UGabriel Fauré |

Gabriel Faure

Faure. I-Fp quartet ku-c-moll No. 1, op.15. I-Allegro molto moderato (i-Guarneri Quartet ne-A. Rubinstein)

Umculo omnandi! Icacile, imsulwa, isiFulentshi, futhi ingumuntu! R. Dumesnil

Ikilasi lika-Fauré belingabaculi njengoba i-salon ka-Mallarme yayiyizimbongi… Abaculi abahamba phambili bangaleso sikhathi, ngaphandle kwezimbalwa ezimbalwa, badlula kulesi sikole esihle kakhulu sobuhle nokunambitha. A. Roland-Manuel

Impilo ka-G. Faure - umqambi omkhulu waseFrance, umshayi we-ogani, umdlali wopiyano, umbhidisi, umhlaziyi womculo - yenzeka enkathini yezenzakalo ezibalulekile zomlando. Emsebenzini wakhe, umlingiswa, izici zesitayela, izici zamakhulu amabili ahlukene zahlanganiswa. Waba nengxenye ezimpini zokugcina zempi yeFranco-Prussia, wabona izenzakalo ze-Paris Commune, wezwa ubufakazi bempi yaseRussia-Japanese (“Yeka ukubulawa okukhulu phakathi kwamaRussia namaJapane! Lokhu kuyanengeka”), wasinda. iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ezobuciko, i-impressionism kanye nezimpawu zachuma phambi kwamehlo akhe, imikhosi ka-Wagner e-Bayreuth kanye ne-Russian Seasons e-Paris. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukuvuselelwa komculo wesiFulentshi, ukuzalwa kwawo kwesibili, lapho uFauré naye ebambe iqhaza futhi lapho izindlela eziyinhloko zomsebenzi wakhe womphakathi wawukhona.

UFauré wazalelwa eningizimu yeFrance kuthisha wezibalo wesikole kanye nendodakazi kakaputeni webutho leNapoleon. UGabriel wayeyingane yesithupha emndenini. Ukukhulisa emaphandleni nomuntu owumlimi-owokudla okulula kwakha umfana othule, ocabangelayo, wagxilisa kuye uthando ngemidwebo ethambile yezigodi zakubo. Isithakazelo sakhe emculweni sabonakala ngokungalindelekile enguqulweni enamahloni yokuvumelana kwesonto lendawo. Isiphiwo somntwana saqashelwa futhi yathunyelwa ukuyofunda eParis eSikoleni Somculo Wakudala Nowenkolo. Iminyaka engu-11 eSikoleni yanikeza uFaure ulwazi oludingekayo lomculo namakhono asekelwe ekutadisheni inani elikhulu lemisebenzi, kuhlanganise nomculo wakuqala, oqala ngengoma kaGregory. Ukuma kwesitayela okunjalo kwabonakala emsebenzini kaFaure ovuthiwe, okwathi, njengabaqambi abaningi abakhulu bekhulu lesi-XNUMX, wavuselela eminye yemigomo yokucabanga komculo yenkathi yangaphambi kwe-Bach.

UFaure wanikezwa okuningi ikakhulukazi ngokuxhumana nomculi wezinga elikhulu nethalente eliyingqayizivele - C. Saint-Saens, owafundisa eSikoleni ngo-1861-65. Ubudlelwano bokwethembana okuphelele kanye nomphakathi wezintshisekelo sebuthuthukile phakathi kukathisha nomfundi. U-Saint-Saëns waletha umoya omusha kwezemfundo, ethula abafundi bakhe emculweni wezithandani - u-R. Schumann, F. Liszt, R. Wagner, kuze kube yileso sikhathi owayengaziwa eFrance. UFaure akazange ahlale engenandaba namathonya alaba baqambi, abangani baze bambiza ngezinye izikhathi ngokuthi "French Schuman". NoSaint-Saens, kwaqala ubungane obathatha ukuphila kwabo konke. Ebona isiphiwo esikhethekile somfundi, u-Saint-Saens wamethemba izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ukuthi uzothatha indawo yakhe kwezinye izinhlelo, kamuva wanikezela nge-“Breton Impressions” yakhe yesitho kuye, wasebenzisa itimu kaFauré ekwethuleni Ikhonsathi yakhe Yesibili Yepiyano. Ngemva kokuphothula eSikoleni ngemiklomelo yokuqala yokuqamba nopiyano, uFauré wayosebenza eBrittany. Ukuhlanganisa imisebenzi esemthethweni esontweni nokudlala umculo emphakathini wezwe, lapho ejabulela khona impumelelo enkulu, uFaure ngokushesha ulahlekelwa indawo yakhe ngephutha futhi ubuyela eParis. Lapha uSaint-Saens uyamsiza ukuthi athole umsebenzi wokuba i-ogani esontweni elincane.

Indima ebalulekile esiphethweni se-Foret yadlalwa yi-salon yomculi odumile uPauline Viardot. Kamuva, umqambi wabhalela indodana yakhe: “Ngamukelwe endlini kanyoko ngomusa nobungane, engingasoze ngakukhohlwa. Ngagcina ... inkumbulo yamahora amangalisayo; ziyigugu kakhulu ngokuvunyelwa umama wakho nokunaka kwakho, uzwela olujulile lukaTurgenev ... ”Ukuxhumana noTurgenev kwabeka isisekelo sobudlelwano nezibalo zobuciko baseRussia. Kamuva, wajwayelana noS. Taneyev, P. Tchaikovsky, A. Glazunov, ngo-1909 uFauré weza eRussia futhi wenza amakhonsathi eSt. Petersburg naseMoscow.

