I-Conservatory |

ital. Conservatorio, French conservatoire, eng. i-conservatory, igciwane. I-Konservatorium, kusukela ku-lat. conservare - ukuvikela

Ekuqaleni, i-K. yayibizwa ngokuthi izintaba e-Italy. izindawo zokukhosela izintandane nabangenamakhaya, lapho izingane zazifundiswa khona imisebenzi yezandla, kanye nomculo, ikakhulukazi ukucula (ukuze kuqeqeshelwe abahlabeleli bamakhwaya esonto). Owokuqala wabo ngo-1537 eNaples - "Santa Maria di Loreto". Ngekhulu le-16 ezinye izindawo zokukhosela zavulwa eNaples: “Pieta dei Turchini”, “Dei believe di Gesu Cristo” kanye “neSant'Onofrio a Capuana”. Ngekhulu le-3 umculo wokufundisa wathatha i-DOS. indawo emfundweni yezingane ezikhuliswa yibo. Lezi zindawo zokukhosela zaziqeqesha nabahlabeleli namakhwaya. Ngo-17 "uSanta Maria di Loreto" kanye "noSant'Onofrio" bahlanganiswa, bathola igama. K. “Loreto a Capuana”. Ngo-1797, amakhaya ezintandane amabili asele amjoyina, akha iNkosi. Music College, kamuva iNkosi. K. "San Pietro a Maiella".

E-Venice, izikhungo zalolu hlobo. ospedale (okungukuthi, isibhedlela, ikhaya lezintandane, ikhaya lezintandane labampofu, abagulayo). Ngekhulu le-16 elidumile: "Della Pieta", "Dei Mendicanti", "Incurabili" kanye ne-ospedaletto (yamantombazane kuphela) "Santi Giovanni e Paolo". Ngekhulu le-18 imisebenzi yalezi zikhungo yehlile. Yasungulwa ngo-1877, iBenedetto Marcello Society yavula umculo eVenice. I-lyceum, eyaba yi-state lyceum ngo-1895, yalinganiswa nesikole esiphakeme ngo-1916, futhi ngo-1940 yaguqulwa yaba i-State Lyceum. K. ngi. Benedetto Marcello.

ERoma ngo-1566, iPalestrina yasungula ibandla (umphakathi) labaculi, kusukela ngo-1838 - i-Academy (etholakala emasontweni ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise neBasilica yaseSanta Cecilia). Ngo-1876, e-Academy "Santa Cecilia" wavula umculo. i-lyceum (kusukela ngo-1919 K. "Santa Cecilia").

Ngekhulu le-18 italy. K., lapho abantu bakwamanye amazwe nabo bafunda khona, kakade babenendima enkulu ekuqeqesheni abaqambi nabaculi abaculayo. Ngenxa yesidingo esikhulayo sokuqeqeshwa kuka-prof. abaculi emazweni amaningana Zap. EYurophu ngekhulu le-18 kwakukhona umculo okhethekile uch. izikhungo. Phakathi kwezikhungo zokuqala zalolu hlobo yiSilo. isikole sokucula nokuphindaphinda eParis (eyahlelwa ngo-1784 eRoyal Academy of Music; ngo-1793 yahlanganiswa nesikole somculo seNational Guard, sakha iNational Music Institute, kusukela ngo-1795 iFaculty of Music and Recitation). (Ngo-1896, kwavulwa iSchola Cantorum eParis.) Ngo-1771, iNkosi yaqala ukusebenza eStockholm. Isikole Esiphakeme Somculo (kusuka ku-1880 Academy of Music, kusukela ngo-1940 K.)

