Imincintiswano yomculo |
kusuka ku-lat. concursus, lit. - ukuhlangana, umhlangano
Imincintiswano yabaculi (abadlali, abaqambi, i-instr. masters, amaqembu), abanjwe, njengomthetho, ezimweni ezimenyezelwe ngaphambilini. Ubuciko. imincintiswano, lapho izinga lokukhiqiza laqhathaniswa futhi lahlolwa. noma ubungcweti bokusebenza, zase zaziwa kakade eDr. Greece. Cishe ngo-590 BC isiko lemidlalo yePythian eDelft kwazalwa, lapho kanye nezimbongi nabasubathi, abaculi, abadlali be-cithara nama-aulos, ababhali beminyuziyamu baqhudelana. umkhiqizo. Abaphumelele baklonyeliswa ngemiqhele yezimbali ze-laurel futhi babenesihloko esithi “daphnophores” (ethwele ama-laurels). Isiko lokuncintisana phakathi kwabaculi saqhubeka kwaze kwaba senkathini yoMbuso WamaRoma; ngesikhathi esifanayo, igama elithi "laureate" lavela, eliye lasinda kuze kube yilolu suku ukuze linqume abahlanganyeli abangcono kakhulu. Ngolwesithathu. emakhulwini eminyaka, imincintiswano yama-troubadour, ama-trouver, i-minesingers kanye ne-meistersingers yanda, ngokuvamile iba yingxenye ebalulekile yenkantolo. futhi kamuva izintaba. imikhosi eheha abantu abaningi. Phakathi kwazo kukhanyisiwe. kanye nemikhosi yomculo eFrance, ehlelwe ama-workshops ama-artisan ekhulwini le-11th-16th. futhi ibizwa ngokuthi "puy". Abaphumelele le miqhudelwano, ebanjelwe ezifundazweni ezahlukene zezwe, baklonyeliswe ngemiklomelo futhi bathola isicoco se-“roy de puy”. Phakathi kwabahlomuli bendondo yepuy enkulu kunazo zonke eyaziwayo, ebanjelwe e-Evreux, kwakukhona u-O. di Lasso, J. Titluz, FE du Corroy. U-Puy usebenze njengemodeli yemiqhudelwano efanayo ye-Meistersinger eJalimane. Ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, umkhosi wengoma osekhona e-Wales, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umkhosi wezingoma, wazalwa. “Eisteddfod”, ngaphakathi kohlaka lapho kukhona nemincintiswano yamakhwaya. Ku-Renaissance, imiqhudelwano yabaculi abavelele kwezobuciko bokuthuthukisa yaqala ukusebenza. izinsimbi - isitho, i-harpsichord, kamuva kwipiyano, i-violin. Njengomthetho, bahlelwa ababusi, abaxhasi abacebile noma abefundisi, abaheha abaculi abavelele ukuba bahlanganyele. Ngakho, u-JS Bach no-L. Marchand, u-GF Handel no-A. Scarlatti (ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-1), u-WA Mozart noM. Clementi, IM Yarnovich no-JB Viotti (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18), u-G. Ernst, A. Bazzini, F. David noJ. Joachim (18) nabanye.
