Ukuqamba |

kusuka ku-lat. i-compositio - ukuhlanganisa, ukwakheka

1) Ucezu lomculo, umphumela wesenzo sokudala somqambi. Umqondo wokuqanjwa njengengqikithi yobuciko obuphelele awuzange uthuthuke ngokushesha. Ukwakheka kwayo kuhlobene eduze nokuncipha kwendima yokuthuthukiswa. waqala emculweni. ubuciko kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokubhala komculo, okwathi esigabeni esithile sokuthuthuka kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuqopha ngokunembile umculo ezicini ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, incazelo yesimanje yegama elithi “K.” etholwe kuphela kusukela ekhulwini le-13, lapho notation zomculo athuthukile izindlela ukulungisa hhayi kuphela ukuphakama, kodwa futhi ubude besikhathi imisindo. Umculo ekuqaleni. imisebenzi yabhalwa ngaphandle kokubonisa igama lombhali wayo - umqambi, owaqala ukunamathiselwa kuphela kusukela ngekhulu le-14. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokubaluleka okwandayo kwezici ngazinye zobuciko ku-K. ingqondo yombhali wayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunoma iyiphi i-K., izici ezijwayelekile zamamuse nazo ziyaboniswa. ubuciko benkathi enikeziwe, izici zale nkathi ngokwayo. Umlando womculo ngezindlela eziningi umlando we-Muses. izingoma - imisebenzi evelele yabaculi abakhulu.

2) Isakhiwo somsebenzi womculo, uhlobo lwawo lomculo (bheka Ifomu Lomculo).

3) Ukuqamba umculo, uhlobo lobuciko. ubuhlakani. Idinga ubuhlakani. isiphiwo, kanye nezinga elithile lokuqeqeshwa kwezobuchwepheshe - ulwazi lokuyinhloko. amaphethini wokwakhiwa komculo. imisebenzi ethuthuke ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka komculo womlando. Nokho, umculo umsebenzi akufanele kube iqoqo ezivamile, izinkulumo zomculo ajwayelekile, kodwa art. lonke, ubuhle obuhambisanayo. izimfuno zomphakathi. Ukwenza lokhu, kufanele iqukathe ubuciko obusha. okuqukethwe, ngenxa yezenhlalo kanye nemibono. izici kanye nokubonisa ngendlela eyingqayizivele ngokomfanekiso izici ezibalulekile, ezivamile zeqiniso lesimanje lomqambi. Okuqukethwe okusha kuphinde kunqume ubusha bezindlela ezizwakalayo, okuthi, nokho, emculweni ongokoqobo akusho ukuhlukana nesiko, kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kwawo mayelana nobuciko obusha. imisebenzi (bheka I-Reality in music, I-Socialist realism emculweni). Abameleli bazo zonke izinhlobo ze-avant-garde kuphela, ukunyakaza kwesimanje emculweni abahlukana namasiko athuthukile emakhulwini eminyaka edlule, benqaba imodi nethoni, kusukela ezinhlotsheni zefomu zangaphambili ezinengqondo, futhi ngasikhathi sinye kusuka kokuqukethwe okubalulekile komphakathi lokho. inenani elithile lobuciko nelokuqonda (bona i-Avant-gardism , Alearic, Atonal music, Dodecaphony, Music Concrete, Pointilism, Expressionism, Electronic music). Creative ngokwakhe. inqubo ngo-dec. abaqambi baqhubeka ngezindlela ezahlukene. Kwabanye abaqambi, umculo, njengokwenza ngcono, uthululwa kalula, bawuqopha ngokushesha ngendlela eqediwe engadingi ukulungiswa okubalulekile okulandelayo, umhlobiso nokupholisha (WA ​​Mozart, F. Schubert). Abanye bathola isisombululo esihle kakhulu ngenxa yenqubo ende neqinile yokuthuthukisa umdwebo wokuqala (L. Beethoven). Abanye abantu basebenzisa insimbi lapho beqamba umculo, ngokuvamile i-fp. (ngokwesibonelo, J. Haydn, F. Chopin), abanye baphendukela ekuhloleni ukuthi ff. kuphela ngemva kokuba umsebenzi usuqedwe ngokuphelele (F. Schubert, R. Schumann, SS Prokofiev). Kuzo zonke izimo, umbandela wenani lomsebenzi odaliwe ngabaqambi bangempela yizinga lokuxhumana kwawo nobuciko. inhloso. Abaqambi be-Avant-garde banobuciko, inqubo ithatha uhlobo lwenhlanganisela enengqondo yemisindo ngokuya ngemithetho emiswe ngokungafanele (ngokwesibonelo, ku-dodecaphony), futhi ngokuvamile isici senhlanhla sibaluleke kakhulu (kuma-aleatorics, njll. ).

