Yakov Izrailevich Zak (Yakov Zak) |

U-Yakov Zak

“Akunakuphikiswa nakancane ukuthi umela abantu abaningi kwezomculo.” Lawa mazwi ka-Adam Wieniawski, usihlalo wejaji leThird International Chopin Competition, ashiwo ngo-1937 kumdlali wopiyano oneminyaka engu-24 ubudala waseSoviet uYakov Zak. Umdala wabaculi basePoland wanezela: “UZak ungomunye wabadlali bopiyano abamangalisayo engake ngabazwa ekuphileni kwami ​​isikhathi eside.” (Abanqobi baseSoviet emiqhudelwaneni yomculo yamazwe ngamazwe. - M., 1937. P. 125.).

• Umculo wepiyano esitolo se-inthanethi se-Ozon →

… U-Yakov Izrailevich uyakhumbula: “Umncintiswano wawudinga umzamo ocishe ungabi nabuntu. Yona kanye inqubo yomncintiswano ibonakale ijabulisa ngokwedlulele (kulula kancane kubaqhudelani bamanje): amalungu ejaji eWarsaw abekwe khona kanye esiteji, cishe eduze nezikhulumi.” U-Zak wayehlezi kukhibhodi, futhi ndawana thize eduze kakhulu naye (“Ngiwuzwe ngokoqobo umoya wabo …”) kwakungabaculi amagama abo ayaziwa emhlabeni wonke womculo - E. Sauer, V. Backhaus, R. Casadesus, E. Frey nabanye. Kwathi lapho eqeda ukudlala wezwa ihlombe - lokhu, okuphambene nemikhuba namasiko, amalungu ejaji ashaya izandla - ekuqaleni kwakubonakala sengathi awahlanganise lutho naye. U-Zach waklonyeliswa ngomklomelo wokuqala kanye nomunye ngaphezulu, owengeziwe - umqhele we-bronze we-laurel.

Ukunqoba kulo mqhudelwano kube wuvuthondaba lwesigaba sokuqala sokubunjwa kweciko. Iminyaka yokusebenza kanzima yamholela.

U-Yakov Izrailevich Zak wazalelwa e-Odessa. Uthisha wakhe wokuqala kwakunguMaria Mitrofanovna Starkova. (“Umculi oqinile, ofaneleka kakhulu,” kukhumbula uZach ngezwi lokubonga, “owayeyazi indlela yokunika abafundi lokho ngokuvamile okuqondwa njengesikole.”) Umfana onesiphiwo wahamba emfundweni yakhe yopiyano ngesinyathelo esisheshayo nesiso. Ezifundweni zakhe kwakukhona ukubekezela, nokuba nenjongo, nokuzithiba; kusukela ebuntwaneni wayezimisele futhi esebenza kanzima. Lapho eneminyaka engu-15, wanikeza i-clavierabend yokuqala empilweni yakhe, ekhuluma nabathandi bomculo wedolobha lakubo ngemisebenzi kaBeethoven, Liszt, Chopin, Debussy.

Ngo-1932, le nsizwa yangena esikoleni sokuphothula eMoscow Conservatory kuya GG Neuhaus. "Izifundo noGenrikh Gustavovich bezingezona izifundo ekuchazeni igama elijwayelekile," kusho uZak. “Bekungokunye okwengeziwe: imicimbi yobuciko. “Bashisa” ngokuthinta okuthile okusha, okungaziwa, okujabulisayo … Thina, bafundi, sibonakale singeniswa ethempelini lemicabango yomculo esezingeni eliphezulu, imizwa ejulile neyinkimbinkimbi … ”uZak wacishe wangaphuma ekilasini likaNeuhaus. Wayekhona cishe kuzo zonke izifundo zikaprofesa wakhe (ngesikhathi esifushane ngangokunokwenzeka wazuza ubuciko bokuzizuzisa ngezeluleko neziyalezo ezinikezwa abanye); walalela ngokubuza umdlalo wamaqabane akhe. Izitatimende eziningi nezincomo zikaHeinrich Gustavovich zilotshwe nguye ebhukwini lokubhalela elikhethekile.