K. ngendlela yesimanje yaqala ngekhulu le-19. Kusukela ngo-1803, i-Academy of Fine Arts eParis ibilokhu iklomela umklomelo wonyaka wokuqanjwa okuhle kakhulu (i-cantata, kamuva - i-opera yesenzo esisodwa) - okuthiwa. Roman Ave., abanikazi bayo abathola umfundaze wokuthuthuka eRoma. Phakathi kwabaphumelele lo mklomelo kubalwa isiFulentshi esiqavile. abaqambi: F. Halevi, G. Berlioz, A. Thomas, J. Bizet, J. Massenet, C. Debussy nabanye. Imiqhudelwano efanayo ibanjelwa eBelgium nase-USA. E-UK, okuthiwa. I-Mendelssohn scholarship (Mendelsson-scholarship), enikezwe umqambi osemusha (K. eyabanjwa kusukela ngo-1848 eLondon kanye njalo eminyakeni engu-1). Kwa-4 e-Vienna, fp. ifemu ye-Bösendorfer yasungula i-K. yabathweswe iziqu e-Vienna Conservatory; lo K. ugqoka i-internat. umlingiswa, ngoba abafundi abavela emazweni amaningi bafunda lapha. amazwe. Imincintiswano kazwelonke. isikali sivule indlela yokuvela kwezizwe ngezizwe. K., owokuqala owabanjelwa eBrussels ngo-1889 ngesinyathelo sesiRashiya. isigingci NP Makarov; abaqambi abavela emazweni angu-1856 bathumele imisebenzi yomncintiswano. okwesiginci. Ngo-31, ngesinyathelo sika-AG Rubinshtein, kwasungulwa ingqungquthela yamazwe ngamazwe yokuqala evamile, futhi ngo-1886 ingqungquthela yamazwe ngamazwe yokuqala evamile yabanjwa eSt. K., owasebenza njengesibonelo sokuhlela iminyuziyamu eyalandela. imincintiswano. Ngo K. im. I-Rubinstein (eyabe ibanjwe kanye njalo eminyakeni ye-1890 kwaze kwaba ngu-1 - eBerlin, eVienna, eParis, eSt. Petersburg) abaqambi nabashayi bepiyano babamba iqhaza. U-K. ubeke phambili inani labaculi abakhulu kamuva abazuza ukuduma okubanzi (F. Busoni, V. Backhaus, IA Levin, AF Gedike, nabanye).
Kusho. K. yathuthukiswa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I (1-1914). Inani elikhulu lemiqhudelwano kazwelonke. Ku-18, i-Intern. K. abadlali bopiyano nabo. Chopin, okwathi kamuva kwaba njalo. Amakhonsathi abadlali aqhutshwa eVienna (K. Vienna Academy of Music, kusukela ngo-1927), eBudapest (eqanjwe ngo-F. Liszt, kusukela ngo-1932), eBrussels (eqanjwe ngo-E. Isai, abadlali be-violin ngo-1933, abadlali bopiyano ngo-1937), Geneva ( kusukela ngo-1938), eParis (kusukela ngo-1939) namanye amadolobha. In the international K. kusukela ekuqaleni act izikhova. abaculi; abaningi babo bawina imiklomelo ephakeme kakhulu, ekhombisa impumelelo yezikhova. ukwenza isikole kanye ne-pedagogy. Phakathi neminyaka yeMpi Yezwe 1943-2 ka-1939, imiqhudelwano yayingabanjwa noma yayilinganiselwe ku-nat. uhlaka (Geneva). Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, isiko lomculo. K. ku-pl. amazwe aqala ukuvuselela ngokushesha; emazweni amaningana aseYurophu (eFrance, eCzechoslovakia, eHungary, eBelgium) ngokushesha ngemva kwempi, kwamiswa imihlangano emikhulu, eyaba njalo. K. thola ububanzi obukhulu kakhulu ukusuka maphakathi. 45s; imincintiswano ihlanganisa izindawo zokusebenza ezinkulu kakhulu: imiqhudelwano ibanjelwa abadlali bezinsimbi, kuhlanganisa. K. "hlanganisa" izinsimbi (ithusi ne-woodwinds, i-viola, ihabhu), imincintiswano yama-guitarist, ama-accordionists, ama-ogani, ama-conductor, ama-chamber ensembles decomp. izingoma, amakhwaya, ama-symphonies entsha. namabhande ethusi, instr. amakhosi, abaqambi. Ikhula njalo ngokwendawo. amafreyimu K. Ch. abahleli be-International K. eYurophu - eBelgium, e-Italy naseFrance, lapho abaningi bebanjelwe khona. ukuncintisana. Kulandela Umncintiswano weNdlovukazi yaseBelgium u-Elisabeth (50), lapho kuqhudelana khona abadlali bopiyano, abadlali bevayolin nabaqambi, imiqhudelwano yamazwi ihlelwa eBrussels, izintambo. ama-quartets e-Liege, K. Organists. U-JS Bach e-Ghent, amakhwaya e-Knokke. E-Italy, udumo luka-K. luyazuza: abadlali be-violin - kubo. N. Paganini eGenoa, abadlali bopiyano - bona. F. Busoni e-Bolzano, abaqhubi - eRoma (eyasungulwa yi-National Academy "Santa Cecilia"), abadlali bepiyano nabaqambi - bona. A. Casella eNaples, abaculi abaculayo, abaqambi nabadansi be-ballet - bona. GB Viotti e-Vercelli, chor. amaqoqo - "Polyfoniko" e-Arezzo, nabanye. Phakathi kwamaFulentshi. K. gqama - kubo. M. Long – J. Thibaut eParis, abaqhubi abasha baseBesançon kanye nabaculi bezingoma eToulouse. Ukuqashelwa okujwayelekile kwamukelwa ngu-K., edlula ku-socialist. amazwe - Poland (eqanjwe ngo-F. Chopin futhi yethiwa ngo-G. Wieniawski), Hungary, Romania (eqanjwe ngo-J. Enescu), i-GDR (eqanjwe ngo-JS Bach futhi yethiwa ngo-R. Schumann), e-Bulgaria. Ngokuvumelana. 1951 - cela. 50s kukhona inombolo To. eBrazil, USA, Canada, Uruguay, kanye naseJapan. Ingqopha-mlando ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-K. kwaba isisekelo eMoscow Somfundi Wangaphakathi. K. ngi. PI Tchaikovsky (kusukela 60), okuyinto ngokushesha waba omunye imincintiswano igunya kakhulu futhi ethandwa.
