Ifomu lomculo |

Greek morpn, lat. isimo - ukubukeka, isithombe, uhlaka, ukubukeka, ubuhle; Ifomu lesiJalimane, ifomu lesiFulentshi, i-italy. ifomu, eng. umumo, umumo

Okuqukethwe

I. Incazelo yegama. I-Etymology II. Ifomu nokuqukethwe. Izimiso ezijwayelekile zokubunjwa III. Amafomu omculo ngaphambi kuka-1600 IV. Amafomu omculo we-Polyphonic V. Izinhlobo zomculo ze-Homophonic zezikhathi zanamuhla VI. Izinhlobo zomculo zekhulu lama-20 VII. Izimfundiso mayelana namafomu omculo

I. Incazelo yegama. I-Etymology. Igama elithi F.m.” sisetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningi. amanani: 1) uhlobo lokuqamba; def. uhlelo lokuhlanganisa (ngokunembile, "i-form-scheme", ngokusho kwe-BV Asafiev) iminyuziyamu. imisebenzi ("indlela yokwakheka", ngokusho kuka-PI Tchaikovsky; isibonelo, i-rundo, i-fugue, i-motet, i-ballata; ngokwengxenye isondela kumqondo wohlobo, okungukuthi, uhlobo lomculo); 2) umculo. ukwenziwa samuntu kokuqukethwe (inhlangano ephelele yezingoma zomculo, ukuvumelana, imitha, indwangu ye-polyphonic, izinsimbi, nezinye izici zomculo). Ngaphezu kwalezi zincazelo ezimbili eziyinhloko zegama elithi “F. m." (zomculo nezobuhle-zefilosofi) kukhona ezinye; 3) isithombe somsindo esiyingqayizivele ngasinye seminyuziyamu. ucezu (ukugcwaliseka komsindo othize kwenhloso yaso etholakala kulo msebenzi kuphela; into ehlukanisa, isibonelo, uhlobo olulodwa lwe-sonata kuzo zonke ezinye; ngokuphambene nohlobo lwefomu, kuzuzwa ngesisekelo sengqikithi esingaphindwaphindwa eminye imisebenzi kanye nokuthuthuka kwayo ngakunye; ngaphandle kwezingcaphuno zesayensi, emculweni obukhoma kunoF. m. 4) ubuhle. ukuhleleka kwezingoma zomculo (“ukuvumelana” kwezingxenye nezingxenye zawo), okuhlinzeka ngobuhle. isithunzi somculo. izingoma (ingxenye yenani lesakhiwo sayo esiphelele; “isimo sisho ubuhle…”, ngokusho kuka-MI Glinka); ikhwalithi yenani elihle lomqondo we-F. m. itholakala ekuphikiseni: “ifomu” – “ukungabi nasimo” (“ukuguquguquka” - ukuhlanekezelwa kwefomu; lokho okungenasimo kunephutha ngobuhle, kubi); 5) enye yezintathu eziyinhloko. izingxenye zomculo osetshenziswayo-wethiyori. isayensi (kanye nokuvumelana kanye ne-counterpoint), isihloko sayo isifundo sikaF. Kwesinye isikhathi umculo. ifomu libizwa nangokuthi: ukwakheka kwama-muses. umkhiqizo. (isakhiwo sayo), emincane kuneyo yonke imikhiqizo, izingcezu zomculo eziphelele. izingoma ziyizingxenye zefomu noma izingxenye zomculo. kanye nokubukeka kwazo zizonke, ukwakheka (isibonelo, ukwakheka kwemodali, ukuncenceza, ukuthuthuka - “uhlobo lomusho”, isikhathi “njengefomu”; “amafomu avumelana ngokungahleliwe” – PI Tchaikovsky; “abanye ifomu, ake sithi, uhlobo lwe-cadence” – GA Laroche; “Ezinhlotsheni ezithile zomculo wesimanje” – VV Stasov). I-Etymologically, ifomu lesiLatini - lexical. ukulandelela iphepha kusuka ku-Greek morgn, kufaka phakathi, ngaphandle kwe-main. izincazelo “ukubukeka”, umqondo wokubukeka “okuhle” (ku-Euripides eris morpas; – ingxabano phakathi konkulunkulukazi ngokubukeka okuhle). Lat. igama elithi forma – ukubukeka, isibalo, umfanekiso, ukubukeka, ukubukeka, ubuhle (isibonelo, ku-Cicero, i-forma muliebris – ubuhle besifazane). Amagama ahlobene: i-formose - izacile, inomusa, inhle; i-formosulos - enhle; iramu. frumos nesiPutukezi. i-formoso - enhle, enhle (u-Ovid une-“formosum anni tempus” – “isizini enhle”, okungukuthi, intwasahlobo). (Bheka uStolovich LN, 1966.)

II. Ifomu nokuqukethwe. Izimiso ezijwayelekile zokubunjwa. Umqondo "wefomu" ungaba ukuhlobana ekuwohlokeni. ngababili: ifomu nodaba, ifomu nezinto ezibonakalayo (ngokuphathelene nomculo, ekuchazeni okukodwa, into esetshenziswayo iyingxenye yayo yomzimba, ifomu ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhi ezizwakalayo, kanye nakho konke okwakhiwe kuzo; kwenye incazelo, impahla yizici zokubunjwa - i-melodic, ukwakheka kwe-harmonic, i-timbre ithola, njll, kanye nefomu - ukuhleleka okuvumelanayo kwalokho okwakhiwe kusuka kulokhu okuqukethwe), ifomu nokuqukethwe, ifomu nokungabi nesimo. Amagama asemqoka abalulekile. ipheya yefomu - okuqukethwe (njengesigaba sefilosofi evamile, umqondo "wokuqukethwe" wethulwa ngu-GVF Hegel, owawuhumusha ngokomongo wokuncika kwento kanye nesimo, futhi okuqukethwe njengesigaba kufaka kokubili, ku- ifomu elisusiwe Hegel , 1971, pp. 83-84). Kuthiyori yobuciko ye-Marxist, ifomu (kuhlanganise no-F. m.) licatshangelwa kulesi sigaba sesibili, lapho okuqukethwe kuqondwa njengokuvezwa kweqiniso.

Okuqukethwe komculo - ext. isici sikamoya somsebenzi; lokho okushiwo umculo. Isikhungo. imiqondo yomculo. okuqukethwe - umculo. umqondo (umcabango womculo ohlanganiswe nezinzwa), muz. isithombe (umlingiswa ovezwe ngokuphelele ovula ngokuqondile umuzwa womculo, "njengesithombe", isithombe, kanye nokuvezwa komculo kwemizwa nezimo zengqondo). Okuqukethwe kwesimangalo kugcwele isifiso sabaphakeme, abakhulu (“Iciko langempela … kumele lilwele futhi lishise ukuze lifinyelele imigomo emikhulu ebanzi,” incwadi evela ku-PI Tchaikovsky eya ku-AI Alferaki yangomhla ka-Agasti 1, 8). Isici esibaluleke kakhulu sokuqukethwe komculo - ubuhle, ubuhle, ubuhle. ekahle, ingxenye yomculo we-calistic njengobuhle. izenzakalo. Ku-Marxist aesthetics, ubuhle buchazwa ngokombono wemiphakathi. umkhuba womuntu njengobuhle. okuhle kuyisithombe esicatshangelwe ngokwengqondo sokufezeka kwendawo yonke yenkululeko yomuntu (LN Stolovich, 1891; S. Goldentricht, 1956, p. 1967; futhi Yu. B. Borev, 362, p. 1975-47). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwama-muses. okuqukethwe kungase kuhlanganise izithombe okungezona ezomculo, kanye nezinhlobo ezithile zomculo. imisebenzi ihlanganisa off-music. izakhi - izithombe zombhalo ku-wok. umculo (cishe zonke izinhlobo, kuhlanganise ne-opera), isiteji. izenzo ezifakwe etiyetha. umculo. Ukuze kuphelele ubuciko. ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangothi zombili kuyadingeka emsebenzini - kokubili okuqukethwe okuthakazelisayo okuthakazelisayo, okuthakazelisayo, nobuciko obuthuthukiswe kahle. amafomu. Ukuntuleka kokukodwa noma okunye kuthinta kabi ubuhle. ubuhle bomsebenzi.

Ifomu emculweni (ngomqondo wobuhle kanye nefilosofi) ukugcwaliseka komsindo kokuqukethwe ngosizo lwesistimu yezakhi zomsindo, izindlela, ubudlelwano, okungukuthi, kanjani (futhi ngani) okuqukethwe komculo kuvezwa. Ngokuqondile, F.m. (ngalo mqondo) unesitayela. kanye nenhlanganisela yomculo enqunyelwe uhlobo (isibonelo, iculo - eliklanyelwe ukubonwa kwabantu abaningi ngemigubho; ubulula kanye nokunethezeka kwengoma yomculo okuhloswe ukuthi yenziwe ikhwaya ngokusekelwa yi-orchestra), chaza. inhlanganisela yabo kanye nokusebenzisana (uhlamvu olukhethiwe lokunyakaza okunesigqi, izindwangu ezivumelanayo, i-dynamics of shape, njll.), inhlangano ephelele, echazwe. indlela yomculo. izingoma (inhloso ebaluleke kakhulu yobuchwepheshe ukusungulwa "kokubumbana", ukuphelela, ubuhle ekubunjweni komculo). Konke kuzovezwa. Izindlela zomculo, ezimbozwe imiqondo ejwayelekile "yesitayela" kanye "nobuchwepheshe", kuvezwa kumcimbi ophelele - umculo othile. ukwakheka, ku-F.m.

Ifomu nokuqukethwe kukhona ngobunye obungehlukaniseki. Akukho ngisho nemininingwane emincane yamamyuziyamu. okuqukethwe, obekungeke ngempela kuvezwe yinhlanganisela eyodwa noma enye yezinkulumo. kusho (ngokwesibonelo, amagama acashe kakhulu, amagama angaqondakali aveza izithunzi zomsindo we-chord, kuye ngendawo ethile yamathoni ayo noma ngezinsimbi ezikhethelwe ngayinye yazo). Futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, akukho okunjalo, ngisho nezobuchwepheshe "ezingabonakali" kakhulu. indlela, engeke isebenze njengokuvezwa kwe-c.-l, ezingxenyeni zokuqukethwe (isibonelo, umthelela wokunwetshwa okulandelanayo kwesikhawu se-canon ekuhlukeni ngakunye, okungaqondwa ngokuqondile yindlebe ekuhlukeni ngakunye, inombolo okuhlukaniswa ngabathathu ngaphandle kwensali, ku-“Goldberg Variations” JS Bach akahleli nje kuphela umjikelezo oguquguqukayo uwonke, kodwa futhi ungena emcabangweni wesici esingokomoya sangaphakathi somsebenzi). Ukungahlukaniswa kwefomu nokuqukethwe emculweni kubonakala ngokucacile lapho kuqhathaniswa ukuhlelwa komculo ofanayo ngabaqambi abahlukene (isib., isibonelo, Ikhwaya YasePheresiya ephuma ku-opera ethi Ruslan kanye noLyudmila kaGlinka kanye no-I. Imashi kaStrauss ebhalwe emculweni ofanayo- itimu) noma ngokuhlukahluka (isibonelo, ukuhluka kwepiyano ye-B-dur ka-I. Brahms, itimu okungeye-GF Handel, kanye nomculo we-Brahms uzwakala ngokuhluka kokuqala). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ebunyeni befomu nokuqukethwe, okuqukethwe kuyisici esihamba phambili, esiguquguqukayo seselula; unendima ewujuqu kulobu bunye. Lapho usebenzisa okuqukethwe okusha, kungase kuphakame ukungqubuzana okuyingxenye phakathi kwefomu nokuqukethwe, lapho okuqukethwe okusha kungakwazi ukukhula ngokugcwele ngaphakathi kohlaka lwefomu elidala (ukuphikisana okunjalo kwakhiwa, isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwemishini yamasu e-baroque esigqi kanye ne-polyphonic. amafomu okuthuthukisa i-12-tone melodic thematism emculweni wesimanje). Ukuphikisana kuxazululwa ngokuletha ifomu lihambisane nokuqukethwe okusha, kuyilapho kuchazwa. izakhi zefomu elidala ziyafa. Ubunye bukaF.m. futhi okuqukethwe kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqagela komunye komunye emqondweni womculi; nokho, ukudluliselwa okunjalo okwenzeka njalo kwezici zokuqukethwe ukuze zakheke (noma okuphambene nalokho), okuhlotshaniswa nekhono lomuntu obonayo “ukufunda” okuqukethwe okungokomfanekiso ngenhlanganisela yezakhi zefomu futhi akucabange ngokwemibandela ye-F. m. , akusho ubunikazi befomu nokuqukethwe.

Umculo. icala, njengabanye. izinhlobo ze-art-va, iwukubonakaliswa kweqiniso kuzo zonke izingqimba zayo zesakhiwo, ngenxa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. izigaba zokukhula kwayo kusukela kumafomu aphansi kuya kwaphezulu. Njengoba umculo uwubunye bokuqukethwe kanye nesimo, iqiniso libonakala kokubili okuqukethwe kwawo kanye nesimo sawo. Emculweni-omuhle njengokuthi "iqiniso" lomculo, izimfanelo zenani lobuhle kanye ne-inorganic kuhlanganisiwe. umhlaba (isilinganiso, ukulingana, ukulingana, ukulinganisa kwezingxenye, ngokuvamile, ukuxhumana nokuvumelana kobudlelwane; i-cosmological. umqondo wokubonakaliswa kweqiniso ngomculo ungowakudala kakhulu, ovela kumaPythagoreans kanye noPlato ngoBoethius, J. Carlino, I. Kepler kanye M. Mersenne kuze kube manje; cm. Kayser H., 1938, 1943, 1950; Losev A. F., 1963-80; Losev, Shestakov V. P., 1965), kanye nezwe lezinto eziphilayo (“ukuphefumula” nokufudumala kwephimbo eliphilayo, umqondo wokulingisa umjikelezo wokuphila wamamuse. ukuthuthukiswa ngendlela yokuzalwa komculo. umcabango, ukukhula kwawo, ukuphakama, ukufinyelela phezulu nokuqedwa, ngokulandelana. Ukuchazwa kwesikhathi somculo njengesikhathi "somjikelezo wokuphila" womculo. "umzimba"; umqondo wokuqukethwe njengesithombe nefomu njengento ephilayo, ebalulekile), futhi ikakhulukazi umuntu - umlando. kanye nenhlalo - umhlaba kamoya (okushiwo umbhalo ongezansi wokuhlanganisa-ngokomoya ophilisa izakhiwo ezizwakalayo, ukuqondiswa kwezimiso zokuziphatha. kanye nokuhle kobuhle, ukubonakaliswa kwenkululeko engokomoya yomuntu, umlando. kanye nokunqunywa komphakathi kukho kokubili okuqukethwe okungokomfanekiso nemibono yomculo, kanye no-F. m.; "Indlela yomculo njengento enqunywa emphakathini okokuqala yaziwa njengendlela ... yokutholwa komculo emphakathini ngesikhathi sokuphinyiswa" - U-Asafiev B. V., 1963, p. 21). Ukuhlanganisa ibe ikhwalithi eyodwa yobuhle, zonke izendlalelo zomsebenzi wokuqukethwe, isb o., njengokuvezwa kweqiniso ngendlela yokudluliselwa kwemvelo yesibili, "eyenziwe ngumuntu". I-Musical Op., Ibonisa ngobuciko umlando. kanye namaqiniso anqunywa emphakathini ngobuhle obuhle njengenkomba yobuhle bayo. ukuhlola, ngakho-ke kuvela indlela esikwazi ngayo - ubuhle "obunenjongo", umsebenzi wobuciko. Nokho, ukuvezwa kweqiniso ezigabeni zefomu nokuqukethwe akukhona nje ukudluliselwa kweqiniso elinikeziwe emculweni (ukubonakaliswa kweqiniso kwezobuciko kungaba yimpinda yalokho okukhona ngaphandle kwakho). Njengoba ukwazi komuntu "akubonisi nje kuphela umhlaba onenjongo, kodwa futhi uyawenza" (Lenin V. I., PSS, 5 ed., t. I-29, k. 194), kanye nobuciko, umculo uwumkhakha oguqulayo, wokudala. umsebenzi womuntu, indawo yokudala amaqiniso amasha (okomoya, ubuhle, ubuciko. amanani) ezingekho entweni ebonisiwe kulo mbono. Ngakho-ke ukubaluleka kwezobuciko (njengendlela yokubonisa okungokoqobo) kwemiqondo efana nobuhlakani, ithalente, ubuciko, kanye nomzabalazo wokulwa namafomu aphelelwe yisikhathi, abuyela emuva, ekudaleni amasha, abonakaliswa kokubili kokuqukethwe umculo kanye noF. m. Ngakho-ke uF. m. njalo ngemibono e. inophawu. umbono wezwe), nakuba b. h ivezwa ngaphandle kwemibono yepolitiki-yomlomo eqondile. ukwakheka, futhi kokungelona uhlelo instr. umculo - ngokuvamile ngaphandle k.-l. amafomu omqondo-nengqondo. Ukuzindla emculweni wezenhlalo-mlando. umkhuba uhlotshaniswa nokucutshungulwa okukhulu kwezinto ezibonisiwe. Uguquko lungaba lukhulu kangangokuthi umculo ongokomfanekiso noma uF. m. ingase ingafani namaqiniso abonisiwe. Umbono ovamile ukuthi emsebenzini kaStravinsky, omunye wabahlaziyi abavelele kakhulu besimanje. iqiniso ngokungqubuzana kwalo, okusolwa ukuthi alizange lithole ukubonakaliswa okucacile kweqiniso lekhulu lama-20, lisekelwe ku-naturalistic, mechanical. ukuqonda isigaba “sokucabanga”, mayelana nokungaqondi indima kwezobuciko. okubonisa isici sokuguqulwa. Ukuhlaziywa kokuguqulwa kwento ebonisiwe ohlelweni lokudala ubuciko. imisebenzi eyenziwe V.