Ngo-1933-1934, uNeuhaus wayegula kakhulu. Izinyanga ezimbalwa Zak wafunda ekilasini Konstantin Nikolaevich Igumnov. Okuningi lapha kwakubukeka kuhlukile, nakuba kungathandeki futhi kuthakazelisa kancane. "U-Igumnov wayenekhwalithi emangalisayo, eyivelakancane: wakwazi ukuthwebula ngokubheka okukodwa uhlobo lomsebenzi womculo uwonke futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo wabona zonke izici zawo, wonke "amaseli". Bambalwa abantu ababethanda futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, babekwazi ukusebenza nomfundi ngemininingwane yokusebenza, ikakhulukazi, njengaye. Futhi yeka ukuthi zingakanani izinto ezibalulekile, ezidingekayo akwazi ukuzisho, kwenzeka, endaweni ewumngcingo ngezilinganiso ezimbalwa nje! Ngezinye izikhathi ubheka, ihora elilodwa nengxenye noma amabili esifundo, amakhasi ambalwa adlulisiwe. Futhi umsebenzi, njengezinso ngaphansi komsebe welanga lasentwasahlobo, ogcwele ijusi ... "

Ngo-1935, u-Zak wabamba iqhaza emncintiswaneni wesibili we-All-Union Competition of Performing Musicians, ethatha indawo yesithathu kulo mncintiswano. Futhi ngemva kweminyaka emibili kwaba impumelelo Warsaw, okuyinto echazwe ngenhla. Ukunqoba enhloko-dolobha yasePoland kwaba intokozo nakakhulu ngoba, ngobusuku bangaphambi komncintiswano, umncintiswano ngokwakhe akazange azicabange ukuthi uphakathi kwezintandokazi ekujuleni komphefumulo wakhe. Okungenani kukho konke othambekele ekucabangeni ngokweqile amakhono akhe, eqaphe kakhulu futhi ehlakaniphe kunokuqhosha, wayesenesikhathi eside elungiselela umncintiswano cishe kubuqili. “Ngiqale ngathatha isinqumo sokuthi ngingavumeli muntu ukuthi angene ezinhlelweni zami. Ngalufundisa uhlelo ngingedwa. Wabe esezama ukuyibonisa uGenrikh Gustavovich. Wavuma ngokujwayelekile. Waqala ukungisiza ngilungiselele uhambo oluya eWarsaw. Lokho, mhlawumbe, yikho konke… "

Ukunqoba emncintiswaneni weChopin kwaletha uZak eqhulwini lokudlala upiyano lwaseSoviet. Abezindaba baqala ukukhuluma ngaye; kwakukhona ithuba elikhangayo lokuvakasha. Kuyaziwa ukuthi asikho isivivinyo esinzima futhi esikhohlisayo ukwedlula ukuhlolwa kwenkazimulo. UZak osemncane wasinda naye. Izindondo azizange zidide ingqondo yakhe ecacile nehluzekile, azizange ziyithuntuthe intando yakhe, azizange zisilimaze isimilo sakhe. IWarsaw yaba ngelinye lamakhasi aphendukile emlandweni wakhe wesisebenzi esinenkani, esingakhathali.

Kwaqalwa isigaba esisha somsebenzi, hhayi okunye. U-Zak ngalesi sikhathi ufundisa okuningi, uletha isisekelo esibanzi nesiqine kakhudlwana somculo wakhe wekhonsathi. Ngenkathi ecija indlela yakhe yokudlala, uthuthukisa isitayela sakhe sokudlala, esakhe. Ukugxeka komculo kwabangamashumi amathathu kumuntu ka-A. Alschwang kuyaphawula: “I. UZach ungumdlali wopiyano oqinile, olinganiselayo, onekhono; imvelo yakhe yokwenza ayithambekele ekwandiseni kwangaphandle, ekubonakalisweni kobudlova kwesimo esishisayo, ekuzilibaziseni okunentshiseko, okungavinjelwe. Lona yiciko elihlakaniphile, elicashile nelicophelelayo.” (Alshwang A. Soviet Schools of Pianoism: Essay on the Second // Soviet Music. 1938. No. 12. P. 66.).

Ukunakwa kudonswa ekukhethweni kwezincazelo: “okuqinile, okulinganiselayo, okuphelele. Uhlakaniphe, ucashile, uyacophelela…” Isithombe sobuciko sikaZach oneminyaka engama-25 sakhiwa, njengoba kulula ukusibona, ngokucacile nangokuqiniseka okwanele. Ake sengeze - nesiphetho.

Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu namashumi ayisithupha, u-Zak wayengomunye wabameleli abahlonishwayo nabanegunya lokudlala upiyano lwaseSoviet. Uhamba ngendlela yakhe kwezobuciko, unobuso obuhlukile, obukhunjulwa kahle bobuciko. Buyini ubuso abavuthiwe, ngokuphelele Esungulwe amakhosi?

