Evstigney Ipatovich Fomin |

Evstigney Fomin

U-E. Fomin ungomunye wabaculi baseRussia abanethalente bekhulu lesi-XNUMX, imizamo yabo eyakha isikole sikazwelonke sabaqambi eRussia. Kanye nabantu besikhathi sakhe - M. Berezovsky, D. Bortnyansky, V. Pashkevich - wabeka izisekelo zobuciko bomculo waseRussia. Kuma-opera akhe nase-melodrama u-Orpheus, ububanzi bezithakazelo zomlobi ekukhetheni iziqephu nezinhlobo, ubuciko bezitayela ezihlukahlukene ze-opera yaseshashalazini yangaleso sikhathi yabonakala. Umlando wawungalungile kuFomin, njengoba, ngempela, kwabanye abaqambi abaningi baseRussia bekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Isiphetho somculi onekhono sasinzima. Ukuphila kwakhe kwaphela kungazelelwe, futhi ngemva nje kokufa kwakhe igama lakhe lakhohlwa isikhathi eside. Imibhalo eminingi kaFomin ayizange isinde. Kuphela ngezikhathi zaseSoviet kwanda isithakazelo emsebenzini walo mculi ophawulekayo, omunye wabasunguli be-opera yaseRussia. Ngemizamo yososayensi baseSoviet, imisebenzi yakhe yabuyiselwa ekuphileni, idatha encane evela kumlando wakhe yatholakala.

UFomin wazalelwa emndenini wesibhamu (isosha lezempi) le-Tobolsk Infantry Regiment. Washonelwa nguyise kusenesikhathi, futhi lapho eneminyaka engu-6 ubudala, usingayise u-I. Fedotov, isosha le-Life Guards yebutho le-Izmailovsky, waletha umfana e-Academy of Arts. Ngo-April 21, 1767, uFomin waba umfundi wekilasi lezokwakha le-Academy edumile, eyasungulwa ngu-Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. Bonke abaculi abadumile bekhulu lesi-XNUMX bafunda e-Academy. - V. Borovikovsky, D. Levitsky, A. Losenko, F. Rokotov, F. Shchedrin nabanye. Ngaphakathi kwezindonga zalesi sikhungo semfundo, ukunakekelwa kwanikezwa ukuthuthukiswa komculo kwabafundi: abafundi bafunda ukudlala izinsimbi ezihlukahlukene, ukucula. Kwahlelwa i-orchestra e-Academy, kwadlalwa ama-opera, ama-ballet namaculo amadrama.

Amakhono omculo agqamile kaFomin azibonakalisa ngisho nasemabangeni aphansi, kwathi ngo-1776 uMkhandlu Wesikole wathumela umfundi “wobuciko bezakhiwo” u-Ipatiev (njengoba uFomin wayevame ukubizwa kanjalo) ku-M. Buini wase-Italy ukuze afunde umculo wezinsimbi i-clavichord. Kusukela ngo-1777, imfundo kaFomin yaqhubeka emakilasini omculo avulwa e-Academy of Arts, eholwa umqambi odumile uG. Paypakh, umbhali we-opera ethandwayo ethi The Good Soldiers. UFomin wafunda ithiyori yomculo kanye nezisekelo zokuqamba naye. Kusukela ngo-1779, umculi we-harpsichord kanye nomphathi weqembu u-A. Sartori waba umeluleki wakhe kwezomculo. Ngo-1782, uFomin wathweswa iziqu e-Academy. Kodwa njengoba engumfundi wekilasi lomculo, akazange anikezwe indondo yegolide noma yesiliva. UMkhandlu wamqaphela kuphela ngomklomelo wemali wama-ruble angama-50.

Ngemva kokuphothula i-Academy, njengomuntu ohola impesheni, uFomin wathunyelwa e-Italy ukuze athuthukiswe iminyaka engu-3, ​​e-Bologna Philharmonic Academy, eyayibhekwa njengesikhungo esikhulu somculo eYurophu. Lapho, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaPadre Martini (uthisha weMozart enkulu), kwase kuba uS. Mattei (owafunda naye kamuva uG. Rossini noG. Donizetti), umculi onesizotha waseRussia ekude waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe yomculo. Ngo-1785, uFomin wangeniswa esivivinyweni sesihloko se-academician futhi waphumelela lesi sivivinyo ngokuphelele. Egcwele amandla okudala, enesihloko esiphezulu esithi "master of composition," uFomin wabuyela eRussia ekwindla ka-1786. Lapho efika, umqambi wathola umyalo wokuqamba i-opera "Novgorod Bogatyr Boeslaevich" ku-libretto kaCatherine II ngokwakhe. . I-premiere ye-opera kanye ne-Debut kaFomin njengomqambi yenzeka zingama-27 Novemba 1786 e-Hermitage Theatre. Kodwa-ke, u-Empress akazange athande i-opera, futhi lokhu kwakwanele ukuba umsebenzi womculi osemusha enkantolo ungagcwaliseki. Phakathi nokubusa kukaCatherine II, uFomin akazange athole isikhundla esisemthethweni. Kuphela ngo-1797, eminyakeni engu-3 ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, ekugcineni wamukelwa enkonzweni yomqondisi wemidlalo yaseshashalazini njengomfundisi wezingxenye ze-opera.