Izinhlobo zokuhlela nokwenza i-k., imithetho yabo, izikhathi ngezikhathi, nokuqukethwe kwezobuciko kwehluke kakhulu. Ukongiwa kwemvelo kubanjelwa ezinhloko-dolobha zombuso, ezikhungweni zamasiko ezinkulu, nasemadolobheni okungcebeleka kuwo; ngokuvamile amadolobha ahlotshaniswa nempilo kanye nomsebenzi wabaculi akhethwa njengendawo yabo, ukuhlonipha amazwe ase-K. Njengomthetho, imincintiswano, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imvamisa kangakanani, yenzeka ngezinsuku ezifanayo ezichazwe ngokucacile. Abahleli be-K. bangamamyuziyemu ahlukahlukene. izikhungo, iziphathimandla zezintaba kanye nohulumeni. imizimba, emacaleni ama-nek-ry - abantu ngabanye, amafemu ezentengiselwano. Emazweni ezenhlalakahle, inhlangano ka-K. iphethe okukhethekile. izikhungo zikahulumeni; Ukubamba kuka-K kuxhaswe nguhulumeni.
Iminyaka eminingi yokuzijwayeza isungule izimiso ezithile zokuqhuba i-K., i-to-rykh inamathela kubahleli be-decomp. imincintiswano. K. gqoka intando yeningi. umlingisi ovulekile - abaculi bazo zonke izizwe, amazwe, ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa kobulili bavunyelwe ukubamba iqhaza kubo; imikhawulo isungulwa kuphela ngokuphathelene nobudala (ngaphandle okuthile, isibonelo, umqambi K.); kumakhono ahlukene (ngokuhambisana nemininingwane yawo), imikhawulo yeminyaka iyahlukahluka. Kwezinye ezinzima ikakhulukazi Ukuze. kwenziwa okokuqala. ukukhethwa okusekelwe emibhalweni kanye nezincomo ezithunyelwe yizikhandidethi ukuze kuvinjelwe abafakizicelo abakulungele ngokwanele ukuba bahlanganyele emncintiswaneni. Amakhonsathi abahlanganyeli abanjwa ngokwemithethonqubo esele emenyezelwe; enza. Imiqhudelwano iqukethe inani elithile lemizuliswano yokuhlolwa: kusukela koku-2 kuye ku-4. Inani elilinganiselwe nelilokhu lincipha njalo labahlanganyeli livunyelwe emzuliswaneni ngamunye olandelayo. Izimbangi zidlala ngokulandelana kwenkatho, noma ngokwe-alfabhethi ngesibongo. Ukusebenza kwabahlanganyeli kuhlolwa yijaji; ngokuvamile iqukethe abadlali abanegunya, abaqambi, nothisha. Ezimweni eziningi, amajaji agqoka amazwe ngamazwe. umlingiswa, futhi izwe eliphethe livame ukumelwa ngabambalwa. amalungu ejaji. Izindlela zomsebenzi wamajaji kanye nezimiso zokuhlola abaqhudelana zihlukile: ku-dep. K. kwenziwa ngaphambili. ingxoxo, ukuvota kungaba obala noma kube yimfihlo, umdlalo wabahlanganyeli uhlolwa ngabahlukahlukene. inani lamaphuzu. Abaphumelele kakhulu baklonyeliswa ngemiklomelo neziqu zabahlonishwayo, kanye namadiploma nezindondo. Inani lemiklomelo emadolobheni ahlukene lisukela kweyodwa kuye kweyi-12. Ngaphezu kwemiklomelo esemthethweni, kuvame ukunikezwa imihlomulo. imiklomelo yezindatshana ezingcono kakhulu zomuntu ngamunye neminye imiklomelo. AbakwaLaureates K., njengomthetho, bathola ilungelo lenombolo ethile ye-conc. izinkulumo.