Izimiso ezijwayelekile kakhulu zokwakha amafomu, ezithinta noma yisiphi isitayela (hhayi isitayela esithile sakudala, isibonelo, ama-Viennese classics wenkathi ye-Baroque), iveza u-F. m. njenganoma yiluphi uhlobo futhi, ngokwemvelo, ngakho-ke ajwayelekile kakhulu. Izimiso ezivamile ezinjalo zanoma iyiphi i-F. m. veza ingqikithi ejulile yomculo njengohlobo lokucabanga (ezithombeni zomsindo). Ngakho-ke ama-analogies afinyelela kude nezinye izinhlobo zokucabanga (okokuqala, umqondo onengqondo, ongabonakala uhlukile ngokuphelele maqondana nobuciko, umculo). Ukubuzwa kombuzo walezi zimiso ezijwayelekile kakhulu zikaF. m. Isiko lomculo laseYurophu lekhulu lama-20 (isikhundla esinjalo sasingeke sibe khona eMhlabeni Wasendulo, lapho umculo - "melos" - wakhulelwa ngobunye ngevesi nomdanso, noma emculweni waseNtshonalanga Yurophu kwaze kwaba ngu-1600, okungukuthi kuze kube yilapho umculo we-instr. isigaba esizimele sokucabanga komculo, futhi kuphela ekucabangeni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaba yinto engenakwenzeka ukuzibophezela ekubuzeni umbuzo wokwakheka kwenkathi enikeziwe kuphela).

Izimiso ezijwayelekile zanoma iyiphi i-F. m. phakamisa isiko ngalinye umbandela wohlobo olulodwa noma olunye lokuqukethwe ngesimo seminyuziyamu. icala ngokuvamile, istorich yakhe. I-determinism mayelana nendima ethile yomphakathi, amasiko, ubuhlanga kanye nobuzwe. okwakhe. Noma yimuphi uF.m. kuwukubonakaliswa kweminyuziyamu. imicabango; yingakho ukuxhumana okuyisisekelo phakathi kukaF. m. kanye nezigaba zomculo. i-rhetoric (bheka okwengeziwe esigabeni V; bheka nethi Melody). Umcabango ungaba ozimele-womculo (ikakhulukazi emculweni waseYurophu onezinhloko eziningi zezikhathi zanamuhla), noma uxhumeke nombhalo, umdanso. (noma ukumasha) ukunyakaza. Noma yimuphi umculo. umqondo uvezwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwencazelo. ukwakha iphimbo, umculo-express. impahla yomsindo (isigqi, iphimbo, i-timbre, njll.). Ukuze ube yindlela yokuveza umculo. imicabango, iphimbo Indaba ye-FM ihlelwe ngokuyinhloko ngesisekelo sokuhlukanisa okuyisisekelo: ukuphindaphinda ngokumelene nokungaphindli (ngalo mqondo, i-FM njengendlela enqumayo yezakhi zomsindo ekwambulekeni kwesikhashana komcabango yisigqi esiseduze); ezahlukene F.m. kulokhu - izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuphindaphinda. Ekugcineni, uF.m. (nakuba ngezinga elingalingani) ukucwengwa, ukuphelela kokuvezwa kweminyuziyamu. imicabango (isici sobuhle be-F. m.).

III. Amafomu omculo ngaphambi kuka-1600. Inkinga yokufunda umlando wokuqala womculo womculo iyinkimbinkimbi ngokuvela kwengqikithi yento eshiwo umqondo womculo. Umculo ngomqondo wobuciko buka-L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, PI Tchaikovsky, AN Scriabin, kanye ne-F. m. yawo engokwemvelo, yayingekho nhlobo ezweni lasendulo; kwe 4 c. encwadini ka-Augustine ethi “De musica libri sex” bh incazelo yomculo, echazwa ngokuthi i-scientia bene modulandi – lit. “isayensi yokuhlela kahle” noma “ulwazi lokwakheka okuyiyonayona” ihlanganisa ukuchaza imfundiso yemitha, isigqi, ivesi, izitobhi kanye nezinombolo (F. m. ngomqondo wesimanje akuxoxwa nhlobo lapha).

Okokuqala Umthombo ka F. m. ngokuyinhloko ku-rhythm ("Ekuqaleni kwakukhona isigqi" - X. Bülow), ngokusobala ivela ngesisekelo imitha evamile, idluliselwe ngokuqondile emculweni ovela ezinhlobonhlobo zempilo - i-pulse, ukuphefumula, isinyathelo, isigqi sokuhamba. , izinqubo zabasebenzi, imidlalo, njll. (bheka i-Ivanov-Boretsky MV, 1925; Kharlap MG, 1972), kanye nasekuhlobiseni izigqi "zemvelo". Kusukela ekuqaleni ukuxhumana phakathi kwenkulumo nokucula ("Ukukhuluma nokucula ekuqaleni kwakuyinto eyodwa" - Lvov HA, 1955, p. 38) i-F. m. (“F. m. inombolo yokuqala”) kwenzekile – ingoma, uhlobo lwengoma oluhlangene futhi oluyinkondlo nje, uhlobo lwevesi. Izici eziyinhloko zefomu lengoma: ukuxhumana okusobala (noma okusalayo) nevesi, isitanza, esinesigqi esilinganayo. (evela ezinyaweni) isisekelo somugqa, inhlanganisela yemigqa ibe yizigaba, uhlelo lwe-rhyme-cadences, ukuthambekela ekulinganeni kwezakhiwo ezinkulu (ikakhulukazi - ekubhekeni kwesikwele sohlobo lwe-4 + 4); ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile (engomeni ye-fm ethuthuke kakhulu) ukuba khona kwezigaba ezimbili ku-fm - ukucacisa nokuthuthukisa-ukuphetha. Muses. isibonelo sesinye sezibonelo ezindala kakhulu zomculo wengoma yiThebula Seikila (ikhulu lokuqala AD (?)), bheka Art. Izindlela zamaGreki asendulo, ikholomu 1; bheka nomkhomo. ingoma (inkulungwane yokuqala BC (?)):

Ngokungangabazeki, umsuka nomsuka. ukuthuthukiswa kwefomu lengoma ezinganekwaneni zabo bonke abantu. Umehluko phakathi kwe-P. izingoma zivela ezimeni ezihlukene zokuba khona kohlobo (ngokulandelana, injongo eyodwa noma enye yempilo eqondile yengoma) kanye nenhlobonhlobo yemethrikhi., Rhythmic. kanye nezici zesakhiwo sezinkondlo, isigqi. amafomula ezinhlotsheni zomdanso (kamuva, amafomula anesigqi angu-120 ka-Indian theorist wekhulu le-13 u-Sharngadeva). Okuxhunywe nalokhu ukubaluleka okuvamile “kwesigqi sohlobo” njengesici esiyinhloko ekubumbeni—uphawu. uphawu luchaziwe. uhlobo (ikakhulukazi umdanso, imashi), isigqi esiphindaphindiwe. amafomula njenge-quasi-thematic. (isizathu) isici F. m.

Wed-century. European F.m. zihlukaniswe zaba amaqembu amabili amakhulu ahluke kakhulu ezicini eziningi - i-monodic fm ne-polyphonic (ikakhulukazi i-polyphonic; bheka isigaba IV).

F. m. ama-monodies amelwe ikakhulukazi ingoma kaGregory (bona ingoma kaGregory). Izici zayo zohlobo zihlotshaniswa nenkolo, nencazelo echazayo yombhalo kanye nenjongo ethile. Umculo we-Liturgical. impilo yansuku zonke ihlukanisa emculweni eYurophu yakamuva. uhlamvu olusetshenziswayo ("functional"). Muses. okokusebenza kunomlingisi ongeyena umuntu, okungeyena umuntu (ukushintshashintsha kwemelodi kungadluliswa ukusuka komunye womculo kuye komunye; ukuntuleka kobunikazi bomculo kuyinkomba). Ngokuhambisana nokufakwa kwe-ideological yesonto le-monodich. F. m. kuyinto ejwayelekile ukubusa kwamagama phezu komculo. Lokhu kunquma inkululeko yemitha nesigqi, encike ku-express. ukuphinyiselwa kombhalo, kanye nesici "sokuthamba" kwe-contours ye-FM, njengokungathi ayinayo isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi, ukuzithoba kwayo esakhiweni sombhalo womlomo, maqondana nalokho imiqondo ye-FM kanye nohlobo maqondana ne-monodic. . umculo usondelene kakhulu ngencazelo. I-monodic endala. F. m. ngezakuqala. Inkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka. Phakathi kwezinsimbi zomculo zaseByzantium (izinhlobo), ezibaluleke kakhulu i-ode (ingoma), ihubo, i-troparion, iculo, i-kontakion, ne-canon (bheka umculo waseByzantine). Abonakala ngokuchaza kabanzi (okuthi, njengakwezinye izimo ezifanayo, abonise isiko lokuqamba elithuthukisiwe). Isampula ye-Byzantine F. m.:

Ongaziwa. I-Canon 19, i-Ode 9 (Imodi ye-plagal III).

Kamuva, lo waseByzantine F. m. uthole igama. "ibha".

Umnyombo womusho we-monodic waseNtshonalanga Yurophu yi-psalmodia, ukuphindaphinda kwamahubo okusekelwe kumahubo. Njengengxenye yehubo cishe ngekhulu lesi-4. Kulotshwe amahubo amathathu ayinhloko. F. m. – ukuphendula (okungcono ngemva kokufundwa), i-antiphon kanye nehubo ngokwalo (ihubo eliku-directum; ngaphandle kokufaka amafomu ophendulayo kanye ne-antiphonal). Ukuze uthole isibonelo seHubo F. m., bheka Art. Izinkathazo zenkathi ephakathi. Psalmodic. F. m. Kwembula ukufana okucacile, nakuba kusekude, nenkathi yemisho emibili (bheka i-cadence egcwele). I-monodic enjalo. F. m., njenge-litany, ihubo, i-versicule, i-magnificat, kanye nokulandelana, i-prose, nezintambo, kwavela kamuva. Abanye F.m. babeyingxenye ye-officium (isonto. izinkonzo zosuku, ngaphandle kwemisa) - ihubo, ihubo eline-antiphon, umphenduli, i-magnificat (ngaphandle kwabo, ama-vespers, i-invitatorium, i-nocturne, i-canticle ene-antiphon) ifakiwe kusikhulu. Bheka i-Gagnepain B., 1968, 10; bheka futhi ubuciko. Umculo wesonto.

Ephakeme, i-monumental monodich. F. m. - mass (isisindo). I-FM ethuthukisiwe yamanje yeMisa yakha umjikelezo omkhulu, osekelwe ekulandelaneni kwezingxenye ezejwayelekile (i-ordinarium missae - iqembu lamaculo aqhubekayo eMisa, ngaphandle kosuku lonyaka wesonto) kanye ne-propria (proprium missae). - okuguquguqukayo) kulawulwa ngokuqinile inhloso yohlobo lwansuku zonke. amahubo anikezelwe kulolu suku lonyaka).

Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwendlela yeMisa lamaRoma (izinombolo zesiRoma zikhombisa ukwehlukaniswa ngokwesiko kwefomu leMisa libe yizigaba ezi-4 ezinkulu)

Amafilosofi athuthukiswa eMiseni likaGregory lasendulo agcina ukubaluleka kwawo ngandlela thize ezikhathini ezalandela, kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20. Izinhlobo zezingxenye zokujwayelekile: I-Kyrie eleison iyizingxenye ezintathu (enencazelo engokomfanekiso), futhi isibabazo ngasinye senziwa izikhathi ezintathu (izinketho zesakhiwo zithi aaabbbece noma aaa bbb a 1 a1 a1; aba ede efe1; aba cbc dae) . Izinhlamvu ezincane P. m. U-Gloria uhlala esebenzisa omunye wezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-motive-thematic. izakhiwo: ukuphindwaphindwa kwamagama - ukuphindaphinda komculo (ezingxenyeni eziyi-18 ze-Gloria ukuphindaphinda kwamagama athi Domine, Qui tollis, tu solus). P. m. U-Gloria (kwenye yezinketho):

Kamuva (ngo-1014), i-Credo, eyaba yingxenye yeMisa lamaRoma, yakhiwa njengofeleba abancane F. m., ngokufana noGloria. P. m. I-Sanestus nayo yakhiwe ngokombhalo - inezingxenye ezi-2, okwesibili kuzo ngokuvamile - ut supra (= da capo), ngokusho kokuphindaphinda kwamagama athi Hosanna m excelsis. U-Agnus Dei, ngenxa yesakhiwo sombhalo, uyingxenye emithathu: aab, abc noma aaa. Isibonelo sikaF.m. i-monodich. ukuze uthole iMisa likaGregory, bheka ikholamu 883.

F. m. Imiculo kaGregorian - akuyona into engaqondakali, ehlukaniseke ohlotsheni lomculo omsulwa. ukwakhiwa, kodwa isakhiwo esinqunywa umbhalo kanye nohlobo (ifomu lombhalo-lomculo).

Ukufana kwe-Typological ku-F. m. INtshonalanga-Yurophu. isonto monodic. umculo - esinye isiRashiya. F. m. Isifaniso phakathi kwabo sithinta ubuhle. izimfuneko ze-F. m., ukufana kohlobo nokuqukethwe, kanye nomculo. izakhi (isigqi, imigqa yomculo, ukuhlobana phakathi kombhalo nomculo). Amasampuli aqondakalayo ezehlele kithi esuka kwesinye isiRashiya. umculo uqukethwe emibhalweni yesandla yangekhulu le-17 nele-18, kodwa amathuluzi awo omculo ngokungangabazeki awakudala kakhulu. Uhlangothi lohlobo lwalezi F. m. kunqunywa inhloso yehlelo le-Op. kanye nombhalo. Ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke yezinhlobo kanye ne-F. m. ngokwezinhlobo zezinkonzo: IMisa, Ama-Matins, AmaVespers; Compline, Midnight Office, Amahora; i-All-Night Vigil yinyunyana ye-Great Vespers with Matins (nokho, isiqalo esingesona esomculo kwakuyisici esihlanganisayo sika-F. m. lapha). Izinhlobo ezivamile zombhalo namafilosofi—i-stichera, i-troparion, i-kontakion, i-antiphon, i-theotokion (i-dogmatist), i-litanies—ibonisa ukufana kwe-typological namafilosofi afanayo aseByzantium; inhlanganisela F.m. iphinde ibe wuhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli (bheka iCanon (2)). Ngaphezu kwabo, iqembu elikhethekile lenziwe ngezinhlobo zekhonkrithi-zombhalo (futhi, ngokufanayo, i-fm): ibusisiwe, "Wonke umoya", "Kuyafaneleka ukudla", "Ukukhanya okuthulile", i-sedate, i-Cherubic. Izinhlobo zangempela kanye no-F. m., njengezinhlobo zemibhalo-izinhlobo eNtshonalanga Yurophu. umculo – Kyrie, Gloria, Te Deum, Magnificat. Ukuhlanganiswa komqondo we-P.m. ngombhalo (kanye nohlobo) kungenye yezimpawu. izimiso zasendulo F. m.; umbhalo, ikakhulukazi ukwakheka kwawo, ufakiwe emqondweni we-FM (uFM ulandela ukuhlukaniswa kombhalo ube yimigqa).

I-Gregorian Mass din Feriis ngonyaka” (ama-frets akhonjiswe ngezinombolo zamaRoma).