4) Isifundo esifundiswa kuma-conservatories, njll. izikhungo zemfundo yeqhwa. ERussia ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi indaba. K. Yiqiniso, njengomthetho, iqhutshwa ngumqambi; amakilasi ahlanganisa ngokuyinhloko ukuthi uthisha ujwayelana nomsebenzi womfundi-umqambi noma ucezu lwalo msebenzi, amnikeze ukuhlolwa okuvamile futhi aphawule ngezakhi zawo ngazinye. Uthisha uvamise ukunikeza umfundi inkululeko yokukhetha uhlobo lokuqanjwa kwakhe; ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlelo olujwayelekile lwesifundo luhlinzeka ngokuthuthuka kancane kancane kusukela kokulula kuya kokuyinkimbinkimbi, kuze kufike ezinhlotsheni eziphakeme ze-wok.-instr. kanye ne-instr. umculo - ama-opera nama-symphonies. Kukhona izindlela. inombolo ye-akhawunti yesibonelelo sika-K. Kuze kube ngu-19 c. inani lezinkombandlela ze-K. ngokuvamile athola iziqondiso on counterpoint (polyphony), bass jikelele, ukuvumelana, ngisho nemibuzo yomculo. ukubulawa. Phakathi kwazo, ngokwesibonelo, “Treatise on harmony” (“Traité de l’harmonie”, 1722) J. P. Rameau, “Isipiliyoni sokufundisa ngokudlala umtshingo oguquguqukayo” (“Versuch einer Anweisung die Plute traversiere zu spielen”, 1752) I. FUTHI. Quantz, "Isipiliyoni sendlela efanele yokudlala i-clavier" ("Versuch über die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen", 1753-62) K. F. E. Bach, “Isipiliyoni sesikole se-violin esiqinile” (“Versuch einer grundlichen Violinschule”, 1756) ka-L. I-Mozart. Kwesinye isikhathi, imisebenzi yomculo yayibuye ithathwe njengemihlahlandlela yokuqamba umculo - njengesibonelo, i-Well-Tempered Clavier kanye ne-Art of Fugue ka-I. C. Bach (lolu hlobo lwezingoma "ezifundisayo" zadalwa ngekhulu lama-20, isibonelo. "I-Play of Tonalities" - "Ludus tonalis" ka-Hindemith, "Microcosmos" kaBartok). Kusukela ngekhulu le-19, lapho ukuqonda kwesimanje kwegama elithi “K.”, umhlahlandlela ka-K. ngokuvamile ukuhlanganisa izifundo eziyisisekelo. Iziyalo zethiyori yomculo, ulwazi oludingekayo kumqambi. Lezi zifundo zifundiswa esikhathini samanje. ama-conservatories njengama-uch ahlukene. izifundo - ukuvumelana, i-polyphony, imfundiso yefomu, i-instrumentation. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kumanuwali ku-K. izici zemfundiso yomculo zivame ukuchazwa, imibuzo yezinhlobo nezitayela iyaphathwa, okungukuthi. e. izindawo zomculo. amathiyori kuze kube manje. isikhathi esingafundiswanga njengokuzimela. ezintathu. eyala. Banjalo nje. umhlahlandlela wokuqamba J. G. Momigny (1803-06), A. Reichi (1818-33), G. UWeber (1817-21), A. B. UMarx (1837-47), Z. UZechter (1853-54), E. I-Prouta (1876-95), S. Yadasson (1883-89), V. d'Andy (1902-09). Indawo evelele phakathi kwemisebenzi enjalo ithathwa “Incwadi Enkulu Yokuqamba” ka-X. URiman (1902-13). Kukhona futhi. izincwadi zokuqamba umculo wezinhlobo ezithile (isibonelo, amazwi, isiteji), izinhlobo ezithile (isibonelo, izingoma). ERussia, izincwadi zokuqala zikaK. zabhalwa I. L. Fuchs (kuyo. lang., 1830) kanye nami. KUYA. Gunke (ngesiRashiya 1859-63). Umsebenzi obalulekile kanye nokuphawula mayelana no-K. futhi imfundiso yayo ingekaN. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P. FUTHI. Tchaikovsky, S. FUTHI. Taneevu. Izincwadi zokufundisa K., eziphethwe izikhova. ababhali, okuhlosiwe kuqala. kwabaqalayo abangakadlulisi okuyisisekelo. isazi semibono. izinto. Lena imisebenzi kaM. P. Gnesina (1941) kanye no-E.