Ubuciko. Izici zika-K zinqunywa ngokuyinhloko imvelo nokuqukethwe kwezinhlelo zabo. Mayelana nalokhu, ububanzi be-K. bubanzi kakhulu: kusukela emincintiswaneni lapho umculo womqambi oyedwa wenziwa khona (K. oqanjwe ngo-Chopin eWarsaw), kuya emiqhudelwaneni eneqoqo elibanzi nelihlukahlukene, ephishekela umgomo wokudala ukuveza ngokugcwele . amathuba amaciko. Kukhona no-K., abakha izinhlelo zabo phezu kwetimu. uphawu: umculo wakuqala, wesimanje. umculo, njll. Okufanayo kusebenza emikhakheni yokuncintisana: imincintiswano, ezinikele. okukhethekile, kanye nemincintiswano lapho abamele abantu abaningi beqhudelana khona kanye noma ngokushintshana. amakhono. Amakhonsathi omqambi ahluke ngandlela thize: kanye nemincintiswano umsebenzi wayo ukuhlonza abaqambi abanesiphiwo, kunamakhonsathi ambalwa awusizo ngokwemvelo futhi ahlelwa yizindlu ze-opera, izindlu zokushicilela, nama-concentrator. izinhlangano ngenjongo yokwenza, ukushicilela noma ukukhangisa uhlobo oluthile lwezingoma. Ku-K enjalo umbuthano wabahlanganyeli uvame ukuba banzi. Ngama-60s. K. Abaculi nabazingeli bazuza udumo olukhulu. umculo. Njengomthetho, ukusakazwa okunjalo kwenziwa izikhungo zomsakazo nethelevishini, izinkampani zokuqopha, ch. ar. ezindaweni zokungcebeleka (K. “Intervision”, “Eurovision”, njll.). Ngokuvamile umncintiswano ngamunye uqukethe umzuliswano owodwa futhi ubanjwa ngaphandle kokuqedwa kwabahlanganyeli. Amafomu okuqhuba i-estr. K., i-repertoire yabo nemithethonqubo yehlukene futhi ayihlukani ngokulandelana okuqinile.
Umculo wesimanje u-K. usuphenduke izindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlonza nokukhuthaza abaculi abanekhono, okusho ukuthi. isici sempilo yamasiko. Iningi labadlali bezinsimbi, kanye nabanye abaningi. abaculi nabaqhubi bezingoma bagqama esiteji sekhonsathi nasesiteji se-opera ngeminyaka yawo-1950 nama-70s. sibonga u-KK ukuthi babambe iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni umculo phakathi kwezihlwele ezibanzi zabalaleli, ukuthuthukisa kanye nokunothisa i-conc. ukuphila. UMn. zazo ezigcinwe ngaphakathi kohlaka lwama-museum. imikhosi, iba yingxenye ebalulekile yayo (isibonelo, "Prague Spring"). Muses. I-K. iphinde ifakwe ezinhlelweni Zemikhosi Yomhlaba Yentsha Nabafundi.
Umculo osabalele. K. kwaholela esidingweni sokuxhumanisa imizamo yabahleli bomncintiswano, ukushintshana kokuhlangenwe nakho kanye nokusungulwa kwezindinganiso ezivamile zokubamba k. Kuze kube manje, ngo-1957 Federation of International. imincintiswano (i-Fédération de Concours internationaux) ezinze e-Geneva. I-Federation ibamba izingqungquthela zaminyaka yonke emadolobheni ahlukene, ishicilela izinto zokubhekisela. Kusukela ngo-1959, sekushicilelwe umbiko waminyaka yonke, ohlanganisa ulwazi mayelana nezizwe ngezizwe. umculo K. kanye nezinhlu zabawine. Inani lamazwe angamalungu omfelandawonye likhula kancane kancane; ngo-1971, i-Sov. Inyunyana.