Wayengumculi futhi usengumculi ohlukaniswa ngokwesiko—ngomhlangano othile—esigabeni “songqondongqondo.” Kukhona amaciko amagama azo obuciko avuswa ikakhulukazi imizwa ezenzakalelayo, ezenzakalelayo, ikakhulukazi engamawala. Ngokwezinga elithile, i-Zach iyi-antipode yabo: inkulumo yakhe yokusebenza yayihlale icatshangelwa ngokucophelela kusenesikhathi, ikhanyiswa ukukhanya komcabango wobuciko obona kude nonokuqonda. Ukunemba, ukuqiniseka, ukuvumelana okungenakuqhathaniswa kokuhumusha izinhloso – kanye nomculo wakhe wopiyano incarnations kuwuphawu lobuciko bukaZach. Ungasho - isiqubulo salobu buciko. "Izinhlelo zakhe zokusebenza ziyazethemba, zigcizelelwe, zicacile..." (Grimikh K. Amakhonsathi wabadlali bopiyano abangemva kokuthweswa iziqu eMoscow Conservatory // Sov. Umculo. 1933. No. 3. P. 163.). Lawa mazwi ashiwo ngomculi ngo-1933; ngesizathu esilinganayo - uma kungenjalo - zingaphindwa iminyaka eyishumi, namashumi amabili, namashumi amathathu kamuva. Lona kanye uhlobo lokucabanga kobuciko kukaZach lwamenza wangabi yimbongi kangako njengomqambi onekhono ekusebenzeni komculo. Ngempela "wayihlela kahle" indaba, imisindo yakhe yokwakha yayivumelana ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi ilungile ngokungangabazeki ngokubala. Kungakho umdlali wopiyano ephumelele lapho abaningi, nabadume kabi, kozakwabo behluleka, ku-Second Concerto of Brahms, Sonata, op. 106 U-Beethoven, emjikelezweni onzima kakhulu wombhali ofanayo, Izinguquko Ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu ku-Waltz ka-Diabelli?

U-Zak umdwebi akagcinanga nje ngokucabanga ngendlela engavamile necashile; ububanzi bemizwa yakhe yobuciko nayo yayithakazelisa. Kuyaziwa ukuthi imizwelo nemizwa yomuntu, uma "ifihliwe", ingakhangiswa noma ingakhangisiwe, ekugcineni ithola ukukhanga okukhethekile, amandla akhethekile okuthonya. Kunjalo empilweni, futhi kunjalo kwezobuciko. "Kungcono ukungasho kunokuphinda uxoxe," umdwebi odumile waseRussia u-PP Chistyakov wayala abafundi bakhe. "Okubi kakhulu ukunikeza okungaphezu kwalokho okudingekile," u-KS Stanislavsky wasekela umbono ofanayo, wawufaka emisebenzini yokudala yaseshashalazini. Ngenxa yezici zemvelo yakhe kanye nenqolobane yakhe yengqondo, uZak, edlala umculo esiteji, ngokuvamile wayengamoshi kakhulu ngezambulo eziseduze; kunalokho, wayencishana, e-laconic ekuvezeni imizwa; ukushayisana kwakhe ngokomoya nangokwengqondo ngezinye izikhathi kungase kubonakale “njengento ngokwayo.” Noma kunjalo, amazwi angokomzwelo omdlali wopiyano, nakuba ayengasho lutho, njengokungathi athulisiwe, ayenokukhanga kwawo siqu, ukukhanga kwawo siqu. Uma kungenjalo, kungaba nzima ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ekwazile ukuzuza udumo ngokuhumusha imisebenzi efana nekhonsathi kaChopin ku-F minor, i-Petrarch's Sonnets kaLiszt, i-A major sonata, op. 120 Schubert, Forlan and Minuet from Ravel's Tomb of Couperin, njll.

Uma sikhumbula ngokuqhubekayo izici ezigqamayo zomculo wopiyano ka-Zak, umuntu akakwazi kodwa ukusho mayelana nomfutho ophakeme ongaguquguquki, ukufakwa kukagesi kwangaphakathi kokudlala kwakhe. Njengesibonelo, singacaphuna ukusebenza kweciko okwaziwayo kwe-Rakhmaninov's Rhapsody on A Theme of Paganini: njengokungathi ibha yensimbi evevezela ngokunwebekayo, enwetshwe kanzima ngezandla eziqinile, ezinemisipha ... Empeleni, u-Zach, njengengcweti, wayengabonakali. ngezimo zokuphumula okutotoswayo kwezothando; ukucatshangelwa kwe-languid, umsindo othi "nirvana" - hhayi indima yakhe yobunkondlo. Kuyaxaka, kodwa kuyiqiniso: kuyo yonke ifilosofi kaFaustian yengqondo yakhe, waziveza ngokugcwele nangokucacile isenzo - ku-dynamics yomculo, hhayi ukuma komculo. Amandla okucabanga, aphindaphindwa ngamandla omculo osebenzayo, ocacile kancane - yile ndlela umuntu angachaza ngayo, isibonelo, izincazelo zakhe zeSarcasms, uchungechunge lwe-Fleeting, i-Prokofiev yesibili, yesine, i-Sonatas yesihlanu, neyesikhombisa, i-Rachmaninov yesine. Ikhonsathi, uDokotela Gradus ukhangise uParnassum ovela eKhoneni Lezingane likaDebussy.

Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi umdlali wopiyano ubelokhu ekhangwa isici se-piano toccato. Wayethanda ukuvezwa kwamakhono emoto yezinsimbi, imizwa enamandla ye-"steel lope" ekusebenzeni, umlingo wezigqi ezisheshayo, ezinenkani. Kungakho, ngokusobala, phakathi kwempumelelo yakhe enkulu njengotolika kwakukhona iToccata (evela eTomb of Couperin), kanye nekhonsathi kaRavel ku-G major, kanye nama-opuses ase-Prokofiev okukhulunywe ngawo ngaphambili, nokunye okuningi okuvela ku-Beethoven, Medtner, Rachmaninoff.

Futhi esinye isici semisebenzi ka-Zak ubuhle bayo, imibala eminingi ehlukahlukene, imibala emihle. Kakade ebusheni bakhe, umdlali wopiyano wazibonakalisa eyingcweti evelele ngokumelela umsindo, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemiphumela yokuhlobisa upiyano. Ephawula ngokuhumusha kwakhe i-sonata kaLiszt ethi “Ngemva kokufunda uDante” (le opus yayivele ezinhlelweni zomculi kusukela eminyakeni yangaphambi kwempi), u-A. Alschwang akazange agcizelele ngephutha “isithombe” sokudlala kukaZak: “Ngamandla omdlalo. umbono owenziwe," encoma, "I-Zaka isikhumbuza ngokwenziwa kabusha kobuciko kwezithombe zikaDante ngumdwebi waseFrance uDelacroix ... " (Izikole zase-Alshwang A. Soviet of pianism. P. 68.). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuzwakala komsindo womdwebi kwaba yinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu futhi kwahluka, ngisho nemibala ehlukahlukene futhi ecwengekile yacwebezela kuphalethi yakhe ye-timbre. Banikeze ubuhle obukhethekile ezinombolweni zekhonsathi yakhe ethi “Izigcawu Zezingane” ka-Schumann no-Sonatina Ravel, “Burlesque” ka-R. Strauss kanye ne-Scriabin’s Third Sonata, Ikhonsathi Yesibili ka-Medtner kanye “Nezinhlobonhlobo Zengqikithi Ye-Corelli” ka-Rachmaninoff.

Into eyodwa enganezelwa kulokho okushiwo: konke uZack akwenza ekhibhodi yensimbi, njengomthetho, kubonakala ngokuphelela okuphelele nokungenamibandela, ukuphelela kwesakhiwo. Akukaze kube khona "okusebenze" ngokuxhamazela, ngokuxhamazela, ngaphandle kokunakwa okufanele ngaphandle! Umculi onobuciko obungaguquki obungaguquki, akasoze azivumela ukuthi athumele umdwebo wokudlala emphakathini; indwangu ngayinye yomsindo ayibonisa esiteji yabulawa ngokunemba kwayo ngokwemvelo nangokucophelela. Mhlawumbe akuyona yonke le midwebo eyayinesigxivizo sokugqugquzelwa kobuciko okuphezulu: u-Zach wayenokulinganisela ngokweqile, futhi enengqondo ngokweqile, futhi (ngezinye izikhathi) ematasatasa ngokunengqondo. Nokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umdlali wekhonsathi wazizwa enjani lapho esondela kupiyano, cishe wayehlale engenasono ekhonweni lakhe lobuchwepheshe lokudlala upiyano. Angaba “sesigqikini” noma angabikho; wayengeke abe nephutha ekuklanyweni kobuchwepheshe kwemibono yakhe. ULiszt wake wathi: “Akwanele ukwenza, kufanele ephelele“. Hhayi njalo futhi akuwona wonke umuntu osehlombe. Ngokuqondene noZach, wayengowabaculi abakwaziyo futhi abathanda ukuqeda yonke into - kuze kufike emininingwaneni ejulile - kwezobuciko bokudlala. (Ngesinye isikhathi, uZak wayethanda ukukhumbula isitatimende esidumile sikaStanislavsky: "Noma yikuphi "ngandlela-thile", "ngokujwayelekile", "cishe" akwamukeleki kwezobuciko ... " (Stanislavsky KS Sobr. soch.-M., 1954. T 2. S. 81.). Kwakunjalo nangesivumokholo sakhe sokwenza.)