Esaluni ka-Viardot, imisebenzi emisha kaFauré yayivame ukuzwakala. Ngalesi sikhathi, wayeseqambe inqwaba yezothando (kuhlanganise nethi Awakening edumile), eyaheha abalaleli ngobuhle bezingoma, ubuqili bemibala evumelanayo, nokuthambile kwezingoma. I-violin sonata ibangele izimpendulo ezinomdlandla. UTaneyev, lapho emuzwile ngesikhathi ehlala eParis, wabhala: “Ngijabule naye. Mhlawumbe lokhu ukuqanjwa okuhle kunakho konke engikuzwile lapha ... Ukuvumelana kwangempela nokusha, ukuguquguquka okunamandla, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo akukho okubukhali, okucasula izindlebe ... Ubuhle bezihloko buyamangaza ... "

Impilo yomuntu siqu yomqambi ayiphumelelanga kangako. Ngemva kokuhlukana nomshado nomakoti (indodakazi kaViardot), u-Foret wabhekana nokushaqeka okukhulu, umphumela owaqeda ngemva kweminyaka engu-2 kuphela. Ukubuyela ekudaleni kuletha inqwaba yezothando kanye ne-Ballade yePiano ne-Orchestra (1881). Ethuthukisa amasiko opiyano luka-Liszt, u-Faure udala umsebenzi onomculo ozwakalayo kanye nobuqili obucishe bube buyingqondo bemibala evumelanayo. Ukushada nendodakazi yomqophi uFremier (1883) nokuzola emndenini kwenza ukuphila kukaForet kujabulise kakhudlwana. Lokhu kubonakala nasemculweni. Emisebenzini yepiyano nezothando zale minyaka, umqambi uzuza umusa omangalisayo, ubuqili, nokwaneliseka okucabangelayo. Izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, izinkinga ezihambisana nokucindezeleka okukhulu nokuqala kwesifo esibuhlungu kangaka kumculi (isifo sokuzwa) zaphazamisa indlela yokudala yomqambi, kodwa wavela enqobile ngayinye, ethula ubufakazi obuningi bethalente lakhe elivelele.

Okunezithelo kuFauré kwaba ukunxusa ezinkondlweni zikaP. Verlaine, ngokuka-A. France, “eyokuqala, enesono kakhulu futhi eyimfihlakalo kunawo wonke, eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi edidekile kakhulu, ehlanya kakhulu, kodwa, yebo, eziphefumulelwe kakhulu, nezimbongi zangempela zesimanje” (cishe ezothando ezingu-20, kuhlanganise nomjikelezo othi “From Venice” kanye “Nengoma Enhle”).

Impumelelo enkulu kunazo zonke yayihambisana nezinhlobo ze-chamber ezizithandayo zikaFaure, ngesisekelo sokufunda kwakhe amakilasi akhe nabafundi ekilasini lokuqamba. Esinye seziqongo zomsebenzi wakhe i-Second Piano Quartet ebabazekayo, egcwele ukungqubuzana okumangalisayo nama-pathos ajabulisayo (1886). UFauré naye wabhala izincwadi ezinkulu. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, i-opera yakhe ethi “Penelope” (1913) yazwakala inencazelo ekhethekile kubathandi bezwe baseFrance, abacwaningi abaningi nabathanda umsebenzi kaFauré bambheka njengomsebenzi wobungcweti owuRequiem ngosizi oluthambile noluhloniphekile lwezingoma zakhe (1888). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uFaure wabamba iqhaza ekuvulweni kwesizini yekhonsathi yokuqala yekhulunyaka le-1900, eqamba umculo wedrama enezingoma i-Prometheus (emva kuka-Aeschylus, 800). Kwakuwumsebenzi omkhulu lapho cishe. XNUMX futhi okwenzeka “eFrench Bayreuth” - inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini evulekile ePyrenees eningizimu yeFrance. Ngesikhathi sokuzilolongela ingubo, kwaqubuka ukuduma kwezulu. UFaure uyakhumbula: “Isiphepho sasisabekayo. Umbani wawela enkundleni ngqo endaweni (yeka ukuthi kwaqondana kanjani!), lapho u-Prometheus kwakufanele abhule khona umlilo ... indawo yayisesimweni esidabukisayo. Nokho, isimo sezulu saba ngcono futhi umbukiso wokuqala waba yimpumelelo emangalisayo.

Imisebenzi kaFauré yomphakathi ibibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komculo wesiFulentshi. Ubamba iqhaza elikhulu emisebenzini yeNational Society, eklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ubuciko bomculo waseFrance. Ngo-1905, uFauré wathatha isikhundla sokuba umqondisi weParis Conservatoire, futhi ukuchuma kwekusasa lomsebenzi wakhe akungabazeki ukuthi kuwumphumela wokuvuselelwa kwabasebenzi bokufundisa kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha okwenziwa uFauré. Ehlale esebenza njengomvikeli wobuciko obusha nobuthuthukayo, uFauré ngo-1910 akazange enqabe ukuba ngumongameli we-Independent Musical Society entsha, ehlelwe abaculi abasebasha abangamukelwa ku-National Society, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona abafundi abaningi bakaFauré (kuhlanganise noM. . Inhlanhla). Ngo-1917, uFaure wazuza ukuhlanganiswa kwabaculi baseFrance ngokwethula abazimele ku-National Society, okwathuthukisa isimo sempilo yekhonsathi.

Ngo-1935, abangani nabathanda umsebenzi kaFauré, abaculi abakhulu, abadlali nabaqambi, okwakukhona phakathi kwabafundi bakhe abaningi, basungula iNhlangano Yabangane bakaGabriel Fauré, ethuthukisa umculo womqambi phakathi kwezilaleli eziningi - “icace kakhulu, imsulwa kakhulu. , isiFulentshi kanjalo nabantu” .

V. Bazarnova