Ezimweni eziningi, isisekelo (impahla) F. m. izingoma (bheka i-Metallov V., 1899, amakhasi 50-92), futhi indlela yokusetshenziswa kwazo ukuhluka (ekuhlukeni kwamahhala kwesakhiwo sezingoma zezinye izingoma zesiRashiya, omunye umehluko phakathi kwe-chorale yabo ye-F. m. yaseYurophu , okuyisici sakho ukuthambekela ekuqondaneni nesakhiwo esiphusile). Inkimbinkimbi yamashuni inetimu. isisekelo sokwakheka okujwayelekile kwe-F. m. Ezingxenyeni ezinkulu, ama-contours ajwayelekile ka-F. m. imisebenzi yokuqamba (okungezona ezomculo): isiqalo – maphakathi – ekugcineni. Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-F.m. ahlanganiswe azungeze main. izinhlobo ezihlukene ze-F. m. – ikhorasi futhi ngokusebenzisa. Ikhorasi F.m. zisekelwe ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene kwepheya: ivesi - refrain (izinqamuleli zingabuyekezwa). Isibonelo sefomu le-refrain (kathathu, okungukuthi, ngezinhlamvu ezintathu ezihlukene) iculo lengoma enkulu ye-znamenny ethi "Busisa, mphefumulo wami, iNkosi" (Obikhod, ingxenye 1, Vespers). F. m. iqukethe ukulandelana “umugqa – ikhorasi” (SP, SP, SP, njll.) nokusebenzisana kokuphindaphinda nokungaphindaphindi embhalweni, ukuphindaphinda nokungaphindaphindi emculweni. Isiphambano F. m. ngezinye izikhathi zibonakala ngesifiso esicacile sokugwema iNtshonalanga Yurophu evamile. umculo wezindlela ezakhayo ezinengqondo zokwakha izinsimbi zomculo, ukuphindaphinda okuqondile, nokuphindaphinda; ku-F ethuthuke kakhulu, m. yalolu hlobo, isakhiwo si-asymmetric (ngokwesisekelo sokungasikwele) okungapheli kuyabusa; umgomo kaF.m. akunamkhawulo. umugqa. Isisekelo esakhayo sika-F. m. ngokusebenzisa amafomu ukuhlukaniswa kube yinani lezingxenye-imigqa ehambisana nombhalo. Amasampula amafomu amakhulu okunqamula ama-gospel sticheras ayi-11 ka-Fyodor Krestyanin (ikhulu le-16). Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziya kwe-F. m. yabo, eyenziwa ngu-MV Brazhnikov, bheka incwadi yakhe: "Fyodor Krestyanin", 1974, p. 156-221. Bheka futhi “Ukuhlaziywa Kwemisebenzi Yomculo”, 1977, p. 84-94.

Umculo wezwe weNkathi Ephakathi kanye neRenaissance wakha inqwaba yezinhlobo nezinsimbi zomculo, nazo ezisekelwe ekusebenzelaneni kwegama nomculo. Lezi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezingoma nemidanso. F. m .: i-ballad, i-ballata, i-villancico, i-virele, i-canzo (i-canzo), i-la, i-rondo, i-rotrueng, i-estampi, njll. (bona u-Davison A., Apel W., 1974, NoNoNo 18-24). Ezinye zazo zinkondlo ngokuphelele. ifomu, okuyisici esibaluleke kangaka sika-F.m., esingaphandle kwenkondlo. umbhalo, ulahlekelwa isakhiwo sawo. Ingqikithi yalokhu F. m. isekusebenzisaneni kokuphindaphinda umbhalo nomculo. Isibonelo, ifomu le-rondo (lapha imigqa engu-8):

Umdwebo we-rondo yemigqa engu-8: Izinombolo zomugqa: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Izinkondlo (rondo): AB c A de AB (A, B ziyizinqamuleli) Umculo (nemilolozelo): abaaabab

G. de Macho. Umugqa wokuqala "Doulz viaire".

Ukuthembela kokuqala kuka-P.m. ezwini nasekunyakazeni kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-16 nele-17, kodwa inqubo yokukhululwa kancane kancane, ukucwebezela kwezinhlobo ezichazwe ngokwesakhiwo, iye yabonwa kusukela ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, okokuqala ezinhlotsheni zezwe. , bese kuba ezinhlotsheni zesonto (ngokwesibonelo, ukulingisa kanye ne-canonical F. m. ngobuningi, ama-motets wekhulu le-15-16).

Umthombo omusha onamandla wokubunjwa kwaba ukuvela nokukhuphuka kwe-polyphony njengohlobo olugcwele lwamamuse. isethulo (bona i-Organum). Ngokusungulwa kwe-polyphony ku-Fm, uhlobo olusha lomculo lwazalwa-isici esingakaze sizwakale "sokuqondile" se-Fm.

Ngemva kokuzinza emculweni waseYurophu ngekhulu lesi-9, i-polyphony kancane kancane yaphenduka yaba eyinhloko. uhlobo lwezindwangu zomculo, eziphawula ukuguqulwa kwama-muses. ukucabanga ezingeni elisha. Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-polyphony, entsha, i-polyphonic, yavela. incwadi, ngaphansi kophawu okwasungulwa ngalo iningi le-Renaissance fm (bheka isigaba IV). i-polyphony kanye ne-polyphony. ukubhala kwakha ingcebo yezinhlobo zomculo (nezinhlobo) zasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi kanye neRenaissance, ngokuyinhloko inqwaba, i-motet, ne-madrigal, kanye namafomu omculo afana nenkampani, isigatshana, ukuziphatha, i-goket, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezingoma zezwe. kanye namafomu okudansa, i-diferencias (kanye nokunye okuhlukile kwe-fm), i-quadlibet (nezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezifanayo), i-canzona yezinsimbi, i-ricercar, ifantasy, i-capriccio, i-tiento, i-instrumental prelude fm - isethulo, iphimbo (VI), toccata (pl. evela ku-F m., bheka uDavison A., Apel W., 1974). Kancane kancane, kodwa kancane kancane ithuthukisa ubuciko F. m. – G. Dufay, Josquin Despres, A. Willart, O. Lasso, Palestrina. Ezinye zazo (isibonelo, i-Palestrina) zisebenzisa isimiso sokuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo ekwakhiweni kwe-F. m., evezwe ekukhuleni kobunzima besakhiwo ekupheleni kokukhiqiza. (kodwa ayikho imiphumela eguqukayo). Isibonelo, i-madrigal yasePalestrina "Amor" (eqoqweni elithi "Palestrina. Music Choral", L., 15) yakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi umugqa we-16 udwetshwe njengefugato elungile, ekulingiseni okuyisihlanu okulandelayo kuba ngokukhululeka ngokwengeziwe, i-1973 igcinwa endaweni yokugcina impahla, futhi ngokusemthethweni ukuqala kokugcina ngokulingisa kwayo kufana nokuphindaphinda kwesakhiwo. Imibono efanayo F. m. zenziwa ngokungaguquguquki kumamotethi e-Palestrina (ku-multi-choir F. m., isigqi sezethulo ezilwa nomculo siphinde sithobele isimiso sokuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo).

IV. amafomu omculo we-polyphonic. I-Polyphonic F. m. zihlukaniswa ngokwengeza kokuthathu okuyinhloko. izici F.m. (uhlobo, umbhalo - ku-wok. umculo nokuvundlile) okunye okunye - okuqondile (ukusebenzelana nohlelo lokuphindaphinda phakathi kwamaphimbo ahlukene, ngesikhathi esisodwa). Ngokusobala, i-polyphony yayikhona ngaso sonke isikhathi (“… lapho izintambo zikhipha iculo elilodwa, futhi imbongi iqamba elinye iculo, lapho ifinyelela ongwaqa nemisindo ephikisayo…” – uPlato, “Laws”, 812d; cf. futhi Pseudo-Plutarch, "Emculweni", 19), kodwa kwakungeyona into yama-muses. ukucabanga nokubumba. Indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-F. m. okubangelwa yiyo ingeye-polyphony yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu (kusukela ngekhulu lesi-9), eyanikeza isici esime mpo ukubaluleka kwamalungelo alinganayo ne-radical evundlile (bheka i-Polyphony), okuholele ekwakhekeni kohlobo olusha olukhethekile lwe-F. m. - polyphonic. I-polyphonic ye-aesthetically nangokwengqondo. F. m. kumsindo ohlangene wezingxenye ezimbili (noma ezimbalwa) zomculo. imicabango futhi zidinga izincwadi. ukuqonda. Ngakho, kwenzeka polyphonic. F. m. ibonisa ukuthuthuka kwesici esisha somculo. Siyabonga kulo mculo. icala lithole ubuhle obusha. amanani, ngaphandle kwalokho impumelelo yakhe enkulu ibingeke ibe khona, kufaka phakathi ku-Op. i-homoph. ishede (emculweni wePalestrina, JS Bach, BA Mozart, L. Beethoven, PI Tchaikovsky, SS Prokofiev). Bona i-homophony.

Iziteshi eziyinhloko zokubunjwa nokuchuma kwe-polyphonic. F. m. zibekwe ngokusungulwa kwepholyphonic ethile. amasu okubhala futhi uhambe ngendlela yokuvela nokuqinisa ukuzimela nokuphambene kwamazwi, ingqikithi yawo. incazelo (ukwehlukana kwethematics, ukuthuthukiswa kwethematics hhayi ngokuvundlile kuphela, kodwa futhi mpo, ukuthambekela ekuqondeni nge-thematicization), ukwengezwa kwepholyfoni ethile. F. m. (akunakuncishiswa ohlotsheni lwe-polyphonically echazwe jikelele F. m. - ingoma, umdanso, njll.). Kusukela ekuqaleni okuhlukahlukene kwe-polyphonic. F. m. kanye ne-polygonal. izinhlamvu (i-bourdon, izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-heterophony, imizuzwana ephindwe kabili, i-ostinato, ukulingisa kanye ne-canonical, i-responsorial and antiphonal structures) ngokomlando, indawo yokuqala yokuqanjwa kwazo kwakuyi-paraphony, ukuziphatha okufanayo kwezwi eliphikisayo, eliphindaphindayo eliyinhloko elinikeziwe - vox (cantus) principalis (bona. I-Organum), i-cantus firmus (“iculo elisemthethweni”). Okokuqala, yiyona yokuqala yezinhlobo ze-organum - okuthiwa. parallel (ikhulu le-9-10), kanye gimel kamuva, foburdon. Isici se-polyphonic. F. m. nansi ukuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kwe-Ch. izwi (ngamagama akamuva athi soggetto, “Subjectum oder Thema” – Walther JG, 1955, S. 183, “itimu”) kanye nokuphikisa okuyiphikisayo, kanye nomuzwa wokusebenzelana phakathi kwabo ngesikhathi esifanayo kulindela isici esime mpo se-polyphonic . F. m. (ibonakala ikakhulukazi ku-bourdon nokungaqondile, bese kuthi "i-organum" yamahhala, kunqubo "yenothi ngokumelene nenothi", kamuva ebizwa ngokuthi i-contrapunctus simplex noma i-aequalis), isibonelo, ezincwadini zekhulu lesi-9. "Musica enchiriadis", "Scholia enchiriadis". Ngokunengqondo, isigaba esilandelayo sokuthuthukiswa sihlotshaniswa nokusungulwa kwe-polyphonic yangempela. izakhiwo ngendlela yokuphikisa okuphambene ngesikhathi esisodwa sokubili noma ngaphezulu. amazwi (ku-organum ye-melismatic), ngokwengxenye kusetshenziswa isimiso se-bourdon, kwezinye izinhlobo ze-polyphonic. amalungiselelo kanye nokwehluka kwe-cantus firmus, ekuphikisaneni okulula kwezigatshana kanye nemibhalo yokuqala yeSikole SaseParis, ezingomeni zesonto ze-polyphonic. nezinhlobo zezwe, njll.

Ukulinganiswa kwe-polyphony kuvule amathuba amasha esigqi. ukuhluka kwamazwi futhi, ngokufanele, kwanikeza ukubukeka okusha ku-polyphonic. F. m. Ukuqala ngenhlangano enengqondo ye-metrorhythm (isigqi se-modal, isigqi se-mensural; bona. I-Modus, i-Mensural notation) F. m. kancane kancane ithola ukucaciswa. omculo waseYurophu uyinhlanganisela yokuqonda okuphelele (okuqhubekayo noma okuyinkimbinkimbi). okwakhayo ngengokomoya eliphakeme kanye nemizwa ejulile. Indima enkulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-F. m. basesikoleni saseParis, kwase kuba abanye. France. abaqambi bekhulu le-12-14. Okuhlambukisiwe. 1200, ezigatshaneni zeSikole SaseParis, umgomo wokucutshungulwa kwe-ostinato ngesigqi somculo wamakhwaya, owawuyisisekelo sika-F. m. (ngosizo lwamafomula amafushane anesigqi, ukulindela i-isorhythmic. talea, bheka i-Motet; isibonelo: izigatshana (Benedikamusl Domino, cf. Davison A., Apel W., v. I-1, k. I-24-25). Indlela efanayo yaba isisekelo semibhalo enezingxenye ezimbili nezintathu zekhulu le-13. (isibonelo: ama-motets esikole saseParis i-Domino fidelium – i-Domino ne-Dominator – Esce – Domino, ca. 1225, ibid., p. I-25-26). Emibhalweni yekhulu le-13. yembula inqubo yokwenza i-thematics yokuphikisa ngoDisemba. uhlobo lokuphindaphinda kwemigqa, izikhala, isigqi. izibalo, ngisho nemizamo ngesikhathi esifanayo. ukuxhumana kuhlukene. imiculo (cf. мотет «En non Diu! – Quant voi larose espanie – Ejus in oriente “yeSikole saseParis; Parrish K., Ole J., 1975, p. I-25-26). Kamuva, umehluko oqinile wesigqi ungaholela ku-polymetry ebukhali (i-Rondo B. Cordier “Amans ames”, ca. 1400, bheka uDavison A., Apel W., v. I-1, k. 51). Kulandela ukugqama kwesigqi, kunomehluko kubude bemisho ehlukanayo. amazwi (i-rudiment of counterpoint structures); ukuzimela kwamaphimbo kugcizelelwa ukwehluka kwawo kwemibhalo (ngaphezu kwalokho, imibhalo ingaba ngezilimi ezahlukene, isibonelo. IsiLatini ku-tenor kanye ne-motetus, isiFulentshi ku-triplom, bheka i-Polyphony, inothi isibonelo kukholamu 351). Okungaphezu kokuphindaphinda okukodwa komculo we-tenor njengetimu ye-ostinato endaweni ephikisayo enendawo ephikisayo eshintshayo kubangela enye yepholyfoni ebaluleke kakhulu. F. m. – ukuhluka kwe-basso ostinato (ngokwesibonelo, ngesiFulentshi. isiqephu 13 c. "Sawubona, ntombi ehloniphekile - iZwi likaNkulunkulu - Iqiniso", cm. Wolf J., 1926, S. I-6-8). Ukusetshenziswa kwamafomula e-rhythmostinatal kuholele emcabangweni wokuhlukaniswa nokuzimela kwemingcele yephimbo nesigqi (engxenyeni yokuqala ye-tenor motet eshiwo ethi “Ejus in oriente”, imigoqo 1-1 kanye no-7-7; I-instrumental tenor motet ethi “Ku-seculum” ebudlelwaneni obufanayo bokuphinda uphindwe komugqa wephimbo phakathi ne-ostinato enesigqi ukuya kufomula ye-ordo yoku-13 yemodi yesi-1, kunezingxenye ezimbili zefomu lezingxenye ezimbili; cm. Davison A., Apel W., v. I-1, k. I-34-35). Isiqongo salokhu kuthuthukiswa kwakuyi-isorhythmic. F. m. Ikhulu le-14-15 (uPhilippe de Vitry, uG. de Macho, Y. Ciconia, G. Dufay nabanye). Ngokukhuphuka kwenani lefomula yesigqi ukusuka emshweni ukuya kumculo onwetshiwe, uhlobo lwephethini yesigqi luyavela ku-tenor. itimu iyinganekwane. Ukusebenza kwayo kwe-ostinato ku-tenor kunikeza u-F. m. i-isorhythmic. (T. e. i-isorhythm.) isakhiwo (i-isorhythm - ukuphindaphinda ku-melodic. izwi elifakwe kuphela elinesigqi. amafomula, okuqukethwe okuphezulu okushintshwayo). Ukuphindaphinda kwe-ostinato kungahlanganiswa - ku-tenor efanayo - ukuphindaphinda kokuphakama okungahambisani nakho - umbala (umbala; mayelana ne-isorhythmic. F. m. bona uSaponov M. A., 1978, p. 23-35, 42-43). Ngemva kwekhulu le-16 (A. Willart) isorhythmic. F. m. zinyamalale futhi uthole ukuphila okusha ekhulwini lama-20. kundlela ye-rhythm-mode ye-O. Messiaen (uhlu lwezincwadi ezilinganiselwe kuNo. 5 kwesithi “Imibono engamashumi amabili …”, ukuqala kwayo, bheka p.