Konke okusanda kushiwo - ulwazi oluningi lweciko nobuhlakani, ukukhalipha kobuhlakani bokucabanga kwakhe kwezobuciko, isiyalo semizwa, ubuhlakani bokudala obukhaliphile - kwaqala ukuhlangana kulolo hlobo lomculi oculayo (ophucuzeke kakhulu, oyisidala, "ohloniphekile" ...), okungekho lutho olubaluleke kakhulu kuye emsebenzini wakhe ukwedlula ukubonakaliswa kwentando yombhali, futhi akukho okushaqisayo njengokungalaleli. U-Neuhaus, owayebazi kahle ubuciko bomfundi wakhe, akazange abhale ngephutha mayelana “nomoya othile wokubheka izinto eziphakeme, ikhono elikhethekile lokubona nokudlulisa ubuciko “empeleni”, ngaphandle kokwethula okuningi okwakhe, okomuntu siqu, okunengqondo ... Abaculi abanjengoZak, uNeuhaus waqhubeka, "hhayi okungenabuntu, kodwa kunalokho okungaphezu komuntu", ekusebenzeni kwabo "Mendelssohn - Mendelssohn, Brahms - Brahms, Prokofiev - Prokofiev. Ubuntu (umculi - UMnu. C.) … njengento ehlukaniseka ngokucacile kumbhali, iyahlehla; ubona umqambi njengokungathi ngengilazi enkulu yokukhulisa (nansi, ubuciko!), kodwa ihlanzekile ngokuphelele, ayiguquguquki nganoma iyiphi indlela, ayinabala - ingilazi, esetshenziswa kuma-telescopes ukuze kubonwe izindikimba zasezulwini ... " (Neigauz G. Ubuqambi bomdlali wopiyano // Abashayi bopiyano abavelele-othisha mayelana nobuciko bepiyano. – M .; L., 1966. P. 79.).

…Kubo bonke ukuqina kokusebenza kwekhonsathi ka-Zach, kukho konke ukubaluleka kwakho, kubonise uhlangothi olulodwa lwempilo yakhe yokudala. Enye, engabalulekile kangako, yayingeye-pedagogy, okwathi ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwawo-XNUMX yafinyelela ukuqhakaza kwayo okuphezulu kakhulu.

UZach usenesikhathi eside efundisa. Ngemva kokuphothula iziqu, waqale wasiza uprofesa wakhe, uNeuhaus; ngemva kwesikhashana waphathiswa ikilasi lakhe. Iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane "ngokusebenzisa" isipiliyoni sokufundisa… Inqwaba yabafundi, phakathi kwabo kukhona abanikazi bamagama opiyano anomsindo - E. Virsaladze, N. Petrov, E. Mogilevsky, G. Mirvis, L. Timofeeva, S. Navasardyan, V. .U-Bakk… Ngokuphambene nokuthi u-Zak akakaze abe omunye wabadlali bekhonsathi akanye nabo, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, “itoho”, akakaze abheke ukufundisa njengendaba ebaluleke kakhulu, okugcwala ngayo ukuhlaba ikhefu phakathi kokuvakasha. Wayewuthanda umsebenzi wasekilasini, etshala kuwo wonke amandla omqondo nomphefumulo wakhe. Ngesikhathi efundisa, akazange ayeke ukucabanga, ukucinga, ukuthola; imicabango yakhe yokufundisa ayizange iphole ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Singasho ukuthi ekugcineni waba nokuvumelana, okuhlelekile uhlelo (ngokuvamile wayengathambekele ekubukeni okungahlelekile) komculo kanye ne-didactic, izimiso, izinkolelo.

Umgomo oyinhloko, wamasu womfundisi womculo wopiyano, u-Yakov Izrailevich wayekholelwa ukuthi, ukuholela umfundi ekuqondeni umculo (kanye nencazelo yawo) njengendlela yokubonisa izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuphila kwangaphakathi komuntu. “… Hhayi i-kaleidoscope yezinhlobo ezinhle zomculo wepiyano,” ephikelela echazela intsha, “hhayi nje iziqeshana ezisheshayo nezinembayo, “izinsimbi” ezinhle zokucula nokunye okunjalo. Cha, ingqikithi ingokunye - ezithombeni, emizweni, emicabangweni, emicabangweni, ezimeni ezingokwengqondo ... "Njengothisha wakhe, uNeuhaus, uZak wayeqiniseka ukuthi" ngobuciko bomsindo ... yonke into, ngaphandle kokukhetha, engakwazi ukuzwa, ukusinda, ukucabanga. ngokusebenzisa, kuhlanganiswe futhi kuvezwe futhi kumuzwe umuntu (Neigauz G. Kubuciko bokudlala upiyano. – M., 1958. P. 34.). Kulezi zikhundla, wafundisa abafundi bakhe ukuthi bacabangele “ubuciko bomsindo”.