Akwaziwa ukuthi impilo kaFomin yaqhubeka kanjani eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Nokho, umsebenzi wokudala womqambi wawusebenza. Ngo-1787, waqamba i-opera ethi "Coachmen on a Frame" (embhalweni kaN. Lvov), kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo kwavela ama-opera ama-2 - "Iqembu, noma Qagela, Qagela Intombazane" (umculo nenkululeko akulondoloziwe) kanye "namaMelika". Balandelwa yi-opera ethi Umthakathi, uMbhuli kanye noMfanisi (1791). Ngo-1791-92. Umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu kaFomin yi-melodrama Orpheus (umbhalo ka-Y. Knyaznin). Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, wabhala ikhorasi yenhlekelele ka-V. Ozerov ethi "Yaropolk no-Oleg" (1798), ama-opera "Clorida noMilan" kanye ne "The Golden Apple" (c. 1800).

Izingoma ze-opera zikaFomin zihlukene ngezinhlobo. Nawa ama-comic opera aseRussia, i-opera yesitayela se-buffa yase-Italy, kanye ne-melodrama yesenzo esisodwa, lapho umqambi waseRussia eqale waphendukela endikimbeni ephakeme edabukisayo. Kuhlobo ngalunye lwezinhlobo ezikhethiwe, i-Fomin ithola indlela entsha, yomuntu ngamunye. Ngakho-ke, kuma-operas akhe amahlaya aseRussia, ukuhunyushwa kwezinto zomlando, indlela yokuthuthukisa izingqikithi zabantu, iheha ngokuyinhloko. Uhlobo lwe-opera yase-Russian "choral" luvezwa ngokucacile ku-opera ethi "Coachmen on a Setup". Lapha umqambi usebenzisa kakhulu izinhlobo ezahlukene zezingoma zomdabu zaseRussia - ukudonsa, umdanso oyindilinga, umdanso, usebenzisa amasu okuthuthukiswa kwezwi eliphansi, ukuhlanganisa ingoma eyedwa kanye nokuphikiswa kwamakhwaya. I-overture, isibonelo esithakazelisayo se-symphonism yohlelo lwakuqala lwesiRashiya, nayo yakhelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwezindikimba zomdanso wezingoma zesintu. Izimiso zokuthuthukiswa kwe-symphonic, ngokusekelwe ezinhlobonhlobo zamahhala zezisusa, zizothola ukuqhubeka okubanzi emculweni we-Russian classical, kuqala nge-Kamarinskaya ka-M. Glinka.

Ku-opera esekelwe embhalweni we-fabulist edumile u-I. Krylov "AmaMelika" uFomin wabonisa ngokugqamile ubuciko besitayela se-opera-buffa. Isiqongo somsebenzi wakhe kwakuyi-melodrama "Orpheus", ehlelwe eSt. Petersburg ngokuhlanganyela komdlali odumile odabukisayo ngaleso sikhathi - I. Dmitrevsky. Lokhu kudlala bekusekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kokufunda okumangalisayo okuhambisana ne-orchestra. U-Fomin udale umculo oncomekayo, ogcwele ama-pathos anesiphepho futhi wajulisa umbono omangalisayo womdlalo. Kubonwa njengesenzo esisodwa se-symphonic, ngokuthuthuka kwangaphakathi okuqhubekayo, okuqondiswe emvuthwandaba ovamile ekupheleni kwe-melodrama - "Dance of the Furies". Izinombolo ze-symphonic ezizimele (i-overture kanye Umdanso wamaFuries) hlela i-melodrama njengesandulela kanye nesiqephu. Wona kanye umgomo wokuqhathanisa umculo oshubile we-overture, iziqephu zomculo ezitholakala phakathi nendawo yokuqanjwa, kanye nesiphetho esishukumisayo kufakazela ukuqonda okumangalisayo kukaFomin, owavula indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwe-symphony ephawulekayo yaseRashiya.

I-melodrama “seyevezwa izikhathi eziningana endaweni yeshashalazi futhi ifanelwe ukutuswa okukhulu. UMnu. Dmitrevsky, endimeni ka-Orpheus, wamthwesa umqhele wokulingisa kwakhe okungavamile,” sifunda endabeni ekhuluma nge-Knyaznin, eyandulelwa izincwadi zakhe aziqoqile. Ngo-February 5, 1795, i-premiere ye-Orpheus yenzeka eMoscow.

Ukuzalwa kwesibili kwe-melodrama "Orpheus" kwenzeka kakade esiteji saseSoviet. Ngo-1947, yenziwa ochungechungeni lwamakhonsathi omlando alungiselelwe iMuseum of Musical Culture. MI Glinka. Eminyakeni efanayo, isazi somculo esidumile saseSoviet uB. Dobrokhotov sabuyisela amaphuzu ka-Orpheus. I-melodrama yenziwa futhi kumakhonsathi anikezelwe ku-250th anniversary of Leningrad (1953) kanye nesikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-200 sokuzalwa kukaFomin (1961). Futhi ngo-1966 yaqala ukwenziwa phesheya, ePoland, engqungqutheleni yomculo wokuqala.

Ububanzi nokwehlukahlukana kokusesha kobuciko kukaFomin, imvelaphi ekhanyayo yethalente lakhe kusivumela ukuthi simcabangele njengomqambi we-opera omkhulu kunabo bonke eRussia ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX. Ngendlela yakhe entsha yenganekwane yaseRussia ku-opera ethi “Coachmen on a Set-up” kanye nesikhalo sokuqala esihlokweni esidabukisayo esithi “Orpheus”, uFomin uvule indlela yobuciko be-opera yekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

A. Sokolova