Ekuthuthukisweni kwesici esime mpo se-polyphonic. F. m. izokhipha. ukuthuthukiswa kokuphindaphinda ngendlela yokulingisa kanye ne-canon, kanye ne-counterpoint yeselula, kwakubalulekile. Njengoba kamuva yaba umnyango obanzi nohlukahlukene wendlela yokubhala kanye nefomu, ukulingisa (kanye ne-canon) kwaba yisisekelo se-polyphonic ecacile kakhulu. F. m. Ngokomlando, ukulingisa kwasekuqaleni. incwadi yezincwadi zeBhayibheli F. m. ibuye ihlotshaniswe ne-ostinato - ukusetshenziswa kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi. ukushintshana kwamazwi, okuwukuphindaphinda okuqondile kokwakhiwa kwezingxenye ezimbili noma ezintathu, kodwa kuphela imiculo eyakhayo edluliswa isuka kwelinye izwi iye kwelinye (ngokwesibonelo, i-rondelle yesiNgisi ethi “Nunc sancte nobis spiritus”, isigamu sesi-2. yekhulu le-12, bona i-“Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart”, Bd XI, Sp. 885, bona futhi i-rondelle “Ave mater domini” evela kumculo ka-Odington's De speculatione, circa 1300 noma 1320, ku-Coussemaker, “Scriptorum… “, t . 1, ikhasi 247a). Umphathi wesikole saseParis iPerotin (ophinde asebenzise indlela yokushintshana ngamazwi) ku-Christmas quadruple Viderunt (c. 1200), ngokusobala, ngokuqaphela kakade usebenzisa ukulingisa okuqhubekayo - i-canon (ucezu oluwela egameni elithi "ante" ku. i-tenor). Umsuka walezi zinhlobo zokulingisa. ubuchwepheshe buphawula ukusuka ekuqineni kwe-ostinato F. m. Ngalesi sisekelo, kuyingxenye yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli kuphela. amafomu - inkampani (ikhulu le-13-14; inhlanganisela yenkampani ye-canon kanye ne-rondel-exchange of voices imelelwa isiNgisi esidumile esithi "Summer Canon", 13 noma 14 eminyaka), isiNtaliyane. i-kachcha ("ukuzingela", ngesakhiwo sokuzingela noma sothando, efomini - i-canon yamazwi amabili enezwi le-cont. 3rd) nesiFulentshi. shas (futhi "ukuzingela" - i-canon yamazwi amathathu ngazwi linye). Indlela yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli iyatholakala nakwezinye izinhlobo (i-ballad ye-17 ka-Machot, ngesimo se-shas; i-rondo ye-14 ka-Machaud ethi “Ma fin est mon commencement”, okungenzeka ngokomlando iyisibonelo sokuqala sohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, ngaphandle kokuxhumana nencazelo umbhalo: “Isiphetho sami yisiqalo sami”; 1th le Machaux umjikelezo we-17 amazwi amathathu canons-shas); ngaleyo ndlela i-canon njenge-polyphonic ekhethekile. F. m. ihlukaniswe kwezinye izinhlobo kanye ne-P. m. Inani lamazwi ku-F.m. amacala ayemakhulu kakhulu; I-Okegem ihlonishwa nge-monster enamazwi angu-12 ethi "Deo gratias" (lapho, nokho, inani lamazwi angempela lingeqi ku-36); i-polyphonic canon kakhulu (enamazwi angempela angama-18) ekaJosquin Despres (ku-motet "Qui habitat in adjutorio"). P. m. yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli ayengasekelwe kuphela ekulingiseni okuqondile okuqondile (esicaphunweni sikaDufay esithi “Inclita maris”, cishe ngo-24-1420, ngokusobala, incwadi yokuqala yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli; engomeni yakhe ethi “Bien veignes vous”, c. 26-1420, cishe I-canon yokuqala ekukhuliseni). KULUNGILE. 26 okulingisa F. m. wadlula, mhlawumbe nge-kachcha, wangena e-motet - e-Ciconia, e-Dufay; futhi ku-F.m. izingxenye zoquqaba, ku-chanson; esitezi sesi-1400. ngo-2 c. ukusungulwa kwesimiso sokulingisa ekupheleni-kuya-ekupheleni njengesisekelo se-F. m.

Igama elithi “canon” (canon), nokho, lalikhona emakhulwini 15-16 eminyaka. incazelo ekhethekile. Amazwi ombhali (Inscriptio), ngokuvamile adida ngamabomu, adideke, ayebizwa ngokuthi i-canon (“umthetho owembula intando yomqambi ngaphansi kobumnyama obuthile”, J. Tinktoris, “Diffinitorium musicae”; Coussemaker, “Scriptorum …”, t. 4, 179 b ), okubonisa ukuthi okubili kungatholwa kanjani ezwini elilodwa eliphawuliwe (noma ngisho nangaphezulu, isibonelo, ingqikithi yamazwi amane ka-P. de la Rue – “Missa o salutaris nostra” – ethathwe ezwini elilodwa eliphawuliwe); bona i-cryptic canon. Ngakho-ke, yonke imikhiqizo ene-canon-inscription yi-F. m. ngamazwi ancishiswayo (zonke ezinye i-F.m. zakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi, njengomthetho, zingakuvumeli ukubethela okunjalo, okungukuthi, akusekelwe kumgomo ophawulwe ngokoqobo othi "isimiso sobunikazi"; igama elithi BV Asafiev ). Ngokusho kukaL. Feininger, izinhlobo zama-canon ase-Dutch ziyi: elula (eyodwa-emnyama) eqondile; i-complex, noma i-compound (multi-dark) eqondile; ngokulinganayo (abesilisa); umugqa (umugqa owodwa; i-Formalkanon); ukuguqulwa; ukukhishwa (Reservatkanon). Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngalokhu, bheka incwadi: Feininger LK, 1937. "Imibhalo" efanayo itholakala kamuva ku-S. Scheidt ("Tabulatura nova", I, 1624), ku-JS Bach ("Musikalisches Opfer", 1747).

Emsebenzini wezingcweti eziningi zekhulu le-15-16. (UDufay, Okeghem, Obrecht, Josquin Despres, Palestrina, Lasso, njll.) wethula izinhlobonhlobo ze-polyphonic. F. m. (ukubhala okuqinile), i-DOS. ezimisweni zokulingisa nokuqhathanisa, ukuthuthukiswa kwezisusa, ukuzimela kwamazwi amnandi, ukuphikiswa kwamagama nemigqa yamavesi, ukuvumelana okuthambile nokuhle ngendlela engavamile (ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ze-wok ze-mass ne-motet).

Ukwengezwa kwe-Ch. amafomu e-polyphonic - ama-fugues - abuye aphawulwe ngokungafani phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwe-Samui F. m. futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umqondo kanye nethemu. Ngokwencazelo, igama elithi “fugue” (“running”; Italian consequenza) lihlobene namagama “ukuzingela”, “uhlanga”, futhi ekuqaleni (kusukela ekhulwini le-14) leli gama lalisetshenziswa ngencazelo efanayo, ebonisa I-canon (futhi ku-canon eqoshiwe: "fuga in diatessaron" nezinye). I-Tinctoris ichaza i-fugue ngokuthi "ubunikazi bamazwi". Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi “fugue” encazelweni yelithi “canon” kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-17 nele-18; insalela yalo mkhuba ingabhekwa njengegama elithi "fuga canonica" - "canonical. fugu”. Isibonelo se-fugue njenge-canon evela eminyangweni eminingana e-instr. umculo – “Fuge” for 4 string instruments (“violin”) from “Musica Teusch” by X. Gerle (1532, bona Wasielewski WJ v., 1878, Musikbeilage, S. 41-42). Kuwo wonke ama-R. 16th century (Tsarlino, 1558), umqondo we-fugue uhlukaniswa waba i-fuga legate (“coherent fugue”, canon; kamuva futhi fuga totalis) kanye ne-fuga sciolta (“i-fugue ehlukanisiwe”; kamuva i-fuga partialis; ukulandelana kokulingisa- izingxenye ze-canonical, isibonelo, i-abсd, njll . P.); okokugcina uP.m. ingenye yezinhlobo zangaphambili ze-fugue - iketango le-fugato ngokohlobo: abcd; okuthiwa. ifomu le-motet, lapho umehluko ezihlokweni (a, b, c, njll.) ungenxa yokushintsha kombhalo. Umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwalolu hlobo “oluncane” F. m. futhi i-fugue eyinkimbinkimbi ukungabikho kwenhlanganisela yezihloko. Ngekhulu le-17 i-fuga sciolta (partialis) yadlulela ku-fugue yangempela (i-Fuga totalis, nayo i-legata, i-integra yaziwa njenge-canon ngekhulu le-17-18). Inombolo yezinye izinhlobo kanye noF.m. Ikhulu le-16. yavela yaqonda kuhlobo olusafufusa lwefomu le-fugue – i-motet (i-fugue), i-ricercar (lapho umgomo we-motet wenani lezakhiwo zokulingisa zadluliselwa khona; cishe i-fugue eseduze kakhulu no-F. m.), inganekwane, iSpanishi. i-tiento, i-imitative-polyphonic canzone. Ukwengeza i-fugue ku-instr. umculo (lapho kungekho isici esixhumayo sangaphambilini, okungukuthi ubunye bombhalo), ukuthambekela kwesihloko kubalulekile. i-centralization, okungukuthi, ukuphakama kweculo elilodwa. izingqikithi (ngokuphambene namazwi. I-multi-dark) - A. Gabrieli, J. Gabrieli, JP Sweelinck (kubanduleli be-fugue, bheka incwadi: Protopopov VV, 1979, p. 3-64).

Ngekhulu le-17 yakha i-polyphonic eyinhloko ehambisana nanamuhla. F. m. - i-fugue (yazo zonke izinhlobo zezakhiwo nezinhlobo), i-canon, izinhlobonhlobo ze-polyphonic (ikakhulukazi, ukuhluka kwe-basso ostinato), i-polyphonic. (ikakhulukazi, i-chorale) izinhlelo (isibonelo, ku-cantus firmus enikeziwe), i-polyphonic. imijikelezo, izandulela ze-polyphonic, njll. Ithonya elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-polyphonic F. yalesi sikhathi lavezwa uhlelo olusha lwe-harmonic oluncane olukhulu (ukubuyekeza itimu, ukuqoka isici sokushintsha ithoni njengesici esihola phambili ku-FM; ukuthuthukiswa yohlobo lokubhala lwe-homophonic-harmonic kanye ne-F .m ehambisanayo). Ikakhulukazi, i-fugue (kanye ne-polyphonic fm efanayo) yavela ohlotsheni lwe-modal oluvelele lwekhulu le-17. (lapho ukuguquguquka kungakabi isisekelo se-polyphonic F. m.; isibonelo, ku-Scheidt's Tabulatura nova, II, Fuga contraria a 4 Voc.; I, Fantasia a 4 Voc. super lo son ferit o lasso, Fuga quadruplici ) ukuze uhlobo lwethoni (“Bach”) olunokuhluka kwethoni ngendlela ye-cf. izingxenye (ngokuvamile kumodi ehambisanayo). Khipha. ukubaluleka emlandweni we-polyphony. F. m. babenomsebenzi ka-JS Bach, owaphefumulela impilo entsha kubo ngenxa yokusungulwa kokuphumelela kwezinsiza zesistimu yethoni enkulu ye-thematism, i-thematic. ukuthuthukiswa kanye nenqubo yokubunjwa. U-Bach unikeze i-polyphonic F. m. entsha yakudala. ukubukeka, lapho, njengoba on main. uhlobo, i-polyphony elandelayo iqondiswe ngokuqaphela noma ngokungazi (kufika ku-P. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich, RK Shchedrin). Ebonisa amathrendi ajwayelekile angaleso sikhathi kanye namasu amasha atholwe abanduleli bakhe, wabedlula kude abantu besikhathi sakhe (kuhlanganise ne-brilliant GF Handel) kububanzi, amandla kanye nokukholisa kokugomela kwezimiso ezintsha zomculo we-polyphonic. F. m.

Ngemuva kuka-JS Bach, isikhundla esiphezulu sasibanjwe ngu-homophonic F. m. (bheka. I-Homophony). Empeleni i-polyphonic. F. m. ngezinye izikhathi zisetshenziselwa indima entsha, ngezinye izikhathi engavamile (i-fughetta yabalindi ekwayeni ethi "Sweeter than Honey" kusukela esenzweni sokuqala se-opera kaRimsky-Korsakov ethi "The Tsar's Bride"), bathola izisusa ezimangalisayo. umlingiswa; abaqambi babhekisela kubo njengenkulumo ekhethekile, ekhethekile. kusho. Ngokwezinga elikhulu, lokhu kuyisici se-polyphonic. F. m. ngesiRashiya. umculo (izibonelo: MI Glinka, “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, canon in the scene of stupour from the 1st act; ukuqhathanisa i-polyphony emdlalweni othi “E-Asia Emaphakathi” ka-Borodin nasemdlalweni othi “AmaJuda Amabili” avela kokuthi “Izithombe Embukisweni ” Mussorgsky; i-canon ethi “Enemies” evela esigcawini sesi-1 se-opera ethi “Eugene Onegin” kaTchaikovsky, njll.).

V. Izinhlobo zomculo ze-Homophonic zezikhathi zanamuhla. Ukuqala kwenkathi yalokho okuthiwa. isikhathi esisha (ikhulu le-17-19) saphawula inguquko ebukhali ekuthuthukisweni kwama-muses. ukucabanga futhi F.m. (ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha, ukubaluleka okuvelele komculo wezwe, ukubusa kwesistimu yethoni enkulu-encane). Emkhakheni we-ideological kanye ne-aesthetic advanced izindlela ezintsha zobuciko. ukucabanga - isikhalo kumculo wezwe. okuqukethwe, ukugomela komgomo wokuzibheka njengomholi, ukudalulwa kwangaphakathi. umhlaba womuntu ("i-soloist isibe ngumuntu oyinhloko", "ukuhlukaniswa komuntu ngamunye komcabango nomuzwa" - Asafiev BV, 1963, p. 321). Ukukhuphuka kwe-opera ekubalulekeni komculo omaphakathi. uhlobo, naku-instr. umculo - ukuqinisekiswa kwesimiso sekhonsathi (i-baroque - inkathi "yesitayela sekhonsathi", ngamazwi ka-J. Gandshin) ihlotshaniswa ngqo kakhulu. ukudluliswa kwesithombe somuntu ngamunye kuzo futhi kumelela ukugxila kobuhle. izifiso zenkathi entsha (i-aria ku-opera, iculo elicula yedwa ekhonsathini, ingoma yendwangu ye-homophonic, isilinganiso esinzima kumitha, i-tonic kukhiye, itimu ekuqanjweni, kanye nokuhlanganisa umculo womculo endaweni eyodwa. - ukubonakaliswa okuhlukahlukene nokukhulayo "kokuba yedwa", "ubunye", ukubusa komuntu phezu kwabanye ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zokucabanga komculo). Ukuthambekela okwakuvele kubonakale ngaphambili (ngokwesibonelo, ku-motet ye-iso-rhythmic yekhulu le-14-15) ekuzimeleni kwezimiso zomculo kuphela zokubunjwa kwekhulu le-16-17. kwaholela ezimfanelweni. gxuma - ukuzimela kwabo, okuvezwe kakhulu ngokuqondile ekubunjweni kwe-autonomous instr. umculo. Izimiso zomculo omsulwa. ukubunjwa, okwaba (ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni womculo womhlaba) ngaphandle kwegama nokunyakaza, kwenziwa instr. umculo ekuqaleni wawulingana ngamalungelo nomculo wezwi (sekuvele ngekhulu le-17 - kuma-canzones wezinsimbi, i-sonatas, amakhonsathi), futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubunjwa kwafakwa ku-wok. izinhlobo kuye ngomculo ozimele. imithetho kaF.m. (kusuka ku-JS Bach, okwakudala kwe-Viennese, abaqambi bekhulu le-19). Ukuhlonza umculo omsulwa. imithetho kaF.m. ingenye yezimpumelelo eziphakeme zomculo womhlaba. amasiko athole izindinganiso ezintsha zobuhle nezokomoya ngaphambilini ezazingaziwa emculweni.

Mayelana ne-fm Inkathi yesikhathi esisha ihlukaniswe ngokusobala ibe yizinkathi ezimbili: 1600-1750 (ngokwemibandela - i-baroque, ukubusa kwe-bass general) kanye ne-1750-1900 (i-Viennese yakudala kanye ne-romanticism).