Ukuqwashisa ngomculi osemusha okungokomoya Ingqikithi yokusebenza kungenzeka kuphela lapho, u-Zak waphinde waphikisana, lapho esefinyelele izinga eliphezulu ngokwanele lokuthuthukiswa komculo, ubuhle kanye nokuhlakanipha okuvamile. Lapho isisekelo solwazi lwakhe lobungcweti siqinile futhi siqinile, ama-horizons akhe abanzi, ukucabanga kobuciko kwakheka ngokuyisisekelo, futhi ulwazi lokusungula luyanqwabelana. Le misebenzi, u-Zak wayekholelwa ukuthi, iphuma esigabeni semiqophiso yokufundisa ngomculo ngokuvamile, kanye nokufundisa upiyano ikakhulukazi. Baxazululwa kanjani ekwenzeni kwakhe siqu?

Okokuqala, ngokwethula kwabafundi inani elikhulu kunawo wonke lemisebenzi efundiwe. Ngokuxhumana komfundi ngamunye wekilasi lakhe ngohlu olubanzi kakhulu lwezigigaba zomculo ezihlukahlukene. Inkinga ukuthi abadlali abaningi abasebasha “bavaleke kakhulu … embuthanweni wodumo olubi “wepiyano,” kuzisola u-Zak. “Yeka ukuthi ngokuvamile imibono yabo ngomculo iba mincane kangakanani! [Kudingeka] sicabange ngendlela yokuhlela kabusha umsebenzi ekilasini ukuze sivulele abafundi bethu i-panorama ebanzi yempilo yomculo … ngoba ngaphandle kwalokhu, ukuthuthuka okujulile komculi akunakwenzeka. (Zak Ya. Kwezinye izindaba zokufundisa abadlali bopiyano abasebasha // Imibuzo yokusebenza kwepiyano. – M., 1968. Issue 2. P. 84, 87.). Embuthanweni wozakwabo, akazange akhathale ukuphindaphinda: “Umculi ngamunye kufanele abe “nenqolobane yakhe yolwazi”, iqoqo lakhe eliyigugu lalokho akuzwile, akwenzile, nakuhlangenwe nakho. Lokhu kuqongelela kufana ne-accumulator yamandla esondla umcabango wokudala, okudingekile ukuze uqhubekele phambili njalo. (Ibid., amakhasi 84, 87.).

Отсюда — установка Зака ​​на возможно более интенсивный и широкий приток музыки в учебно-педагогический обиход его воспитанников. Так, наряду с обязательным репертуаром, в его классе нередко проходились и пьесы-спутники; они служили чем-то вроде вспомогательного материала, овладение которым, считал Зак, желательно, а то и просто необходимо для художественно полноценной интерпретации основной части студенческих программ. «Произведения одного и того же автора соединены обычно множеством внутренних «уз»,— говорил Яков Израилевич.— Нельзя по-настоящему хорошо исполнить какое-либо из этих произведений, не зная, по крайней мере, „близлежащих…»»

Ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi lomculo, okwahlukanisa abafundi bakaZach, kwachazwa, kodwa, hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi endaweni yokufundisa eholwa uprofesa wabo, okuningi. Bekubalulekile futhi as imisebenzi yayibanjelwe lapha. Yona kanye indlela yokufundisa kuka-Zak, indlela yakhe yokufundisa yashukumisa ukugcwaliseka okuqhubekayo nokusheshayo kwamandla obuciko nobuhlakani babadlali bopiyano abasebasha. Indawo ebalulekile ngaphakathi kwalesi sitayela kwakungeyakho, isibonelo, yokwamukela generalizations (cishe into ebaluleke kakhulu ekufundiseni umculo - kuncike ekusetshenzisweni kwawo okufanelekile). Ikakhulukazi, ukhonkolo olulodwa ekusebenzeni kopiyano - lapho indwangu yangempela yesifundo yalukwa khona (umsindo, isigqi, amandla, ifomu, ukucaciswa kohlobo, njll.), ngokuvamile yayisetshenziswa u-Yakov Izrailevich njengesizathu sokuthola imiqondo ebanzi nenamandla. ezihlobene nezigaba ezihlukahlukene zobuciko bomculo. Ngakho-ke umphumela: ekuhlangenwe nakho kokuprakthiza bukhoma kopiyano, abafundi bakhe ngokungabonakali, bebodwa, bakha ulwazi olujulile noluguquguqukayo. Ukufunda noZach kwakusho ukucabanga: ukuhlaziya, ukuqhathanisa, ukuqhathanisa, ukufika eziphethweni ezithile. “Lalela le mifanekiso “enyakazayo” ye-harmonic (imigoqo yokuvula yekhonsathi ka-Ravel e-G-major.— UMnu. C.), waphendukela kumfundi. “Akulona yini iqiniso ukuthi lawa mathonsi anemibala egqamile futhi abukeka kanjani! Nokho, yini oyaziyo ngolimi oluvumelanayo lukaRavel ongasekho? Hhayi-ke, kuthiwani uma ngikucela ukuthi uqhathanise ukuvumelana, uthi, I-Reflections kanye neTomb of Couperin?