IMINCINTISWANO EMIKHULU YOMCULO YAMAZWE NGAPHAKATHI
E-Austria. I-Vienna Academy of Music - abadlali bopiyano, abadlali be-ogani, abadlali bezwi; ngo-1932-38 - minyaka yonke; ivuselelwe ngo-1959; kusukela ngo-1961 - isikhathi esi-1 eminyakeni emi-2. Them. I-WA Mozart eSalzburg - abadlali bopiyano, abadlali bevayolini, abacula; ngo-1956 (ukuhlonipha iminyaka engu-200 yokuzalwa kuka-WA Mozart).
EBelgium. Them. Indlovukazi yaseBelgium u-Elizabeth - abadlali be-violin, abadlali bopiyano, abaqambi; kusukela ngo-1951 - ngonyaka, ngokushintshana (emva kwekhefu lonyaka, ziphinde ziqaliswe). Abaculi baseBrussels; kusukela ngo-1962 - isikhathi esi-1 eminyakeni emi-4. Izintambo. ama-quartets e-Liege - abaqambi, abadlali, kusukela ngo-1954 - instr. amakhosi; kusukela ngo-1951 - njalo ngonyaka, ngokulandelana.
E-Bulgaria. Abaculi be-opera abasebasha eSofia; kusukela ngo-1961 - isikhathi esi-1 eminyakeni emi-2.
Brazil. Abadlali bepiyano (kusukela ngo-1957) nabadlala ivayolin (kusukela ngo-1965) eRio de Janeiro; kusukela ngo-1959 - isikhathi esi-1 eminyakeni emi-3.
I-Great Britain. Them. K. Flesch eLondon - abadlali beviolin; kusukela ngo-1945 - njalo ngonyaka. Abadlali bopiyano eLeeds; kusukela ngo-1963 - isikhathi esi-1 eminyakeni emi-3.
I-Hungary. Budapest K. ku amakhono ahlukahlukene, kusukela ngo-1948; kusukela ngo-1956 - okungenani kanye njalo eminyakeni engu-1.
I-GDR. Them. R. Schuman - abadlali bopiyano nabaculi; ngo-1956 nango-1960 eBerlin; kusukela ngo-1963 eZwickau - isikhathi esi-1 eminyakeni emi-3.
Zap. Berlin. Them. G. Karayana - abaqhubi kanye ne-symphony yentsha. ama-orchestra; kusukela ngo-1969 - njalo ngonyaka.
Italy. Them. F. Busoni eBolzano - abadlali bopiyano; kusukela ngo-1949 - njalo ngonyaka. Them. N. Paganini eGenoa - abadlali beviolin; kusukela ngo-1954 - njalo ngonyaka. Abaqhubi be-orchestra eRoma; kusukela ngo-1956 - isikhathi esi-1 eminyakeni emi-3. Them. UGuido d Arezzo – amakhwaya (“Polyfonico”), osn. ngo-1952 njengezwe, kusukela ngo-1953 - ngamazwe ngamazwe; minyaka yonke.
Canada. Abashayi bevayolini, abadlali bopiyano, abadlali bezingoma eMontreal; kusukela ngo-1966 - njalo ngonyaka, ngokulandelana.
E-Netherlands. Abaculi bezingoma e-'s-Hertogenbosch; kusukela ngo-1954 - njalo ngonyaka.
Poland. Them. F. Chopin eWarsaw - abadlali bopiyano 1927, 1932, 1937; ivuselelwe ngo-1949 - kanye njalo ngonyaka ongu-1. Ivayolini. G. Venyavsky - i-violinists, abaqambi, i-skr. amakhosi; owokuqala - kwabangu-5 eWarsaw; ivuselelwe ngo-1935 e-Poznan - kanye njalo eminyakeni ye-1952.
EPortugal. Them. U-Viana da Mota e-Lisbon - abadlali bopiyano; owokuqala - ngo-1957; kusukela ngo-1964 - kanye njalo ngonyaka o-1.
I-Romania. Them. J. Enescu eBucharest - abadlali be-violin, abadlali bopiyano, abahlabeleli (kusukela ngo-1961), ama-chamber ensembles; kusukela ngo-1958 - isikhathi esi-1 eminyakeni emi-3.