Umculo othile. uh. izikhungo ezifana no-K. abizwa ngokuthi ama-academy, ama-museum. in-tami, izikole eziphakeme zomculo, ama-lyceums, amakolishi. Ngekhulu le-19 kwasungulwa amakilabhu amaningi: e-Bologna (ngo-1804 i-Music Lyceum, ngo-1914 yathola isimo seqembu, ngo-1925 yaqanjwa ngo-G. B. Martini, kusukela ngo-1942 uMbuso K. ebizwa ngoG. B. Martini), eBerlin (ngo-1804 esikoleni sokucula, esasungulwa nguC. F. Zelter, endaweni efanayo ngo-1820 isikhungo semfundo ekhethekile eyasungulwa nguye, kusukela 1822 Institute for ukuqeqeshwa organ kanye nothisha esikoleni somculo, kusukela 1875 Royal Institute of Church Music , kusukela 1922 State Academy of Church and School Music, ngo. 1933-45 iSikole Esiphakeme Semfundo Yomculo, esabe sesifakwa eSikoleni Esiphakeme Somculo, edolobheni elifanayo ngo-1850, esasungulwa ngu-Y. Stern, kamuva iStern Conservatory, ngemuva kweDolobha lase-K. (eWest Berlin), endaweni efanayo ku-2 Higher School of Music, eyasungulwa ngu-J. Joachim, endaweni efanayo ngo-1869 i-State K., kamuva iSikole Esiphakeme Somculo esaqanjwa ngo-X. Eisler), uMilan (ngo-1950 iSikole Somculo, kusukela ngo-1808 i-G. Verdi C.), uFlorence (ngo-1908 isikole e-Academy of Arts, kusukela ngo-1811 Isikhungo Somculo, kusukela ngo-1849 Isikole Somculo, kusukela ngo-1851 iNkosi Yomculo. in-t, kusukela ngo-1860 K. kubo. L. Cherubini), ePrague (1912; endaweni efanayo ngo-1811 i-Academy of Arts, enomnyango wezomculo), eBrussels (ngo-1948 i-Musical School e, ngo-1812 endaweni yayo yaseKorol. isikole sokucula, kusukela ngo-1823 K.), iWarsaw (ngo-1832, umnyango womculo eSikoleni SeDrama, ngo-1814 iSikole Somculo Nezobuciko BeDrama; endaweni efanayo ngo-1816 ngesisekelo sekhono lezobuciko obuhle I-Institute of Music and Recitation, kusukela ngawo lowo nyaka u-K., kusukela ku-1821 Music Institute), e-Vienna (ngo-1861 ngesinyathelo seNhlangano Yabangane Bomculo - Isikole Sokucula, kusukela ngo-1817 K., kusukela ku-1821 Academy of Music and Stage Performance . Art-va), Parkhme (ngo-1908 School Choir, kusukela 1818 Institute of Arts and Crafts, kusukela 1821 Carmine Music School, kusukela 1831 K. ebizwa ngo-A. Boito), London (1888, Royal Academy of Music), The Hague (ngo-1822 i-King's Music School, kusukela ngo-1826 K.), Liege (1908), Zagreb (ngo-1827 i-Musikverein Society, kusukela ngo-1827 i-People's Land Music Institute, kamuva - I-Croatian Music Institute). in-t, kusukela ngo-1861 i-Music Academy, endaweni efanayo ngo-1922 isikole somculo, esasungulwa yi-Musikverein Society, kusukela ngo-1829 i-Music School of the Croatian Music Institute kusukela ngo-1870 K., kusukela ngo-1916 State K.), Genoa ( ngo-1921 i-Music Lyceum, kamuva i-Music Lyceum eyaqanjwa ngo-N. Paganini), eMadrid (ngo-1829, kusukela ngo-1830 K. umculo nokuphindaphinda), Geneva (ngo-1919), Lisbon (1835, Nat. K.), Budapest (ngo-1836 National K., kusukela ngo-1840 National Music School, Vpos elandela iNational K. kubo. B. Bartok; endaweni efanayo ngo-1867 i-Academy of Music, kusukela ngo-1875 i-Higher School of Music. abamangalele. F. Liszt), eRio de Janeiro (ngo-1918 iNkosi yaseK., kusukela ngo-1841 iNational Music Institute, ngo-1890 yaba yingxenye yenyuvesi, kusukela ngo-1931 i-National School of Music Bras. Inyuvesi; lapho futhi ngo-1937 iBraz. K., endaweni efanayo ngo-1940 iNational K. Ukucula Kwakhwaya, endaweni efanayo ngo-1942 iBraz. I-Academy of Music eqanjwe ngo-O. L. Fernandis), uLucca (1945, kamuva u-A. Boccherini), eLeipzig (1842, eyasungulwa nguF. Mendelssohn, kusukela ngo-1843 King K., kusukela ngo-1876 Isikole Esiphakeme Somculo, ngo-1941 ngaphansi kwayo - i-F. Mendelssohn Academy), eMunich (ngo-1945 iSikole Esiphakeme Somculo, kusukela ngo-1846 K.

