). Isizathu (ngaphandle kweqiniso elaziwayo lokuthi u-JS Bach ulethe ubuciko bokucubungula i-X. ekupheleleni okuphezulu kakhulu) ukuthi ubuhle be-X. (empeleni, umbono wezwe ovezwe ku-X.) usuphelelwe yisikhathi. Ukuba nemiphakathi ejulile. izimpande zoshintsho olwenzeka emculweni phakathi. Ikhulu le-18 (bheka i-Baroque, i-Classicism), ngendlela ejwayelekile kakhulu yazibonakalisa ekubuseni komqondo wentuthuko. Ukuthuthukiswa kwetimu njengokwephulwa kobuqotho bayo (okungukuthi, i-symphonic-developmental, hhayi i-choral-variational), ikhono lezimfanelo. ushintsho emfanekisweni wokuqala (isenzakalo asihlali sifana ngokwaso) - lezi zakhiwo zihlukanisa umculo omusha futhi ngaleyo ndlela zilahle indlela yokucabanga ehambisana nobuciko besikhathi esidlule futhi ehlanganiswe ngokuyinhloko ku-contemplative, metaphysical X. Emculweni ekhulwini le-19. isikhalo ku-X., njengomthetho, sasinqunywa uhlelo (“I-Reformation Symphony” kaMendelssohn) noma ngesakhiwo (i-opera “Huguenots” kaMeyerbeer). Izingcaphuno zamakhwaya, ikakhulukazi ukulandelana kukaGregory Dies irae, zisetshenziswe njengophawu olunesemantiki emiswe kahle; I-X. yayisetshenziswa kaningi nangezindlela ezihlukahlukene njengento yokwenza isitayela (ukuqala kwesenzo sokuqala se-opera ethi The Nuremberg Mastersingers ka-Wagner). Umqondo wokucula wathuthukiswa, owajwayelanisa izici zohlobo lwe-X. — i-chordal arehouse, ukungaxhamazeli, ukunyakaza okulinganiselwe, kanye nobucayi bomlingisi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuqukethwe okungokomfanekiso okuqondile kwahlukahluka kakhulu: ukucula kwasebenza njengokwenziwa samuntu kwedwala (i-overture-fantasy kaTchaikovsky ethi "Romeo and Juliet" kaTchaikovsky), indlela yokuhlanganisa i-sublime (fp. Isandulelo, i-chorale ne-fugue kaFrank ) noma isimo esizimele futhi esidabukisayo (ingxenye yesi-1 ye-symphony No 2 Bruckner), ngezinye izikhathi, ekubeni ukubonakaliswa kokomoya, ubungcwele, yayiphikisana nenyama, isono, evuselelwe ngezinye izindlela, yakha uthando oluthandekayo. i-antithesis (ama-operas Tannhäuser, Parsifal kaWagner), ngezikhathi ezithile yaba isisekelo sezithombe ezibuhlungu - ezothando (isiphetho se-Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony) noma satirical (ukucula kwamaJesuit "esigcawini ngaphansi kwe-Kromy" ku-"Boris Godunov" ka-Mussorgsky) . I-Romanticism ivule amathuba amahle avezayo ezihlanganisweni zika-X nezimpawu zokubola. izinhlobo (X. kanye ne-fanfare engxenyeni eseceleni ye-sonata ka-Liszt ku-h-moll, X. kanye ne-lullaby ku-g-moll nocturn op. 4 No 15 ka-Chopin, njll.).

Emculweni wekhulu lama-20 X. kanye nokucula kuyaqhubeka kuyindlela yokuhumusha u-Ch. ar. ukuzincisha kanzima (uGregorian emoyeni, umnyakazo woku-1 weSymphony of Psalms kaStravinsky), ingokomoya (ikhorasi ephethe kahle ephuma ku-Mahler's 8th symphony) kanye nokuzindla (“Es sungen drei Engel” kunhlangano yokuqala kanye “noLauda Sion Salvatorem” isiphetho se-symphony ye-Hindemith ethi “The Painter Mathis” Ukungaqondakali kwe-X., okuvezwe yisudi yezothando, kuphenduka ikhulunyaka lama-1. ibe yi-semantic universality: X. njengesici esingaqondakali nesinemibala yesikhathi nendawo yesenzo (fp. sandulela “I-Sunken Cathedral” kaDebussy), X. njengesisekelo somculo. isithombe esiveza unya, unya (“The Crusaders in Pskov” from the cantata “Alexander Nevsky” by Prokofiev). X. kungaba i-Crusader in Pskov into ye-parody (inguquko yesine evela enkondlweni ye-symphonic ethi "Don Quixote" ka-R. Strauss; "Indaba Yesosha" ka-Stravinsky), efakwe ku-Op. njengekholaji (X. "Es ist genung, Herr, wenn es dir gefällt” evela ku-Bach's Cantata No. 20 ekugcineni kwekhonsathi ka-Berg's Violin o).

References: bona ku-Art. Ingoma ye-Ambrosian, ingoma kaGregory, ingoma yamaProthestani.

TS Kyuregyan