References: 3) no-4) (babala ikakhulukazi imisebenzi ehlobene nenkathi lapho ukuqonda kwesimanje kwegama elithi “K.” kwase kumisiwe kakade, futhi kuchazwa isihloko sika-K. sisonke. Ezincwadini zekhulu lama-20 zokuqamba “umculo omusha ”, i-rye kuphela, engabameleli bayo abavelele) Gunka O., Umhlahlandlela wokuqamba umculo, dep. 1-3, eSt. Petersburg, 1859-63; Tchaikovsky PI, Mayelana nekhono lomqambi. Izingcaphuno ezikhethiwe zezinhlamvu nama-athikili. Comp. UMA uKunin, M., 1952, ngaphansi kwesahluko. Tchaikovsky PI, Ngobuciko bomqambi nekhono, M., 1964; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, Emfundweni yomculo. I-Athikili I. Ukuqeqeshwa okuphoqelekile nokuzithandela kwezobuciko bomculo. I-Article II Ithiyori kanye nokwenza kanye nethiyori ephoqelekile yomculo ku-conservatory yaseRussia, encwadini: AN Rimsky-Korsakov, Izindatshana zomculo namanothi, iSt. II, M., 1911; U-Taneev SI, Imicabango ngomsebenzi wakhe wokudala, ku: Inkumbulo ka-Sergei Ivanovich Taneev, Sat. izindatshana nezinto zokwakha ed. Vl. Protopopova, M., 1963; yakhe, Izinto zokwakha kanye nemibhalo, vol. Mina, M., 1947; Gnesin MP, Inkambo yokuqala yokuqamba okusebenzayo, M.-L., 1952, M., 1941; Bogatyrev S., Ekuhleleni kabusha imfundo yomqambi, "SM", 1962, No 1949; Skrebkov S., Mayelana nendlela yokuqamba. Amanothi Kathisha, “SM”, 6, No 1952; UShebalin V., Ngokuzwela nangokucophelela ufundise intsha, “SM”, 10, No 1957; Evlakhov O., Izinkinga zemfundo yomqambi, M., 1, L., 1958; Korabelnikova L., Taneyev mayelana nokukhuliswa abaqambi, "SM", 1963, No 1960; Tikhomirov G., Izakhi zesu lomqambi, M., 9; Chulaki M., Abaqambi bawubhala kanjani umculo? “SM”, 1964, No 1965; Messner E., Okuyisisekelo kokuqanjwa, M., 9.