Izimiso zokubunjwa ku-F. m. I-Baroque: kulo lonke uhlobo lwengxenye eyodwa b. amahora, ukubonakaliswa kokuthinta okukodwa kuyagcinwa, ngakho-ke F. m. zibonakala ngobuningi be-homogeneous thematicism kanye nokungabikho kokuhluka kokuphuma kokunye, okungukuthi, ukutholwa kwesinye isihloko kulesi sihloko. Izakhiwo zomculo we-Bach no-Handel, ubukhulu buhlotshaniswa nokuqina okuvela lapha, ubukhulu bezingxenye zefomu. Lokhu kuphinda kunqume amandla "e-terraced" we-VF m., kusetshenziswa i-dynamic. ukuqhathanisa, ukuntuleka kwe-crescendo eguquguqukayo neguquguqukayo; umqondo wokukhiqiza awuthuthuki kangako njengokuvela, njengokungathi udlula ezigabeni ezinqunywe kusengaphambili. Ekusebenzelaneni ne-thematic material kuthinta ithonya elinamandla le-polyphonic. izincwadi kanye namafomu polyphonic. Isistimu ye-tonal enkulu kakhulu iveza izici zayo zokwakha (ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sika-Bach). I-Chord ne-tonal izinguquko zinikeza amandla amasha. izindlela zokunyakaza kwangaphakathi ku-F. m. Amathuba okuphinda izinto kwezinye izihluthulelo kanye nomqondo ophelele wokunyakaza ngencazelo. umbuthano wamathoni udala isimiso esisha samafomu ethoni (ngalo mqondo, ithonility iyisisekelo se-F. m. yesikhathi esisha). Ku-Arensky's “Guidelines…” (1914, pp. 4 and 53), igama elithi “homophonic forms” lithathelwa indawo njengegama elifanayo negama elithi “harmonic. amafomu”, futhi ngokuvumelana sisho ukuvumelana kwethoni. I-baroque fm (ngaphandle kokuphuma kokunye okufanekisayo nokugqama kwetimu) inika uhlobo olulula kakhulu lokwakhiwa kwe-fm kungakho kuvela umbono "wendilinga"), edlula kuma-cadenza kwezinye izinyathelo ze-tonality, isibonelo:

ngokuyinhloko: I - V; VI – III – IV – I emncane: I – V; III - VII - VI - IV - I ngokuthambekela kokungaphindaphindi okhiye phakathi kwe-tonic ekuqaleni nasekupheleni, ngokusho kwesimiso se-T-DS-T.

Isibonelo, ngendlela yekhonsathi (eyadlala kumakhonsathi e-sonatas namakhonsathi e-baroque, ikakhulukazi no-A. Vivaldi, JS Bach, Handel, indima efana nendima yefomu le-sonata emijikelezweni yezinsimbi yomculo we-classical-romantic):

Isihloko - Futhi - Isihloko - Futhi - Isihloko - Futhi - Isihloko T - D - S - T (I - phakathi, - ukuguqulwa; izibonelo - u-Bach, umnyakazo wokuqala we-Brandenburg Concertos).

Izinsimbi zomculo ezisabalele kakhulu ze-Baroque ziyi-homophonic (ngokuqondile, okungezona i-fugued) kanye ne-polyphonic (bona Isigaba IV). I-homophonic eyinhloko u-F. m. i-baroque:

1) izinhlobo zokuthuthukiswa (emculweni we-instr., uhlobo oluyinhloko yisandulela, ngo-wok. - recitative); amasampula - J. Frescobaldi, izandulela zesitho; I-Handel, i-clavier suite ku-d-moll, isandulela; I-Bach, i-toccata yesitho ku-d minor, i-BWV 565, ukunyakaza kwesandulela, ngaphambi kwe-fugue;

2) amafomu amancane (alula) – ibha (ukuphindaphinda nokungaphindi; isibonelo, ingoma kaF. Nicolai ethi “Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern” (“Yeka indlela inkanyezi yokusa ekhanya ngayo ngokumangalisayo”, ukucutshungulwa kwayo nguBach ku-1st cantata kanye naku abanye. op.)), amafomu amabili-, amathathu kanye nezingxenye eziningi (isibonelo salokhu sakamuva i-Bach, iMisa ku-h-moll, No14); uk. umculo uvame ukuhlangana nefomu elithi da capo;

3) amafomu ahlanganisiwe (ayinkimbinkimbi) (inhlanganisela yezincane) - eziyinkimbinkimbi ezimbili-, ezintathu- kanye nezingxenye eziningi; i-contrast-composite (isibonelo, izingxenye zokuqala ze-orchestral overtures ka-JS Bach), ifomu le-da capo libaluleke kakhulu (ikakhulukazi, ku-Bach);

4) ukuhlukahluka kanye nokuvumelana kwamakhwaya;

I-5) i-rondo (uma kuqhathaniswa ne-rondo yekhulu le-13-15 - ithuluzi elisha le-F. m. ngaphansi kwegama elifanayo);

6) ifomu le-sonata elidala, elimnyama kanye (ku-embryo, ukuthuthukiswa) okumnyama okubili; ngayinye yazo ayiphelele (izingxenye ezimbili) noma iphelele (izingxenye ezintathu); isibonelo, kuma-sonatas ka-D. Scarlatti; ifomu le-sonata elimnyama elilodwa eligcwele - u-Bach, uMathewu Passion, uNombolo 47;

7) ifomu lekhonsathi (enye yemithombo eyinhloko yefomu le-sonata yesikhathi esizayo);

8) izinhlobo ezahlukene woks. kanye ne-instr. amafomu e-cyclic (futhi ayizinhlobo ezithile zomculo) - Passion, mass (kuhlanganise nesitho), oratorio, cantata, concerto, sonata, suite, prelude kanye fugue, overture, izinhlobo ezikhethekile zamafomu (Bach, "Umnikelo Womculo", "Ubuciko of the Fugue”), “imijikelezo yemijikelezo” (Bach, “The Well-Tempered Clavier”, amasudi aseFrance);

9) i-opera. (Bheka “Ukuhlaziywa Kwemisebenzi Yomculo”, 1977.)

F. m. classical-zothando. Isikhathi, umqondo we-to-rykh uboniswa esigabeni sokuqala se-humanistic. Imibono yaseYurophu. Ukukhanyiselwa kanye ne-rationalism, nangekhulu le-19. imibono yomuntu ngamunye ye-romanticism ("I-Romanticism ayilutho ngaphandle kwe-apotheosis yobuntu" - IS Turgenev), ukuzimela kanye nokwenza kahle komculo, kubonakala ngokubonakaliswa okuphezulu kakhulu kwama-muses azimele. imithetho yokubunjwa, ukubaluleka kwezimiso zobunye obumaphakathi kanye namandla, ukuhlukaniswa okukhawulelayo kwe-semantic ye-F.m., kanye nokukhululeka kokuthuthukiswa kwezingxenye zayo. Okwezothando zakudala Umqondo ka-F. m. ibuye ifane nokukhethwa kwenani elincane lezinhlobo ezifanele ze-F. m. (ngomehluko ogqame ngokucijile phakathi kwabo) ngokusetshenziswa kokukhonkolo okucebile ngokungavamile futhi okuhlukahlukene kwezinhlobo ezifanayo zesakhiwo (isimiso sokuhlukahluka ebunyeni), okufana nokufaneleka kwamanye amapharamitha F. m. (ngokwesibonelo, ukukhethwa okuqinile kwezinhlobo zokulandelana kwe-harmonic, izinhlobo zepulani yethoni, izibalo ezibhalwe phansi, izingoma ezisezingeni eliphezulu ze-orchestra, izakhiwo zemethrikhi ezidonsela ku-squareness, izindlela zokuthuthuka kogqozi), umuzwa oshubile ngokufanele wokuzwa umculo. isikhathi, ukubala okucashile nokulungile kwezilinganiso zesikhashana. (Yebo, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwenkathi yomlando yeminyaka eyi-150, umehluko phakathi kwemibono ye-Viennese-classical kanye neyothando ka-F. m. nayo ibalulekile.) Ngandlela thize, kungenzeka ukusungula uhlobo lwe-dialectical of the general. umqondo wentuthuko F. m. (Ifomu le-sonata lika-Beethoven) . F. m. hlanganisa ukuvezwa kwemibono ephezulu yobuciko, yobuhle, yefilosofi nohlamvu olunamanzi “lwasemhlabeni” lweminyuziyamu. umfanekiso (futhi izinto ezinetimu ezinophawu lomculo wesintu wansuku zonke, nezici zawo ezijwayelekile zezinto zomculo; lokhu kusebenza ku-arr eyinhloko yekhulu le-19).

Izimiso ezijwayelekile zothando zasendulo ezinengqondo. F. m. ziwumfanekiso oqinile futhi ocebile wezimiso zanoma yikuphi ukucabanga emkhakheni womculo, oboniswa ezincazelweni. imisebenzi ye-semantic yezingxenye ze-F. m. Njenganoma yikuphi ukucabanga, umculo unento ecatshangwayo, impahla yayo (ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, itimu). Ukucabanga kuvezwa ngomculo-okunengqondo. "ingxoxo ngesihloko" ("Ifomu lomculo liwumphumela "wengxoxo enengqondo" yezinto zomculo" - Stravinsky IF, 1971, p. 227), okuthi, ngenxa yemvelo yesikhashana kanye nokungeyona yomqondo womculo njengobuciko. , ihlukanisa u-F. m. eminyangweni emibili enengqondo - ukwethulwa komculo. umcabango nokuthuthuka kwawo (“ingxoxo”). Ngokulandelayo, ukuthuthukiswa komculo okunengqondo. umcabango uqukethe "ukucabangela" kanye "nesiphetho" esilandelayo; ngakho-ke ukuthuthukiswa njengesiteji esinengqondo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-F.m. ihlukaniswe yaba izigatshana ezimbili - ukuthuthukiswa kwangempela kanye nokuqedwa. Njengomphumela wokuthuthukiswa kwe-classic F. m. uthola ezintathu eziyinhloko. imisebenzi yezingxenye (ezihambisana ne-Asafiev triad initium – motus – terminus, bheka Asafiev BV, 1963, pp. 83-84; Bobrovsky VP, 1978, pp. 21-25) – exposition (ukuvezwa komcabango), ukuthuthukisa (okwangempela ukuthuthukiswa) kanye nokokugcina (isitatimende somcabango), kuhlotshaniswa ngokuyinkimbinkimbi:

(Ngokwesibonelo, ngendlela elula enezingxenye ezintathu, kufomu le-sonata.) Ngo-F. m. ehlukaniswe kahle, ngaphezu kwezisekelo ezintathu. kuphakama imisebenzi esiza yezingxenye - isingeniso (umsebenzi osuka ekwethulweni kokuqala kwesihloko), uguquko nesiphetho (ukuhlukaniswa nomsebenzi wokuqedela futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuhlukanise kabili - ukuqinisekiswa nesiphetho somcabango). Ngakho, izingxenye F. m. zinemisebenzi eyisithupha kuphela (cf. Sposobin IV, 1947, p. 26).

Ukuba ukubonakaliswa kwemithetho evamile yokucabanga komuntu, inkimbinkimbi yemisebenzi yezingxenye ze-F. m. yembula okuthile okufanayo nemisebenzi yezingxenye zokwethulwa komcabango endaweni yokucabanga enengqondo-nengqondo, imithetho ehambisana nayo echazwa emfundisweni yasendulo yokukhuluma (inkulumo-mpikiswano). Imisebenzi yezigaba eziyisithupha ze-classic. i-rhetoric (I-Exordium - isingeniso, i-Narratio - ukulandisa, i-Propositio - isikhundla esiyinhloko, i-Confutatio - inselele, i-Confirmatio - isitatimende, i-Conclusio - isiphetho) icishe iqondane ncamashí ekwakhiweni nasekulandeleni imisebenzi yezingxenye ze-F. m. (imisebenzi esemqoka ye-FM iyagqanyiswa. m.):

I-Exordium – intro Propositio – isethulo (isihloko esiyinhloko) I-Narratio – ukuthuthukiswa njengenguquko Confutatio – ingxenye ephikisanayo (intuthuko, itimu ephikisanayo) Ukuqinisekisa – reprise Conclusio – ikhodi (ukwengeza)

Imisebenzi yokukhuluma ingazibonakalisa ngezindlela ezahlukene. amazinga (isibonelo, ahlanganisa kokubili ukuvezwa kwe-sonata kanye nefomu le-sonata lilonke). Ukuqondana okufinyelele kude kwemisebenzi yezigaba kunkulumo-nkulumo kanye nezingxenye ze-F. m. ifakazela ubunye obujulile bokubola. futhi kubonakala kuqhelelene nezinhlobo zokucabanga.

Uhlelo iwezinkanyezi nokunye. izakhi zeqhwa (imisindo, izingqimba, izigqi, izingoma” melodic. iphimbo, umugqa womculo, onamandla. ama-nuances, tempo, agogics, imisebenzi yethoni, ama-cadence, ukwakheka kokuthungwa, njll. n.) ziyiminyuziyamu. impahla. K F. m. (ngomqondo obanzi) ungowomculo. ukuhlelwa kwezinto, kucatshangelwa ohlangothini lwenkulumo yamamuse. Okuqukethwe. Ohlelweni lwezinhlangano zomculo akuzona zonke izici zomculo. izinto ezibonakalayo zibaluleke ngokulinganayo. Izici zephrofayela ze-classical-zothando. F. m. - i-tonality njengesisekelo sesakhiwo se-F. m. (cm. I-Tonality, Imodi, i-Melody), imitha, isakhiwo se-motive (bheka. I-Motif, i-Homophony), i-counterpoint eyisisekelo. imigqa (in homof. F. m. ngokuvamile t. Mr. i-contour, noma main, amazwi amabili: melody + bass), thematicism nokuvumelana. Incazelo eyakhayo yethonilikhi iqukethe (ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla) ekuhlanganiseni itimu ezinzile ngokukhangwa okuvamile kuthoni eyodwa (bona. Umdwebo A kulesi sibonelo esingezansi). Incazelo eyakhayo yemitha iwukuba udale ubudlelwano (metric. i-symmetry) yezinhlayiya ezincane F. m. (isahluko. isimiso: umjikelezo wesi-2 uphendula ku-1 futhi udala umjikelezo-mbili, umjikelezo wesibili wesibili uphendula owo-2 futhi udale umjikelezo omine, owesibili umjikelezo wesine uphendula u-1 futhi udale umjikelezo oyisishiyagalombili; yingakho ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo kwesikwele kwe-classical-romatic. F. m.), ngaleyo ndlela akha izakhiwo ezincane ze-F. m. – imishwana, imisho, ongqi, izingxenye ezifanayo zophakathi nezimpindiselo ngaphakathi kwezindikimba; i-classical imitha iphinde inqume indawo yama-cadence yohlobo oluthile noma olunye kanye namandla esenzo sazo sokugcina (isiphetho esimaphakathi ekupheleni komusho, isiphetho esigcwele ekupheleni kwenkathi). Ukubaluleka kokwakheka kwesisusa (ngomqondo omkhulu, futhi okunengqikithi) kulele eqinisweni lokuthi i-mus enkulu. umcabango ususelwa ekujuleni kwawo. i-semantic core (imvamisa iyiqembu lokuqala le-motivic noma, okungavamile, isisusa sokuqala) ngokusebenzisa ukuphindaphinda okuguquliwe okuhlukahlukene kwezinhlayiya zayo (ukuphindaphinda okugqugquzelayo okuvela komunye umsindo we-chord, kwabanye. izinyathelo, njll. ukuvumelana, ngoshintsho lwesikhawu emgqeni, ukuhlukahluka kwesigqi, ekwandeni noma ekuncipheni, ekujikelezeni, ngokuhlukana - indlela esebenzayo ikakhulukazi yokuthuthukisa isisusa, amathuba afinyelela ekuguqulweni kwesisusa sokuqala sibe kwabanye. izisusa). Funda okungakumbi ngo- Arensky A. C, 1900, p. 57-67; Sophi I. V., 1947, p. 47-51. Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhuthaza kudlala ku-homophonic F. m. mayelana nendima efanayo nokuphindaphindwa kwendikimba kanye nezinhlayiya zayo ku-polyphonic. F. m. (isib ku-fugue). Inani lokufometha le-counterpoint ku-homophonic F. m. izibonakalisa ekudaleni isici sazo esime mpo. Cishe i-homophonic F. m. kulo lonke (okungenani) inhlanganisela yezingxenye ezimbili ngendlela yamazwi adlulele, ukulalela izimiso ze-polyphony yalesi sitayela (indima ye-polyphony ingase ibaluleke kakhulu). Isampula ye-contour yezwi-mbili - V. A. I-Mozart, i-symphony ku-g-moll No 40, minuet, ch. indaba ephathwayo. Ukubaluleka okwakhayo kwe-thematism nokuvumelana kubonakala ngokungafani okuhlobene kwezinhlu ezisondelene zokwethulwa kwezindikimba kanye nentuthuko engazinzile ngokwesihloko, exhumanisayo, eqhuba ukwakhiwa kohlobo oluthile noma olunye (futhi ngokwengqikithi "ukusonga" kokugcina kanye nezingxenye zesethulo "ezicwebezelayo". ), izingxenye eziqinile futhi ezishintshayo; futhi ekuqhathaniseni ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo se-monolithic yezindikimba eziyinhloko nezinye "ezixekethile" ezengeziwe (ngokwesibonelo, kumafomu e-sonata), ngokulandelana, ngokuqhathanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzinza kwethoni (ngokwesibonelo, amandla okuxhumana kwethoni ngokuhambisana nokuhamba kwethoni). ukuvumelana ku-Ch. izingxenye, isiqiniseko kanye nobunye be-tonality kuhlanganiswe nesakhiwo sayo esithambile ohlangothini, ukunciphisa ku-tonic ku-coda). Uma imitha idala F.