Abafundi bakaYakov Izrailevich babazi ukuthi ezifundweni zakhe nganoma isiphi isikhathi umuntu angalindela ukuthintana nezwe lezincwadi, yaseshashalazini, izinkondlo, ukudweba ... Indoda enolwazi lwe-encyclopedic, i-erudite evelele ezindaweni eziningi zamasiko, uZak, ohlelweni amakilasi, uhambo olusetshenziswa ngokuzithandela nangekhono ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane zobuciko : kuboniswe ngale ndlela zonke izinhlobo zemibono yomculo nokwenza, kuqiniswe ngezinkomba zenkondlo, imifanekiso kanye nezinye izifaniso zemibono yakhe eseduze yokufundisa, izimo zengqondo nezinhlelo. "I-aesthetics yobuciko obunye i-aesthetics yomunye, into kuphela ehlukile," u-Schumann wabhala; UZach wathi wayeqiniseka ngokuphindaphindiwe ngobuqiniso bala mazwi.

Exazulula eminye imisebenzi yasendaweni yokufundisa upiyano, u-Zak waqoka kuyona lowo ayewubheka njengobaluleke kakhulu: “Into esemqoka kimina ukufundisa umfundi ngendlebe yomculo “eyikristalu” ecwengisiswe kahle…” wakha umbono wakhe, ozokwazi ukuthwebula ama-metamorphoses ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ahlukahlukene ezinqubweni zomsindo, ukuze ahlukanise ama-ephemeral, ama-nuances amahle kakhulu anemibala kanye nombala kanye nokuxhopha. Umdlali osemusha akanalo i-acuity enjalo yokuzwa kokuzwa, kuyoba yize - u-Yakov Izrailevich wayeqiniseka ngalokhu - noma yimaphi amaqhinga othisha, "izimonyo" ze-pedagogical noma "gloss" zizosiza imbangela. Ngamafuphi nje, “indlebe iqondene nomshayi wopiyano lokho iso eliyikho kumculi…” (Zak Ya. Kwezinye izindaba zemfundo yabashayi bopiyano abasebasha. P. 90.).

Abafundi bakaZak bazenza kanjani zonke lezi zimfanelo nezimpawu? Kwakunendlela eyodwa kuphela: ngaphambi komdlali, imisebenzi enjalo yomsindo yayibekwa phambili leyo akakwazanga ukuheha ngemuva kobunzima obukhulu bezinsiza zabo zokuzwa, kungaba zingaxazululeki kukhibhodi ngaphandle kokuzwakaliswa komculo okuhlukaniswe kahle, okucolisisiwe. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esihle kakhulu, uZak wayazi ukuthi amakhono omuntu akhiwa ekujuleni kwalowo msebenzi, okuvela kuwo wonke umhlaba. isidingo idinga la makhono - wona kuphela, futhi akukho okunye. Lokho ayekufuna kubafundi ezifundweni zakhe kwakungeke kufezeke ngaphandle “kwendlebe” yomculo esebenzayo nezwelayo; lokhu kwakungelinye lamaqhinga e-pedagogy yakhe, esinye sezizathu zokuphumelela kwayo. Ngokuqondene nezindlela eziqondile, "ezisebenzayo" zokuthuthukisa ukuzwa phakathi kwabadlali bopiyano, u-Yakov Izrailevich wakubheka njengokuwusizo kakhulu ukufunda ucezu lomculo ngaphandle kwensimbi, ngendlela yokumelela kwangaphakathi kwama-auditory, njengoba besho, "emcabangweni." Wayevame ukusebenzisa lesi simiso emsebenzini wakhe wokwenza, futhi weluleka abafundi bakhe ukuba basisebenzise.