I-USSR. Them. PI Tchaikovsky eMoscow - kusukela ngo-1958 abadlali bopiyano, abadlala violin, kusukela ngo-1962 futhi cellists, kusukela 1966 kanye vocalists; Isikhathi esingu-1 eminyakeni emi-4. France. Them. M. Long – J. Thibaut eParis – abadlali bopiyano nabashayi bevayolini; owokuqala - ngo-1943 (kuzwelonke), owesibili - ngo-1946; kusukela ngo-1949 - isikhathi esi-1 eminyakeni emi-2. Abaculi baseToulouse; kusukela ngo-1954 - njalo ngonyaka.
EJalimane. Munich K. ngokusho diff. okukhethekile; kusukela ngo-1952 - njalo ngonyaka.
Czechoslovakia. Muses. K. "Intwasahlobo yasePrague" ngokusho kukaDec. okukhethekile; kusukela ngo-1947 - njalo ngonyaka.
eSwitzerland. Ukucula abaculi e-Geneva, amakhono ahlukahlukene; kusukela ngo-1939 - njalo ngonyaka.
Imiqhudelwano engenayo indawo ehlala njalo: Omakhalekhukhwini abaqanjwe ngalo. P. Casals; Isikhathi esingu-1 eminyakeni emi-2 emazweni ahlukene (okokuqala - 1957, eParis). Ama-Accordionists "weNdebe Yomhlaba"; minyaka yonke emazweni ahlukene (owokuqala - 1948, Lausanne), njll.
Phakathi kwamanye ama-K. wamazwe ngamazwe: abaculi baseVerviers (Belgium); amakhwaya eDebrecen (eHungary); abadlali bezinsimbi nabaculayo (abaqanjwe ngo-JS Bach) e-Leipzig (GDR); abadlali bezinsimbi nabaculayo (abaqanjwe ngo-M. Canals) e-Barcelona (eSpain); umculo nomdanso (oqanjwe ngo-GB Viotti) e-Vercelli, abadlali bopiyano nabaqambi (abaqanjwe ngo-A. Casella) eNaples, abaculi be-“Verdi Voices” e-Busseto (Italy); ukwenziwa ngcono kwezitho eHaarlem (Netherlands); abadlali bopiyano nabaqhubi (abaqanjwe ngo-D. Mitropoulos) eNew York (USA); abaqhubi abasha eBesançon (eFrance); abadlali bopiyano (abaqanjwe ngo-K. Haskil) eLucerne (Switzerland), njll.
IMINCINTISWANO E-RUSSIA NE-USSR
Umculo wokuqala kazwelonke u-K. e-Russia ubanjwe kusukela ngeminyaka yama-60s. Ikhulu le-19 ngesinyathelo se-RMO, eSt. mayelana-va rus. umculo wekamelo (ngo-1877), imboni yepiyano "Schroeder" (ngo-1890), njll. Ngokuqala kwabaxhasi abakhulu nabaculi, abaningana. K. yahlelwa ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20 Ngo-1910 kwenzeka amakhonsathi amabili ama-violinists - ukuhlonipha iminyaka engu-40 yokudala. imisebenzi kaSolwazi Mosk. Conservatory IV Grzhimali eMoscow (1st Ave. - M. Cindezela) kanye nabo. LS Auera e-St. Petersburg (Januwari 1 - M. Piastro). Ngo-1911, umncintiswano we-cello wenziwa eMoscow (1st pr. - SM Kozolupov), kuyilapho abadlali bepiyano beqhudelana eSt - Y. Turchinsky). Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwaba nomcimbi okhethekile eSt. K. ngi. U-SA Malozemova wabadlali bopiyano besifazane (ophumelele ngu-E. Stember). Ngokwemithethonqubo, le K. yayizobanjwa njalo ngonyaka ongu-1. Ukusungulwa kwe-K. eqondene nabalingisi besifazane kwakubalulekile ngokuqhubekayo.
