Umculo othize |

Umculo othize (French musice concrite) - izingoma zomsindo ezidalwe ngokurekhoda ku-tape dec. Imisindo yemvelo noma yokwenziwa, ukuguqulwa kwayo, ukuxutshwa nokuhlela. Isimanje Indlela yokuqopha ngozibuthe yomsindo yenza kube lula ukuguqula imisindo (isibonelo, ngokusheshisa futhi yehlise ukunyakaza kwetheyiphu, kanye nokuyihambisa ngakolunye uhlangothi), kuxube (ngokuqopha kanyekanye ukuqoshwa okuningana okuhlukene. ku-tape) futhi uwafake kunoma yikuphi ukulandelana. Ku-K. m., ngokwezinga elithile, imisindo yabantu isetshenziswa. amazwi nomculo. amathuluzi, nokho impahla yokwakha imikhiqizo. K. m. yizo zonke izinhlobo zomsindo ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokuphila. K. m. - enye yezindlela zesimanje zesimanje. zarub. umculo. Abasekeli baka-K.m. bathethelele indlela yabo yokuqamba umculo ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalowo okuthiwa kuphela. umculo kuthiwa ubekela umqambi imingcele, okuyinto umqambi anelungelo lokuwusebenzisa ukuze enze umsebenzi wakhe. noma yimiphi imisindo. Babheka u-K. m. njengendlela emisha enkulu emkhakheni womculo. art-va, ekwazi ukufaka esikhundleni nokushintsha izinhlobo zangaphambili zomculo. Eqinisweni, ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe, ezihlukana nesistimu yenhlangano ye-pitch, azikhuli, kodwa zikhawulela kakhulu amathuba okuveza ubuciko obuthile. okuqukethwe. Inqubo ethuthukisiwe yokudala i-CM (okubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwemishini ekhethekile "yokuhlela" nokuxuba imisindo - lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-phonogen" ngekhibhodi, i-tape recorder enamadiski angu-3, ​​njll.) iyigugu elaziwayo kuphela sebenzisa “njengomklamo womsindo” wokudlalwa, iziqephu ngazinye zamafilimu, njll.

“Umsunguli” ka-K. m., ummeleli wayo ovelele kakhulu nomsakazi wenkulumo-ze, ungumFulentshi. unjiniyela we-acoustic P. Schaeffer, owanikeza lesi siqondiso negama laso. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala “yokhonkolo” ihlehlela emuva ku-1948: isifundo esithi “Turniquet” (“Ütude aux tourniquets”), “Railway Study” (“Ütude aux chemins de fer”) neminye imidlalo, okwathi ngo-1948 yasakazwa nguFranz. umsakazo ngaphansi kwegama elijwayelekile. “Ikhonsathi Yomsindo” Ngo-1949, uP. Henri wajoyina iSchaeffer; ndawonye badale “I-Symphony yomuntu oyedwa” (“Symphonie pour un homme seul”). Ngo-1951 ngaphansi kukaFranz. umsakazo, i-"Group of Studies in the Field of Concrete Music" yokuhlola yahlelwa, eyayihlanganisa nabaqambi - uP. Boulez, P. Henri, O. Messiaen, A. Jolivet, F. Arthuis nabanye (abanye babo badale ngokwehlukana imisebenzi K.m.). Nakuba lo mkhuba omusha awutholanga abalandeli kuphela, kodwa nabaphikisi, washeshe weqa izwe. uhlaka. Akubona abantu baseFrance kuphela abaqala ukuza eParis, kodwa nabangaphandle. abaqambi abamukele ulwazi lokudala umculo wakudala. Ngo-1958, ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Schaeffer, Iminyaka Eyishumi Yokuqala Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yomculo Wokulinga yenziwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uSchaeffer uphinde wachaza ngokuningiliziwe imisebenzi yeqembu lakhe, okwathi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi lalaziwa ngokuthi "Iqembu Locwaningo Lomculo ngaphansi kukaFranz. umsakazo nomabonakude”. Iqembu lijabulela ukwesekwa yi-UNESCO International Music Council. Franz. umagazini othi “La revue musicale” owawunezinkinga zika-K. m. ezintathu ezikhethekile. izinombolo (1957, 1959, 1960).

References: Imibuzo ye-musicology. INcwadi Yonyaka, vol. 2, 1955, M., 1956, p. 476-477; Shneerson G., Mayelana nomculo uphila futhi ufile, M., 1964, p. 311-318; wakhe, umculo wesiFulentshi wekhulu lama-XX, M., 1970, p. 366; Schaeffer P., A la recherche d une musique concrite, P., 1952; U-Scriabine Marina, u-Pierre Boulez et la musique concrite, "RM", 1952, No 215; U-Baruch GW, Ingabe u-Musique concrite?, Melos, Jahrg. XX, 1953; Keller W., Elektronische Musik und Musique concrite, “Merkur”, Jahrg. IX, H. 9, 1955; Roullin J., Musique concrite…, in: Klangstruktur der Musik, hrsg. von Fr. Winckel, B., 1955, S. 109-132; Izwa izingoma zomculo. Umculo we-Musiques concrite electronique extoque, "La Revue musicale", P., 1959, No 244; Vers une musique experimentale, ibid., R., 1957, No 236 (Numéro spécial); Casini C, L impiego nella colonna sonora délia musica elettronica e della concreta, ku: Musica e film, Roma, 1959, p. 179-93; Schaeffer P., Musique concrite et connaissance de l objet musical, “Revue Belge de Musicologie”, XIII, 1959; Okuhlangenwe nakho. Paris. Juni. 1959. Par le groupe de recherches musicales de la Radiodiffusion-Télévision française…, “La Revue musicale”, P., 1960, No 247; Judd F. C, Electronic music and musice concrite, L., 1961; Schaeffer P., Traité des objets musicaux, P., 1966.

GM Schneerson