Ngemva kokwakhiwa kwesithombe somsebenzi ohunyushiwe engqondweni yomfundi, u-Zak wakubheka kukuhle ukukhulula lo mfundi ekunakekelweni okwengeziwe kokufundisa. “Uma, ngokuqhubekayo sikhuthaza ukukhula kwezilwane ezifuywayo, sikhona njengesithunzi esihlala simatasa ekusebenzeni kwazo, lokhu kakade sekwanele ukuzenza zibukeke njengezinye, ukuletha wonke umuntu “ekuhlanganiseni okuvamile” okufiphele” (Zak Ya. Kwezinye izindaba zemfundo yabashayi bopiyano abasebasha. P. 82.). Ukukwazi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi - hhayi ngaphambili, kodwa hhayi kamuva (okwesibili kubaluleke kakhulu) - ukuhamba kude nomfundi, ukumshiya yedwa, kungenye yezikhathi ezibucayi nezinzima kakhulu emsebenzini womfundisi womculo, Wakholwa uZak. Kuye wayevame ukuzwa amazwi ka-Arthur Schnabel: “Indima kathisha iwukuvula iminyango, hhayi ukusunduza abafundi kuyo.”

Uhlakaniphe ngolwazi oluningi lomsebenzi, u-Zak, ngaphandle kokugxekwa, uhlole izenzakalo zomuntu ngamunye wempilo yakhe yokudlala yangaleso sikhathi. Imincintiswano eminingi kakhulu, zonke izinhlobo zemincintiswano yomculo, wakhononda. Engxenyeni ebalulekile yabaculi abasafufusa, “bayinkundla yokuhlolwa kwezemidlalo kuphela” (Zak Ya. Abadlali bacela amagama // Sov. umculo. 1957. No. 3. P 58.). Ngokombono wakhe, inani labanqobi ezimpini zokuncintisana zomhlaba wonke liye landa kakhulu: “Izikhundla eziningi, iziqu, i-regalia ziye zavela emhlabeni womculo. Ngeshwa, lokhu akuzange kwenyuse isibalo samathalente.” (Ibid.). Usongo lwenkundla yekhonsathi oluvela kumculi ojwayelekile, umculi ojwayelekile, luba ngokoqobo kakhulu, kusho u-Zach. Lokhu kwamkhathaza cishe ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye: “Ngokwandayo,” ekhathazeka, “ukufana” okuthile kwabadlali bopiyano kwaqala ukuvela, kwabo, noma kuphakeme, kodwa uhlobo “lwezinga lokudala…” Ukunqoba emiqhudelwaneni, lapho amakhalenda eminyaka yakamuva agcwele ngokweqile , ngokusobala ahlanganisa ukubaluleka kwekhono ngaphezu komcabango wokudala. Akukhona yini lapho “ukufana” kwabanqobi bethu kuvela khona? Yini enye okufanele uyibheke ngesizathu? (Zak Ya. Kwezinye izindaba zemfundo yabashayi bopiyano abasebasha. P. 82.). U-Yakov Izrailevich naye wayekhathazekile ngokuthi abanye abaqalayo benkundla yekhonsathi yanamuhla babonakala bephucwe into ebaluleke kakhulu - izimiso zobuciko eziphakeme. Ngakho-ke, iphucwa ilungelo lokuziphatha nelokuziphatha lokuba yiciko. Umdlali womculo wopiyano, njenganoma yimuphi ozakwabo kwezobuciko, “kufanele abe nothando lokudala,” kugcizelela u-Zak.

Futhi sinabo abaculi abasebasha abangene empilweni benezifiso ezinhle zobuciko. Kuyaqinisekisa. Kodwa, ngeshwa, sinabaculi abambalwa abangenalo ngisho nokusikisela kwemibono yokudala. Abakucabangi nokucabanga ngakho. Baphila ngendlela ehlukile (Zak Ya. Abadlali bacela amagama. S. 58.).

Kokunye ukuvela kwakhe kwabezindaba, uZach uthe: "Okwezinye izici zokuphila okwaziwa ngokuthi "careerism" kubizwa ngokuthi "i-laureatism" ekusebenzeni" (Ibid.). Ngezikhathi ezithile wayeqala ingxoxo ngale ndaba nentsha enobuciko. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngesinye isikhathi, wacaphuna amazwi aqhoshayo kaBlok ekilasini:

Imbongi ayinawo umsebenzi Imbongi inesiphetho...

G. Tsypin