Okwemidwebo yezinye zezinsimbi zomculo eziyinhloko ze-classical-zothando (kusuka endaweni yokubuka izici eziphakeme zesakhiwo sazo; T, D, p yizimpawu zokusebenza kwezikhiye, ukuguquguquka; imigqa eqondile ingukwakhiwa okuzinzile, imigqa egobile engazinzile) bheka ikholomu 894.

Umthelela oqongelelwayo wokuyinhloko esohlwini. izici ze-romanticism yakudala. F. m. kuboniswa esibonelweni se-Andante cantabile ye-symphony yesi-5 kaTchaikovsky.

Uhlelo A: yonke i-ch. itimu yengxenye yokuqala ye-Andante isekelwe ku-tonic D-dur, ukusebenza kokuqala kwe-secondary theme-addition ku-tonic Fis-dur, bese zombili zilawulwa yi-tonic D-dur. I-Scheme B (ingqikithi yesahluko, cf. ngohlelo C): enye ibha eyodwa iphendula ibha eyodwa, ukwakhiwa kwamabha amabili okuqhubekayo kuphendula ibha emibili ewumphumela, umusho wamabha amane ovalwe nge-cadence uphendulwa ngokuthi enye efanayo ene-cadence ezinzile. Isikimu B: sisuselwa kumethrikhi. izakhiwo (Isu B) ukuthuthukiswa kwe-motivic (isiqephu siyaboniswa) sisuka kunhloso yebha eyodwa futhi kwenziwa ngokuyiphinda kwamanye ama-harmonies, ngokushintsha komculo. umugqa (a1) nesigqi se-metro (a1, a2).

I-Scheme G: i-contrapuntal. isisekelo se-F. m., uxhumo olulungile lwamazwi angu-2 olususelwe kuzimvume zekhonsoni. isikhawu kanye nokuqhathanisa ekuhambeni kwamazwi. Uhlelo D: ukusebenzisana ngokwetimu. kanye ne-harmonic. izici zakha i-F. m. yomsebenzi uwonke (uhlobo luyifomu eliyinkimbinkimbi enezingxenye ezintathu ezinesiqephu, "nokuphambuka" kufomu lendabuko yendabuko ukuya ekwandiseni kwangaphakathi kwengxenye yokuqala enkulu).

Ukuze izingxenye F. m. ukwenza imisebenzi yabo yesakhiwo, kumele zakhiwe ngokufanele. Isibonelo, itimu yesibili ye-Gavotte ye-Prokofiev ethi "Classical Symphony" ibonwa ngisho nangaphandle komongo njengengxenye evamile yefomu lezingxenye ezintathu eziyinkimbinkimbi; zombili izingqikithi eziyinhloko zokuvezwa kwe-8th fp. I-sonatas ka-Beethoven ayikwazi ukumelwa ngokulandelana - eyinhloko njengehlangothini, futhi uhlangothi olulodwa njengoluyinhloko. Amaphethini wesakhiwo sezingxenye ze-F. m., eveza imisebenzi yabo yesakhiwo, ebizwa. izinhlobo zokwethulwa komculo. impahla (theory of Sposobina, 1947, pp. 27-39). Ch. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zokwethulwa – ukuchayeka, okuphakathi kanye nokokugcina. Isibonakaliso esihamba phambili sokuvezwa ukuzinza ngokuhambisana nomsebenzi wokunyakaza, ovezwa ngesihloko. ubunye (ukuthuthukiswa kwesisusa esisodwa noma ezimbalwa), ubumbano lwethoni (ukhiye owodwa onokuphambuka; ukushintshashintsha okuncane ekugcineni, okungaphazamisi ukuzinza kwakho konke), ubumbano lwesakhiwo (imisho, ongqi, amagama avamile, isakhiwo 4 + 4, 2) + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2 kanye okufanayo ngaphansi kwesimo sokuzinza kwe-harmonic); bheka Umdwebo B, imigoqo 9-16. Isibonakaliso sohlobo lwe-median (futhi luthuthukisa) ukungazinzi, uketshezi, okuzuzwa ngokuvumelana. ukungazinzi (ukungathembeli ku-T, kodwa kweminye imisebenzi, isibonelo D; isiqalo asikho ngo-T, ukugwema nokusunduza i-tonic, i-modulation), i-thematic. ukuhlukaniswa (ukukhethwa kwezingxenye zokwakha okuyinhloko, amayunithi amancane kunengxenye enkulu), ukungazinzi kwesakhiwo (ukuntuleka kwemisho nezikhathi, ukulandelana, ukuntuleka kwama-cadences azinzile). Phetha. uhlobo lwesethulo luqinisekisa ithonikhi esivele izuzwe ngama-cadence aphindaphindiwe, ukungezwa kwe-cadence, iphoyinti lesitho ku-T, ukuchezuka ku-S, kanye nokumiswa kwetimu. ukuthuthukiswa, ukuhlukana kancane kancane kwezakhiwo, ukunciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kokugcina noma ukuphindaphinda i-tonic. ingoma (isibonelo: Mussorgsky, ikhodi yekhorasi "Inkazimulo kuwe, umdali kaSomandla" kusukela ku-opera "Boris Godunov"). Ukuthembela ku-F.m. umculo wesintu njengobuhle. ukufakwa komculo wesikhathi esisha, kuhlanganiswe nezinga eliphakeme lokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi yesakhiwo se-F. m. kanye nezinhlobo zokwethulwa komculo okuhambisana nazo. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zihlelwe zaba uhlelo olubumbene lwezinsimbi zomculo, amaphuzu aphezulu okuyingoma (esekelwe ekubuseni kobudlelwano bemethrikhi) kanye nefomu le-sonata (ngokusekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwe-thematic kanye nethoni). General systematics of the main. izinhlobo zakudala-zothando. F. m.:

1) Indawo yokuqala yohlelo lwezinsimbi zomculo (ngokungafani, ngokwesibonelo, izinsimbi zomculo ezinesigqi eziphakeme zeRenaissance) uhlobo lwengoma oludluliswa ngokuqondile emculweni wansuku zonke (izinhlobo eziyinhloko zesakhiwo ziyizingxenye ezimbili ezilula nezilula ezintathu- ingxenye yakha ab, aba; ngokuqhubekayo emidwebeni A), evamile hhayi ku-wok kuphela. izinhlobo, kodwa futhi kubonakala ku-instr. ama-miniatures (ama-preludes, ama-etudes ka-Chopin, i-Scriabin, izingcezu zepiyano ezincane zika-Rachmaninov, i-Prokofiev). Ukukhula okuqhubekayo kanye nenkinga ye-F. m., evela kuhlobo lwe-couplet nar. izingoma, zenziwa ngezindlela ezintathu: ngokuphinda (okushintshiwe) indikimba efanayo, ukwethula enye ingqikithi, kanye nokuhlanganisa izingxenye ngaphakathi (ukukhula kwenkathi kuya efomini “eliphezulu”, ukuhlukanisa phakathi kube yisakhiwo: hambisa – ingqikithi- umbungu - ukunyakaza okubuyayo, ukuzimela kokwengezwa endimeni yendima-imibungu). Ngalezi zindlela, ifomu lengoma likhuphukela kwabathuthuke kakhulu.

2) Izithandani (AAA…) namafomu ahlukile (А А1 А2…), osn. ngokuphindaphindiwe kwendikimba.

3) Diff. izinhlobo zamafomu enhlanganisela yezindikimba ezimbili neziningi (“eziyinkimbinkimbi”) kanye ne-rondo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwenhlanganisela F. m. i-ABA eyinkimbinkimbi enezingxenye ezintathu (ezinye izinhlobo ziyi-AB eyinkimbinkimbi enezingxenye ezimbili, i-arched noma i-concentric ABBCBA, ABCDCBA; ezinye izinhlobo yi-ABC, ABCD, ABCDA). Ku-rondo (AVASA, AVASAVA, ABACADA) ukuba khona kwezingxenye zesikhashana phakathi kwezindikimba kuvamile; I-rondo ingase ihlanganise izakhi ze-sonata (bona i-Rondo sonata).

4) Ifomu le-Sonata. Omunye wemithombo "ukuhluma" kwayo kusuka efomini elilula elinezingxenye ezimbili noma ezintathu (bheka, isibonelo, isandulelo se-f-moll esivela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-Sakha's Well-Tempered Clavier, i-minuet evela ku-Mozart Quartet Es-dur , K.-V 428; ifomu le-sonata ngaphandle kwentuthuko engxenyeni yokuqala ye-Andante cantabile ye-symphony yesi-1 ka-Tchaikovsky inokuxhumana kofuzo ne-thematic ephikisana nefomu lokunyakaza okulula okungu-5).

5) Ngokwesisekelo sokuhluka kwe-tempo, uhlamvu, kanye (ngokuvamile) imitha, kuncike ebunyeni bokukhulelwa, amamitha angu-F ashiwo ngenhla amakhulu ayingxenye eyodwa kuyagoqwa abe umjikelezo wezingxenye eziningi futhi ahlanganiswe abe ingxenye eyodwa. amafomu ahlanganisiwe (amasampula okugcina - u-Ivan Susanin kaGlinka, No 12, i-quartet; uhlobo lwe "Great Viennese Waltz", isibonelo, inkondlo ye-choreographic "Waltz" kaRavel). Ngaphezu kwamafomu omculo afakwe ohlwini afakiwe, kukhona amafomu amahhala axubile nangokwezifiso, avame ukuhlotshaniswa nombono okhethekile, okungenzeka ukuthi uhlelekile (F. Chopin, i-ballad yesi-2; u-R. Wagner, uLohengrin, isingeniso; u-PI Tchaikovsky, i-symphony . fantasy " Isiphepho”), noma ngohlobo lwenganekwane yamahhala, ama-rhapsodies (WA ​​Mozart, Fantasia c-moll, K.-V. 475). Emafomu amahhala, noma kunjalo, izakhi zamafomu athayiphiwe cishe zisetshenziswa njalo, noma zihunyushwa ngokukhethekile F. m.

Umculo we-Opera ungaphansi kwamaqembu amabili ezimiso zokuqamba: umdlalo weshashalazi nowomculo kuphela. Ngokuncika ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwesimiso esisodwa noma esinye, izingoma zomculo ezidlalwayo zihlelwe ngokwezisekelo ezintathu. izinhlobo: i-opera enezinombolo (isibonelo, i-Mozart kuma-opera "Umshado we-Figaro", "Don Giovanni"), umculo. idrama (R. Wagner, “Tristan and Isolde”; C. Debussy, “Pelleas and Mélisande”), okuxubile, noma okokwenziwa., uhlobo (MP Mussorgsky, “Boris Godunov”; DD Shostakovich, “Katerina Izmailov”; SS Prokofiev, "Impi Nokuthula"). Bheka i-Opera, iDramaturgy, iDrama yomculo. Uhlobo oluxubile lwefomu le-opera lunikeza inhlanganisela efanele yokuqhubeka kwesiteji. izenzo nge-FM eyindilinga Isibonelo se-FM yalolu hlobo inkundla yokucima ukoma evela ku-opera ka-Mussorgsky u-Boris Godunov (ukusakazwa okuphelele ngobuciko kwezinto ezivusa amadlingozi nezimangalisayo mayelana nendlela yesenzo sasesiteji).

VI. Izinhlobo zomculo zekhulu lama-20 F. m. 20 p. zihlukaniswe ngokwemibandela zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: eyodwa enokugcinwa kwezingoma ezindala. izinhlobo - i-fm enezingxenye ezintathu eziyinkimbinkimbi, i-rondo, i-sonata, i-fugue, i-fantasy, njll. (ngu-AN Scriabin, IF Stravinsky, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, P. Hindemith, B. Bartok, O. Messiaen , abaqambi besikole esisha saseViennese, njll.), omunye ngaphandle kokulondolozwa (nguC. Ives, J. Cage, abaqambi besikole esisha sasePoland, uK. Stockhausen, P. Boulez, D. Ligeti, nabanye abaqambi baseSoviet - LA Grabovsky, SA Gubaidullina, EV Denisov, SM Slonimsky, BI Tishchenko, AG Schnittke, R K. Shchedrin nabanye). Esitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu lama-1 uhlobo lokuqala lwe-F. m luyabusa, esitezi sesi-20. kwandisa kakhulu indima yesibili. Ukuthuthukiswa kokuvumelana okusha ekhulwini lama-2, ikakhulukazi kuhlanganiswe nendima ehlukile ye-timbre, isigqi, nokwakhiwa kwendwangu, ikwazi ukuvuselela kakhulu uhlobo oludala lwesakhiwo somculo onesigqi (Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, the i-rondo yokugcina ye-Great Sacred Dance enohlelo lwe-AVASA, olucatshangelwe kabusha mayelana nokuvuselelwa kwalo lonke uhlelo lolimi lomculo). Ngokujulile ngaphakathi ukuvuselelwa kwe-F. m. ingalinganiswa nentsha, njengoba ukuxhumana nezinhlobo zangaphambili zesakhiwo kungase kungabonakali kanjalo (ngokwesibonelo, i-orc. , nokho, ayibonwa injalo ngenxa yesu le-sonoristic, elenza ifane kakhulu F. m. yenye i-sonoristic op. kune-tonal op evamile. ngendlela ye-sonata). Ngakho-ke umqondo oyinhloko we "technique" (ukubhala) wocwaningo lwe-F. m. emculweni wekhulu lama-20. (umqondo we "technique" uhlanganisa umqondo wento ezwakalayo esetshenzisiwe kanye nezakhiwo zayo, ukuvumelana, ukubhala kanye nezakhi zefomu).

Ngomculo we-tonal (ngokunembile, ithoni entsha, bona i-Tonality) wekhulu lama-20. Ukuvuselelwa kwendabuko F. m. kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yezinhlobo ezintsha ze-harmonica. izikhungo futhi ehambisana nezakhiwo ezintsha ze-harmonic. impahla yobudlelwano bokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, engxenyeni yokuqala ye-1th fp. sonatas by Prokofiev bendabuko. ukuqhathanisa nesakhiwo "esiqinile" sika-Ch. ingxenye kanye “okuxekethile” (nakuba izinzile) ingxenye eseceleni iboniswa ngendlela eguquguqukayo ngokungafani kwe-A-dur tonic eqinile ku-ch. itimu nesisekelo esimboziwe esithambile (i-hdfa chord) eceleni. Ukukhululeka kukaF.m. ifinyelelwa ngama-harmonics amasha. kanye nezindlela zesakhiwo, ngenxa yokuqukethwe okusha kweminyuziyamu. icala. Isimo siyefana nezindlela ze-modal (isibonelo: ifomu elinezingxenye ezi-6 emdlalweni kaMesiaen “Isikhalazo Sokuthula”) kanye nalokho okuthiwa. i-atonality yamahhala (isibonelo, ucezu luka-RS Ledenev lwehabhu nezintambo, i-quartet, i-op. 3 Cha 16, eyenziwa kubuchwepheshe bongwaqa omaphakathi).

Emculweni wekhulu lama-20 kwenzeka kabusha i-polyphonic. ukucabanga kanye ne-polyphonic. F. m. Ukwephula. incwadi kanye ne-polyphonic endala F. m. kwaba yisisekelo salokho okubizwa. isiqondiso se-neoclassical (bh neo-baroque) (“Ngomculo wesimanje, ukuvumelana kwawo kancane kancane kulahlekelwa ukuxhuma kwe-tonal, amandla okuxhumanisa amafomu e-contrapuntal kufanele abe yigugu ngokukhethekile” - Taneyev SI, 1909). Kanye nokugcwalisa i-F. m. (ama-fugues, canons, passacaglia, ukuhlukahluka, njll.) ngephimbo elisha. okuqukethwe (ku-Hindemith, Shostakovich, B. Bartok, ngokwengxenye uStravinsky, Shchedrin, A. Schoenberg, nabanye abaningi) incazelo entsha ye-polyphonic. F. m. (ngokwesibonelo, ku-“Passacaglia” evela ku-Stravinsky’s septet, umgomo we-neoclassical wokungaguquki komugqa, onesigqi kanye nobukhulu betimu ye-ostinato awubonwa, ekugcineni kwale ngxenye kukhona i-canon “engalingani,” imvelo ye-ostinato. i-monothematism yomjikelezo ifana ne-serial-polyphonic. ukuhluka).