E-USSR, umculo we-State K. futhi wadala zonke izimo zokuqaliswa kwawo okubanzi. Imincintiswano yokuqala yabaculi yayiyimincintiswano yokusebenza kwe-quartet ku-RSFSR (1927, eMoscow) kanye nemincintiswano yama-violinists e-Ukraine (1930, eKharkov). Kusukela lapho, u-K. emculweni ohamba phambili. ukukhiqiza, ukuncintisana Prof. futhi uzenzele wena. abaculi nabahlabeleli babanjwe kwabaningi. amadolobha. Umkhosi wokuqala we-All-Union of Performing Musicers wenzeka ngoMeyi 1 eMoscow. Yayibanjelwe ezintweni ezikhethekile - upiyano, i-violin, i-cello, ukucula. 1933 - ngoFebhuwari - Mashi 2 (Leningrad). Abashayi be-violist, abadlali be-bass ababili, abashaya amahabhu, abadlali bemimoya yokhuni neyethusi nabo baqhudelana lapha. amathuluzi. Kamuva, kwaba nomjikelezo wemincintiswano ye-All-Union eMoscow ngezici ezihlukahlukene—izimfanelo zabashayi bevayolini, abashayi be-cell kanye nabashayi bopiyano (1935-1937), abadidiyeli (38) nezintambo. ama-quartets (1938), abaculi (1938-1938, izinkambo zokugcina eMoscow), abaculi be-pop (39), abadlali bemimoya. izinsimbi (1939). Lezi K. zibe nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwamamuse. impilo yezwe, ukuze kuthuthukiswe iminyuziyamu. imfundo.
Ngemva kwe-Great Fatherland. Phakathi nempi ka-1941-45, intsha enekhono yacula kuwo wonke abaculi be-Union K. (1945, eMoscow), abaculi abahlukahlukene (1946, eMoscow), kanye nabaculi bezingoma zomculo wezikhova. ezothando nengoma (1956, eMoscow), vocalists nabaculi pop (1956, eMoscow).
Ngama-60s. isiteji esisha ekuthuthukisweni komnyakazo wokuncintisana sesiqalile; Amakhonsathi avamile e-All-Union abadlali bopiyano, abadlali bevayolini, abadlala amaseli, nabaqhubi bayahlelwa, kanye namakhonsathi wabaculi abaqanjwe ngo-VIMI Glinka. Le miqhudelwano ikuvumela ukuthi uqoke abadlali abanekhono ukuze ubambe iqhaza ku-International. K. ngi. PI Tchaikovsky. Ngobusuku bangaphambi kuka-K. Imincintiswano ye-PI Tchaikovsky nayo ihlelwe. amakhosi. Amakhonsathi e-All-Union abaculi-abadlali ku-orc enzeka. izinsimbi (1963, Leningrad). Izimo zeminyuziyamu yazo zonke i-Union. Kuya. ngokuyisisekelo zihambisana nezamazwe ngamazwe. izindinganiso.
Ukuhlonipha iminyaka eyi-100 yokuzalwa kuka-VI Lenin (1970), imincintiswano ye-All-Union yabadlali abasha be-conc ehamba phambili. zahlelwa. uhlelo. E-USSR, amakhonsathi abaculi abahlukahlukene abanjwa njalo. K. ukudala umculo. umkhiqizo. ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zivame ukuhlelwa ngesikhathi semigubho. Isistimu yomculo emincane. I-K. ayihlanganisi nje kuphela i-All-Union, kodwa futhi imincintiswano ye-republic, idolobha kanye nezindawo, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwenza ukukhetha okungaguquki nokuphelele kwabameleli abasha bamamuse. amacala e-All-Union kanye namazwe ngamazwe. imincintiswano.
References: International Tchaikovsky Piano kanye Violin Competition. (Incwadi Yokuqala Yezikhombo, M., 1958); Umncintiswano Wesibili Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wabadlali Bopiyano, Abadlala Violin kanye Nabadlala Amaseli. PI Tchaikovsky. (Incwadi), M., 1962; … eqanjwe ngoTchaikovsky. NgoMgqibelo. izihloko kanye nemibhalo mayelana Nomncintiswano Wesibili Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wabaculi-Abadlali. PI Tchaikovsky. I-Ed.-stat. AV Medvedev. Moscow, 1966. Imincintiswano yomculo eyedlule neyamanje. Incwadi, M., 1966; … eqanjwe ngoTchaikovsky. NgoMgqibelo. izindatshana kanye nemibhalo mayelana Nomncintiswano Wesithathu Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wabaculi-Abadlali. PI Tchaikovsky. Konke. ed. A. Medvedeva, (M., 1970).
MM Yakovlev