Indlela ye-serial-dodecaphonic (bheka i-Dodecaphony, i-Serial technique) yayihloselwe ekuqaleni (esikoleni saseNovovensk) ukubuyisela ithuba lokubhala ama-classic amakhulu, alahlekile "ku-atonality". F. m. Eqinisweni, ukufaneleka kokusebenzisa le nqubo ku-neoclassical. inhloso iyangabazeka ngandlela thize. Nakuba imiphumela ye-quasi-tonal nethoni ifinyelelwa kalula kusetshenziswa indlela ye-serial (isibonelo, ku-minuet trio ye-Schoenberg's suite op. 25, ithoni ye-es-moll izwakala ngokucacile; kuyo yonke i-suite, iqondiswe kumjikelezo wesikhathi we-Bach ofanayo. , imigqa ye-serial idwetshwa kuphela emisindweni u-e no-b, ngamunye okuwumsindo wokuqala nowokugcina emigqeni emibili ye-serial, futhi ngaleyo ndlela i-monotony ye-baroque suite ilingiswa lapha), nakuba kungeke kube nzima ku-master ukuphikisa. Izingxenye "eziqinile" nezingazinzile, ukuguqulwa kwe-modulation, ukuphindaphinda okuhambisanayo kwezindikimba nezinye izingxenye ze-tonal F. m., ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi (phakathi kwephimbo elisha kanye nendlela endala ye-tonal F. m.), isici se-neoclassical. ukubumba, kuthinta lapha ngamandla athile. (Ngokuvamile, lokho kuxhumana ne-tonic kanye nokuphikisa okusekelwe kukho akufinyeleleki noma kwenziwa okokwenziwa lapha, okuboniswe kuSikimu A sesibonelo sokugcina ngokuhlobene ne-classical-romantic. F. m.) amasampula ka-F. m. . Ukuxhumana okuhlangene kwephimbo elisha, i-harmonic. amafomu, amasu okubhala kanye namasu efomu afinyelelwa ngu-A. Webern. Isibonelo, engxenyeni yokuqala ye-symphony op. 1 akanciki kuphela ezimpahleni zokwakheka ze-serial conduction, ku-neoclassical. ngemvelaphi, ama-canon kanye nezilinganiso ze-quasi-sonata pitch, futhi, ngokusebenzisa konke lokhu njengento ephathekayo, kuyakha ngosizo lwezindlela ezintsha ze-F. m. - ukuxhumana phakathi kwephimbo ne-timbre, i-timbre kanye nesakhiwo, ama-symmetry anezici eziningi kusigqi se-pitch-timbre-rhythm. izindwangu, amaqembu ezikhawu, ekusabalaliseni ukuminyana komsindo, njll., kanyekanye ukushiya izindlela zokubumba eziye zaba ngokuzikhethela; entsha F.m. idlulisa ubuhle. umphumela wokuhlanzeka, ukuzithoba, ukuthula, amasakramente. ukukhazimula kanye nokuthuthumela komsindo ngamunye, ukuzwela okujulile.

Uhlobo olukhethekile lwezakhiwo ze-polyphonic zakhiwa ngendlela ye-serial-dodecaphone yokuqamba umculo; ngokulandelana, i-F.m., eyenziwe ngendlela ye-serial, i-polyphonic empeleni, noma okungenani ngokuvumelana nesimiso esiyisisekelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inokubukeka okubhaliwe kwe-polyphonic. F. m. (isibonelo, ama-canon engxenyeni yesi-2 ye-symphony ka-Webern op. 21, bheka ukunyakaza kwe-Art. Rakohodnoe, isibonelo kumakholomu 530-31; engxenyeni yokuqala ye-“Concerta-buff” ka-SM Slonimsky, i-minuet trio evela ku- suite for upiyano, op. 1 by Schoenberg) noma quasi-homophonic (isibonelo, ifomu sonata in the cantata "Light of the Eyes" op. 25 by Webrn; engxenyeni 26st ye-symphony yesi-1 ka-K. Karaev; rondo - i-sonata ekugcineni kwe-quartet yesi-3 ye-Schoenberg). Emsebenzini weWebrn kuya kokuyinhloko. izici ze-polyphonic endala. F. m. yengeze izici zayo ezintsha (ukukhululwa kwemingcele yomculo, ukubandakanyeka esakhiweni se-polyphonic, ngaphezu kokuphindaphinda okuphezulu, okuphindaphindayo, ukusebenzisana okuzimele kwe-timbres, isigqi, ubudlelwano berejista, ukusho, ukuguquguquka; bheka, isibonelo, ukuhluka kwengxenye yesi-3 yepiyano op.2, orc.variations op.27), okwavula indlela yokunye ukuguqulwa kwe-polyphonic. F. m. - ku-serialism, bheka i-seriality.

Emculweni we-sonoristic (bona i-Sonorism) isetshenziswa kakhulu. amafomu ngabanye, amahhala, amafomu amasha (AG Schnittke, Pianissimo; EV Denisov, i-piano trio, ingxenye yokuqala, lapho iyunithi yesakhiwo eyinhloko "ukububula", ihlukahluka ngokungafani, isebenza njengempahla yokwakha ingxenye entsha, engeyona eye-classical enezingxenye ezintathu. , A. Vieru, “Eratosthenes’ sieve”, “Clepsydra”).

I-Polyphonic imvelaphi F. m. Ikhulu lama-20, osn. ekusebenzisaneni okuphambene kwamamyuziyemu anomsindo ngesikhathi esisodwa. izakhiwo (izingcezu No. 145a kanye ne-145b ezivela ku-Bartok's Microcosmos, ezingenziwa kokubili ngokuhlukene nangesikhathi esisodwa; amaquartets ka-D. Millau No. 14 no-15, anesici esifanayo; Amaqembu e-K. Stockhausen ama-orchestra amathathu ahlukene ngokwendawo). Nciphisa i-polyphonic ebukhali. isimiso sokuzimela kwamazwi (izingqimba) zendwangu i-aleatoric yendwangu, okuvumela ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhashana kwezingxenye zomsindo ojwayelekile futhi, ngokufanele, ubuningi bezinhlanganisela zabo ngesikhathi esifanayo. inhlanganisela (V. Lutoslavsky, i-symphony yesi-2, "Incwadi ye-Orchestra").

Izinsimbi zomculo ezintsha, eziqondene nomuntu ngamunye (lapho “isu” lomsebenzi liyisihloko sokuqanjwa, ngokuphambene nohlobo lwe-neoclassical yezinsimbi zomculo zesimanje) zibusa umculo we-elekthronikhi (isibonelo sithi “Birdsong” kaDenisov). Iselula F. m. (kubuyekezwe kusukela kokunye ukusebenza kuya kokunye) kutholakala kwezinye izinhlobo ze-alea-toric. umculo (isibonelo, kuPiano Piece XI yaseStockhausen, i-3rd Piano Sonata ka-Boulez). F. m. 60-70s. amasu axubile asetshenziswa kabanzi (RK Shchedrin, 2nd and 3rd upiyano concertos). Okuthiwa. ephindaphindayo (noma ephindaphindayo) F. m., ukwakheka kwayo okusekelwe ekuphindaphindweni okuningi b. amahora omculo wokuqala. impahla (isibonelo, kwezinye imisebenzi by VI Martynov). Emkhakheni wezinhlobo zasesiteji - okwenzekayo.

VII. Izimfundiso mayelana namafomu omculo. Imfundiso kaF. m. njenge-dep. igatsha le-Applied theory musicology futhi ngaphansi kwaleli gama lavela ngekhulu le-18. Kodwa-ke, umlando wayo, ohambisana nokuthuthukiswa kwenkinga yefilosofi yobudlelwano phakathi kwefomu nendaba, ifomu nokuqukethwe, futhi uqondana nomlando wemfundiso yama-muses. izingoma, zihlehlela emuva enkathini Yomhlaba Wasendulo - zisuka esiGrekini. i-atomist (Democritus, 5th c. BC. BC) kanye noPlato (wathuthukisa imiqondo ye “scheme”, “morphe”, “type”, “idea”, “eidos”, “view”, “image”; niyabo. Losev A. F., 1963, p. 430-46 nabanye; eyakhe, 1969, p. 530-52 nabanye). Ithiyori yefilosofi yasendulo ephelele kunazo zonke yesimo (“eidos”, “morphe”, “logos”) kanye nodaba (okuhlobene nenkinga yefomu nokuqukethwe) yabekwa phambili ngu-Aristotle (imibono yobunye bendaba nesimo; isigaba sobudlelwano phakathi kwento nefomu, lapho uhlobo oluphakeme kunawo wonke kuwunkulunkulu. ingqondo; cm. Aristotle, 1976). Imfundiso efana nesayensi kaF. m., ithuthukiswe ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-melopei, olwathuthukiswa lwaba olukhethekile. isiyalo sethiyori yomculo, mhlawumbe ngaphansi kuka-Aristoxenus (isigamu sesi-2. 4 phakathi); cm. Cleonides, Janus S., 1895, p. 206-207; Aristides Quintilian, “De musica libri III”). U-Bellerman III ongaziwa esigabeni esithi “Mayelana ne-melopee” uyabeka (ngomculo. illustrations) ulwazi mayelana “nezigqi” kanye nomculo. izibalo (Najock D., 1972, p. 138-143), Umq. e. kunalokho mayelana nezakhi zikaF. m. ngaphezu kwe-F. m. ngomqondo wakho, ukuya ezulwini kumongo womqondo wasendulo womculo njengoziqu-zintathu kwakucatshangwa ngokuyinhloko mayelana nenkondlo. amafomu, ukwakheka kwestanza, ivesi. Ukuxhumana negama (futhi kulokhu ukuntuleka kwemfundiso yokuzimela ye-Ph. m. ngomqondo wanamuhla) nayo iyisici semfundiso kaF. m. inkathi ephakathi nokuvuselelwa kabusha. Ehubweni elithi Magnificat, emaculweni eMisa (cf. isigaba III), njll. izinhlobo zalesi sikhathi F. m. empeleni, zanqunywa kusengaphambili umbhalo kanye nenkonzo yokukhulekela. isenzo futhi ayizange idinge okukhethekile. imfundiso ezizimele mayelana F. m. Kwezobuciko. izinhlobo zezwe, lapho umbhalo wawuyingxenye ye-F. m. futhi yanquma ukwakheka kwamamuse kuphela. ukwakhiwa, isimo sasifana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amafomula amamodi, achazwe kumculo-wethiyori. izincwadi, ikakhulukazi ukulinganisa zasebenza njengohlobo "lomculo oyisibonelo" futhi zaziphindaphindwa ekuwohlokeni. imikhiqizo eyethoni efanayo. Imithetho ye-multigoal. izinhlamvu (eziqala ku-“Musica enchiriadis”, ekugcineni. 9 c.) kwengezwe ngo-F. kufakwe emculweni onikeziwe. m.: nazo azinakubhekwa njengemfundiso ye-Ph. m. ngomqondo wamanje. Ngakho, encwadini yaseMilan ethi “Ad Organum faciendum” (c. 1100), okuyingxenye yohlobo "lwezomculo-zobuchwepheshe." isebenza emculweni. izingoma (indlela "yokwenza" i-organum), ngemva kokuyinhloko. Izincazelo (i-organum, i-copula, i-diaphony, i-organizatores, "ukuzalana" kwamazwi - affinitas vocum), indlela yongwaqa, "izindlela zenhlangano" ezinhlanu (modi organizandi), okungukuthi e. izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa kongwaqa “ekuhlanganiseni” kwe-organum-counterpoint, ngomculo. izibonelo; izingxenye zezakhiwo ezinikeziwe ezinamazwi amabili ziqanjwe (ngokomgomo wasendulo: ukuqala - phakathi - ukuphela): i-prima vox - voces mediae - ultimae voces. Wed futhi kusukela ch. 15 "Microlog" (ca. 1025-26) Guido d'Arecco (1966, s. I-196-98). Emfundisweni kaF. m. izincazelo okuhlangatshezwane nazo ziseduze. izinhlobo. Esihlokweni sikaJ. de Groheo ("De musica", ca. 1300), ephawulwe ngethonya lendlela yokusebenza yeRenaissance, iqukethe incazelo eningi yabanye abaningi. izinhlobo kanye F. m .: i-cantus gestualis, i-cantus coronatus (noma i-conductor), i-versicle, i-rotunda, noma i-rotundel (i-rondel), i-responsory, i-stantipa (estampi), ukungeniswa, i-motet, i-organum, i-goket, inqwaba nezingxenye zayo (I-Introitus, i-Kyrie, i-Gloria, njll. . .), invitatorium, Venite, antiphon, ihubo. Kanye nabo, kukhona idatha ngemininingwane yesakhiwo se-Ph. m. - mayelana "namaphuzu" (izigaba F. m.), izinhlobo zeziphetho zezingxenye F. m. (arertum, clausuni), inani lezingxenye ku-F. m. Kubalulekile ukuthi uGroheo asebenzise kakhulu igama elithi “F. m.”, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngomqondo ofana nowesimanje: ama-formae musicales (Grocheio J. kwe, p. 130; cm. uzongena futhi. isihloko sika-E. Rolof ukuqhathanisa nokuchazwa kwegama elithi forma y ngu-Aristotle, Grocheio J. kwe, p. I-14-16). Elandela u-Aristotle (ogama lakhe kukhulunywa ngalo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa), uGroheo uhlobanisa “ifomu” nelithi “daba” (p. 120), kanye “nodaba” kuthathwa ngokuthi “okuvumelanayo. imisindo”, kanye “nokwakheka” (lapha ukwakheka kongwaqa) kuhlotshaniswa “nenombolo” (p. 122; IsiRashiya nge. - Groheo Y. lapho, 1966, p. I-235, 253). Incazelo efanayo enemininingwane kaF. m. inikeza, isibonelo, V. U-Odington encwadini ethi "De speculatione musice": treble, organum, rondel, conduct, copula, motet, goquet; emculweni Unikeza izibonelo zamaphuzu amabili namathathu. Ezimfundisweni ze-counterpoint, kanye nenqubo ye-polyphonic. imibhalo (isb, ku-Y. Tinctoria, 1477; N. UVintino, ngo-1555; J. UTsarlino, 1558) uchaza izakhi zethiyori ye-polyphonic ethile. amafomu, isb. i-canon (ekuqaleni kuyinqubo yokushintshisana ngamazwi - i-rondelle no-Odington; "i-rotunda, noma i-rotundel" no-Groheo; kusukela ngekhulu le-14. ngaphansi kwegama elithi “fugue”, elishiwo nguJakobe waseLiege; wabuye wachazwa nguRamos de Pareja; cm. Parekha, 1966, p. 346-47; eduze neTsarlino, 1558, ibid., p. I-476-80). Ukuthuthukiswa kwefomu le-fugue emcabangweni kwehla ikakhulukazi ngekhulu le-17-18. (ikakhulukazi uJ. UM. Bononcini, 1673; Futhi. G. UWalter, ngo-1708; KANYE. FUTHI. Fuchsa, 1725; Futhi. A. Shaybe (oc. 1730), 1961; I. uMatheson, ngo-1739; F. AT. Marpurga, 1753-54; I. F. Kirnberger, 1771-79; KANYE. G.

Ngombono kaF.m. 16-18 eminyaka. ithonya eliphawulekayo lenziwa ukuqonda imisebenzi yezingxenye ngesisekelo semfundiso yokukhuluma. Isuka kuDkt. Greece (c. 5th century BC), ngasekugcineni kwezikhathi zasendulo ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, inkulumo-nkulumo yaba yingxenye “yobuciko obuyisikhombisa obukhululekile” (septem artes liberales), lapho yahlangana khona “nesayensi ye umculo” (“… izinkulumo azikwazi kodwa ukuba nethonya elidlulele maqondana nomculo njengesici solimi esivezayo “- Asafiev BV, 1963, p. 31). Omunye weminyango ye-rhetoric - i-Dispositio ("uhlelo"; okungukuthi, uhlelo lokuqamba) - njengesigaba esihambisana nemfundiso ka-F. m., ikhombisa incazelo. imisebenzi yesakhiwo sezingxenye zayo (bheka Isigaba V). Emcabangweni kanye nesakhiwo seminyuziyamu. cit., neminye iminyango yomculo nayo ingeye-F. i-rhetoric - Inventio ("ukusungulwa" komcabango womculo), i-Decoratio ("ukuhlobisa" kwayo ngosizo lwezibalo zomculo-zobuciko). (Emazwini omculo, bheka: Calvisius S., 1592; Burmeister J., 1599; Lippius J., 1612; Kircher A., ​​1650; Bernhard Chr., 1926; Janowka Th. B., 1701; Walther JG, 1955; Mattheson J., 1739; Zakharova O., 1975.) Ngokombono womculo. i-rhetoric (imisebenzi yezingxenye, i-dispositio) U-Mattheson uhlaziya ngokunembile u-F. endaweni kaB. Marcello (Mattheson J., 1739); ngokomculo. i-rhetoric, ifomu le-sonata lachazwa kuqala (bheka u-Ritzel F., 1968). U-Hegel, ehlukanisa imiqondo yento, ifomu nokuqukethwe, wethula lo mqondo wakamuva ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi kwefilosofi nesayensi, wawunikeza (kodwa-ke, ngesisekelo sendlela ye-idealistic yenhloso) i-dialectic ejulile. incazelo, ikwenze kwaba isigaba esibalulekile semfundiso yobuciko, yomculo (“Aesthetics”).

Isayensi entsha ka-F.m., ngokwayo. umqondo wemfundiso kaF.m., wathuthukiswa emakhulwini eminyaka 18-19. Eminye yemisebenzi eminingi yekhulu le-18. izinkinga zemitha ("imfundiso yezigqi"), ukuthuthukiswa kwezisusa, ukunwetshwa kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwama-muses kuyaphenywa. ukwakhiwa, isakhiwo somusho nesikhathi, ukwakheka kwezinye ze-homophonic ezibaluleke kakhulu instr. F. m., usungule impendulo. imiqondo kanye namagama (Mattheson J., 1739; Scheibe JA, 1739; Riepel J., 1752; Kirnberger J. Ph., 1771-79; Koch H. Ch., 1782-93; Albrechtsberger JG, 1790). Ngokuvumelana. 18 - cela. Ikhulu le-19 uhlelo olujwayelekile lwe-homophonic F. m. yavezwa, futhi yahlanganiswa imisebenzi ku-F. m. kwavela, okuhlanganisa ngokuningiliziwe kokubili inkolelo-mbono yabo evamile kanye nezici zabo zesakhiwo, i-tonal harmonic. isakhiwo (kusukela ezimfundisweni zekhulu le-19 - Weber G., 1817-21; Reicha A., 1818, 1824-26; Logier JB, 1827). I-Classic AB Marx inikeze imfundiso ehlanganisiwe ka-F. m.; yakhe “Ukufundisa Ngomculo. izingoma” (Marx AV, 1837-47) zihlanganisa yonke into edingwa umqambi ukuze akwazi ubuciko bokuqamba umculo. F. m. UMarx uhumusha ngokuthi “inkulumo ... yokuqukethwe”, okusho ukuthi “imizwa, imibono, imibono yomqambi.” Uhlelo lukaMarx lwe-homophonic F. m. livela “ezinhlotsheni eziyinhloko” zomculo. imicabango (umnyakazo, umusho, nesikhathi), incike esimweni “sengoma” (umqondo awethulayo) njengesisekelo ohlelweni olujwayelekile lwe-F. m.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-homophonic F. m.: ingoma, i-rondo, ifomu le-sonata. UMarx wahlukanisa izinhlobo ezinhlanu ze-rondo (zamukelwa ngekhulu le-19 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ku-musicology yaseRussia kanye nokusebenza kwezemfundo):

(Izibonelo zamafomu e-rondo: 1. Beethoven, 22nd piano sonata, 1st part; 2. Beethoven, 1st piano sonata, Adagio; 3. Mozart, rondo a-moll; 4. Beethoven, 2- 5st piano sonata, finale 1. Beethoven , 1st upiyano sonata, isiphetho.) Ekwakhiweni kwe-classical. F. m. UMarx wabona ukusebenza komthetho “wemvelo” wokuba ngabathathu njengoyinhloko kunoma yimuphi umculo. imiklamo: 2) isihloko. ukuchayeka (ust, tonic); 3) modulating ezihambayo ingxenye (motion, gamma); 1900) reprise (ukuphumula, tonic). Riemann, ebona ukubaluleka kobuciko beqiniso "bokubaluleka kokuqukethwe", "umbono", ovezwa ngo-F. m. (Riemann H., (6), S. 1901), wachaza lesi sakamuva nangokuthi “indlela yokuhlanganisa izingxenye zemisebenzi ibe yisiqephu esisodwa. Ngomphumela “wobuhle obujwayelekile. izimiso” wathola “imithetho yomculo okhethekile. ukwakhiwa” (G. Riemann, “Musical Dictionary”, M. – Leipzig, 1342, p. 1343-1907). U-Riemann ubonise ukusebenzisana kwamamuse. izakhi ekwakhekeni kwe-F. m. (isibonelo, “Ikhathekhizima lokudlala upiyano”, M., 84, pp. 85-1897). Riemann (bheka uRiemann H., 1902, 1903-1918, 19-1892; Riemann G., 1898, 1806), ethembele kulokho okubizwa. isimiso se-iambic (cf. Momigny JJ, 1853, and Hauptmann M., XNUMX), sidale imfundiso entsha ye-classical. imethrikhi, umjikelezo wesikwele esiyisishiyagalombili, lapho umjikelezo ngamunye unemethrikhi ethile. inani elihlukile kwamanye:

(amanani wezinyathelo eziyinqaba ezilula ancike kulezo ezisindayo eziholela kuzo). Kodwa-ke, ukusabalalisa ngokulinganayo amaphethini esakhiwo sezingxenye ezizinzile zemethrikhi kuya kwezingaqinile (ukunyakaza, ukuthuthukiswa), u-Riemann, ngakho-ke, akazange acabangele ukungafani kwesakhiwo ku-classical. F. m. G. Schenker uqinisekise ngokujulile ukubaluleka kwethonilithi, ithonikhi ekwakhiweni kwe-classical. F. m., idale ithiyori yamazinga esakhiwo ka-F.m., ekhuphuka isuka kumongo wethoni wokuqala iye “ezendlalweni” zomculo obalulekile. izingoma (Schenker H., 1935). Futhi ungumnikazi wesipiliyoni se-monumental holistic analysis otd. imisebenzi (Schenker H., 1912). Ukuthuthukiswa okujulile kwenkinga yenani lokwakheka kokuvumelana kwe-classical. fm inikeze u-A. Schoenberg (Schönberg A., 1954). Mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwamasu amasha emculweni wekhulu lama-20. kwakukhona izimfundiso mayelana P. m. kanye neminyuziyamu. ukwakheka kokubunjwa okusekelwe ku-dodecaphony (Krenek E., 1940; Jelinek H., 1952-58, njll.), i-modality kanye nesigqi esisha. ubuchwepheshe (uMessiaen O., 1944; iphinde ikhulume ngokuqala kabusha kweNkathi Ephakathi. F. m. – hallelujah, Kyrie, ukulandelana, njll.), ukwakheka kwe-elekthronikhi (bona "Die Reihe", I, 1955) , entsha P .m. (isibonelo, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-open, statistical, moment P. m. kuyithiyori yaseStockhausen - Stockhausen K., 1963-1978; kanye noBoehmer K., 1967). (Bheka i-Kohoutek Ts., 1976.)

ERussia, imfundiso kaF. m. isuka ku-"Grammar Yomculo" ka-N. I-AP Diletsky (1679-81), enikeza incazelo ye-F. m. yangaleyo nkathi, ubuchwepheshe be-polygonal. izincwadi, imisebenzi yezingxenye F. m. (“kuwo wonke amakhonsathi” kumele kube “nesiqalo, esiphakathi nesiphetho” – Diletsky, 1910, p. 167), izakhi kanye nezici zokubunjwa (“padyzhi”, vol. e. ama-cadenzas; “ukwenyuka” kanye “nokwehla”; "umthetho wesibili" (isb. e. org point), “countercurrent” (i-counterpoint; nokho, kuchazwa isigqi esinamachashazi), njll.). Encazelweni kaF. m. U-Diletsky uzwa ithonya lezigaba zamamuse. i-rhetoric (amagama ayo asetshenziswa: "i-disposition", "invention", "exordium", "amplification"). Imfundiso kaF. m. ngomqondo omusha iwela esitezi sesi-2. 19 - cela. 20 cc Ingxenye yesithathu “Yomhlahlandlela ophelele wokuqamba umculo” ka-I. I-Gunke (1863) - "Emafomini Emisebenzi Yomculo" - iqukethe incazelo yabaningi abasetshenzisiwe F. m. (fugue, rondo, sonata, concerto, symphony poem, etude, serenade, ed. imidanso, njll.), ukuhlaziya izingoma eziyisibonelo, incazelo enemininingwane yamanye “amafomu ayinkimbinkimbi” (isb. Ifomu le-sonata). Esigabeni se-2, i-polyphonic ibekiwe. ubuchwepheshe, kuchazwe osn. i-polyphonic. F. m. (ama-fugues, canons). Ngezingoma ezisebenzayo. isikhundla, "Umhlahlandlela omfishane wokufunda izinhlobo zomculo wezinsimbi nowomculo" wabhalwa ngu-A. C. U-Arensky (1893-94). Imicabango ejulile ngesakhiwo sikaF. m., ukuhlobana kwayo ne-harmonic. uhlelo nesiphetho somlando kwavezwa ngu-S. FUTHI. Taneev (1909, 1927, 1952). Umqondo wokuqala wesakhiwo sesikhashana sika-F. m. idalwe ngu-G. E. I-Conus (base. umsebenzi - "Embryology and morphology of the musical organism", umbhalo wesandla, Museum of Musical Culture. UM. FUTHI. I-Glinka; cm. futhi Konus G. E., 1932, 1933, 1935). Inani lemiqondo nemibandela yemfundiso kaF. m. eyenziwe nguB. L. I-Yavorsky (ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili, ushintsho kwikota yesi-3, uma kuqhathaniswa nomphumela). Emsebenzini ka-V. UM. Belyaev "Ukuvezwa Okufushane Kwemfundiso Yokuphikisa kanye Nemfundiso Yamafomu Omculo" (1915), okwaba nomthelela emqondweni owalandela we-F. m. ku-owls musicology, ukuqonda okusha (okulula) kwefomu le-rondo kunikezwa (ngokusekelwe ekuphikiseni kuka-Ch. itimu kanye neziqephu ezimbalwa), umqondo "wefomu lengoma" waqedwa. B. AT. Asafiev encwadini. “Indlela yomculo njengenqubo” (1930-47) yaqinisekiswa uF. m. ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zephimbo mayelana nomlando. ukuvela kokukhona komculo njengesinqumo somphakathi. izenzakalo (umqondo kaF. m. njengokunganaki kwephimbo. izikimu zezakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo "zilethe ukubumbana kwefomu nokuqukethwe endaweni ewubuphukuphuku" - Asafiev B. V., 1963, p. 60). Izici ezibalulekile zomculo (okuhl. kanye noF. m.) – amathuba kuphela, ukuqaliswa kwawo okunqunywa ukwakheka komphakathi (p. 95). Ukuqalisa kabusha okwakudala (okuseyiPythagorean; cf. UBobrovsky V. P., 1978, p. 21-22) umqondo ka-triad njengobunye besiqalo, maphakathi nesiphetho, u-Asafiev uhlongoze ithiyori ejwayelekile yokwakheka-inqubo yanoma iyiphi i-F. m., eveza izigaba zokuthuthuka ngefomula emfushane i-initium – motus – terminus (bona. isigaba V). Okugxilwe kakhulu kocwaningo ukunquma izimfuneko zezinhlobo zezilimi zomculo. ukwakheka, ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundiso yangaphakathi. Dynamics F. m. (“ice. ifomu njengenqubo"), ephikisana nama-forms-scheme "athule". Ngakho-ke, u-Asafiev ucula ku-F. m. “izinhlangothi ezimbili” – inqubo yokwenza kanye nokwakhiwa kwefomu (iph. 23); futhi ugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezici ezimbili ezivame kakhulu ekubunjweni kukaF. m. - ubuwena kanye nokuqhathanisa, ukuhlukanisa konke F. m. ngokokubusa kokukodwa noma okunye (Vol. 1, isigaba 3). Isakhiwo F. m., ngokusho kuka-Asafiev, ihlotshaniswa nokugxila kwayo ku-psychology yombono womlaleli (Asafiev B. V., 1945). Esihlokweni V. A. Zuckerman mayelana ne-opera ka-N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov "Sadko" (1933) umculo. umkhiqizo. ngokokuqala ngqa kucatshangelwe indlela "yokuhlaziya okuphelele". Ngokuhambisana nezilungiselelo eziyinhloko zakudala. amathiyori amamethrikhi ahunyushwa nguF. m. kwe G. L. I-Catuara (1934-36); wethula umqondo we "trochea yohlobo lwesibili" (ifomu lemethrikhi ch. izingxenye zengxenye yokuqala 1th fp. sonatas by Beethoven). Ngokulandela izindlela zesayensi Taneyev, S. C. U-Bogatyrev wasungula i-theory of double canon (1947) kanye ne-reversible counterpoint (1960). FUTHI. AT. U-Sposobin (1947) wasungula ithiyori yemisebenzi yezingxenye ku-F. m., yahlola indima yokuvumelana ekubumbeni. A. KUYA. Butskoy (1948) wenza umzamo wokwakha imfundiso kaF. m., ngokombono wesilinganiso sokuqukethwe nokuveza. izindlela zomculo, ukuhlanganisa amasiko. isazi semibono. i-musicology kanye ne-aesthetics (p. 3-18), egxilisa ukunaka komcwaningi enkingeni yokuhlaziya umculo. imisebenzi (p. 5). Ikakhulukazi, u-Butskoy uphakamisa umbuzo wencazelo yalokhu noma leyo nkulumo. izindlela zomculo ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwezincazelo zawo (isibonelo, ukwanda. abathathu, p. 91-99); ekuhlaziyeni kwakhe, kusetshenziswe indlela yokuhlanganisa izinkulumo. umphumela (okuqukethwe) ngenhlanganisela yezindlela ezikuvezayo (isib. 132-33 nabanye). (Qhathanisa no: Ryzhkin I. Ya., 1955.) Incwadi ka-Butsky iyisipiliyoni sokwenza ithiyori. izisekelo “zokuhlaziya umculo. imisebenzi” – isiyalo sesayensi nezemfundo esithatha indawo yendabuko. isayensi F. m. (Bobrovsky V. P., 1978, p. 6), kodwa esondelene kakhulu nayo (bheka isig. ukuhlaziywa komculo). Encwadini yababhali baseLeningrad, u-ed. Yu N. U-Tyulin (1965, 1974) wethula imiqondo ethi "ukufakwa" (ngendlela elula enezingxenye ezimbili), "amafomu okuphika izingxenye eziningi", "ingxenye yesingeniso" (engxenyeni eseceleni yefomu le-sonata), kanye namafomu aphezulu. of rondo zahlukaniswa kabanzi. Emsebenzini kaL. A. Mazel kanye V. A. UZuckerman (1967) ubewenza ngokungaguquki umqondo wokucubungula izindlela zikaF. m. (ngezinga elikhulu - izinto zomculo) ngobunye nokuqukethwe (p. 7), isikhulumi somculo. izimali (kuhlanganise nalezo, i-to-rye azivamile ukubhekwa ezimfundisweni ezimayelana no-F. m., – dynamics, timbre) kanye nomthelela wazo kumlaleli (bona. Bheka futhi: Zuckerman W. A., 1970), indlela yokuhlaziya okuphelele ichazwa ngokuningiliziwe (p. 38-40, 641-56; okunye - amasampula okuhlaziya), athuthukiswe nguZuckerman, uMazel noRyzhkin emuva kuma-30s. UMazel (1978) ufingqa isipiliyoni sokuhlangana kwe-musicology namamuses. ubuhle emsebenzini wokuhlaziya umculo. isebenza. Emisebenzini ka-V. AT. I-Protopopov yethula umqondo wefomu elihlanganisayo (bona. umsebenzi wakhe othi “Contrasting Composite Forms”, 1962; Stoyanov P., 1974), amathuba okuhlukahluka. amafomu (1957, 1959, 1960, njll.), ikakhulukazi, igama elithi "ifomu lohlelo lwesibili" lasungulwa, umlando we-polyphonic. izincwadi kanye nezinhlobo ze-polyphonic zekhulu le-17-20th. (1962, 1965), igama elithi "ifomu elikhulu le-polyphonic". Bobrovsky (1970, 1978) wafunda uF. m. njengohlelo olunamazinga amaningi okulandelana kwezakhiwo, izakhi zalo ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili ezixhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa – ukusebenza (lapho umsebenzi “uwumgomo ojwayelekile wokuxhuma”) kanye nesakhiwo (isakhiwo “siyindlela ethile yokusebenzisa umgomo ojwayelekile”, 1978, p. . 13). Umbono (ka-Asafiev) wemisebenzi emithathu yentuthuko evamile ucaciswe kabanzi: “umfutho” (i), “ukunyakaza” (m) kanye “nokuphothula” (t) (p. 21). Imisebenzi ihlukaniswe yaba okunengqondo okuvamile, ukuqamba okujwayelekile, kanye nokuhlanganisa ngokuqondile (iph. I-25-31). Umbono wangempela wombhali uyinhlanganisela yemisebenzi (unomphela neselula), ngokulandelana - "ukwakheka. ukuchezuka”, “ukwakheka. ukuguquguquka” kanye “nokuqamba.

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Yu. H. Kholopov