Esitezi sesi-2. Inethiwekhi yekhulu le-19 ikhule kakhulu. K. zavulwa eDarmstadt (ngo-1851 iSikole Somculo, kusukela ngo-1922 i-State K.), e-Boston (1853), e-Stuttgart (1856, kusukela ngo-1896 iNkosi yase-K.), i-Dresden (ngo-1856 i-Higher School of Music, kusukela 1918 the King. K., from 1937 State K.), Bucharest (1864, later C. Porumbescu K.), Luxembourg (1864), Copenhagen (ngo-1867 Royal Danish K., from 1902 Copenhagen K., from 1948 State. K.), Turin (ngo-1867 iSikole Somculo, kusukela ngo-1925 i-Lyceum, kusukela ngo-1935 i-G. Verdi Conservatory), i-Antwerp (1867, kusukela ngo-1898 i-Royal Flemish K.), i-Basel (ngo-1867 iSikole Somculo, kusukela ngo-1905 Academy of Music), Baltimore and Chicago (1868), Montreal (1876), Frankfurt am Main (1878, Higher School of Music), Brno (1881, eyasungulwa yiBrno Conversation Society, ngo-1919 yahlanganiswa ne-Organ School, eyasungulwa ngo-1882 yi-Yednota Society, kusukela ngo-1920 nguHulumeni K.; endaweni efanayo ngo-1947 i-Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts, kusukela ngo-1969 eyaqanjwa ngo-L. Janacek), i-Pesaro (ngo-1882 i-Music Lyceum, kamuva i-., izindleko G. Rossini, unegama lakhe), Bogota (ngo-1882 National Academy of Music, kusukela 1910 the National K.), Helsinki (ngo-1882 Isikole Umculo, kusukela 1924 K., kusukela 1939 Academy kubo. Sibelius), Adelaide (ngo-1883 ikolishi lomculo, kamuva uK.), Amsterdam (1884), Karlsruhe (ngo-1884 iBaden Higher School of Music, kusukela ngo-1929 K.), Havana (1835), Toronto (1886), Buenos Aires ( 1893), Belgrade (ngo-1899 Serbian School of Music, kusukela 1937 Academy of Music), kanye namanye amadolobha.

Ngekhulu lama-20 i-K. yadalwa eSofia (ngo-1904 isikole somculo esizimele, kusukela ngo-1912 i-State Musical School, kusukela ngo-1921 i-Musical Academy eneminyango yesibili nephezulu, ngo-1947 i-Higher Musical School yahlukaniswa nayo, kusukela ngo-1954. ), La Paz (1908), Sao Paulo (1909, K. Drama and Music), Melbourne (in the 1900s, based on the music school, later K. oqanjwe ngoN. Melba), Sydney (1914), Tehran (1918) , ukuze kufundwe umculo waseYurophu; endaweni efanayo ngo-1949, iNational K., eyakhiwe ngesisekelo seSikole Somculo Esiphakeme, esavulwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-30s), iBratislava (ngo-1919, iSikole Somculo, ngo-1926 Academy of Umculo neDrama, kusukela ngo-1941 K.; endaweni efanayo, ngo-1949, i-Higher School of Musical Arts), eCairo (ngo-1925 iSikole Somculo Wasempumalanga, ngesisekelo se-Musical Club, eyavela ngo-1814, kusukela ngo-1929. t womculo wama-Arabhu, endaweni efanayo ngo-1935 i-Women's Music Institute, endaweni efanayo ngo-1944 iSikole Somculo Esiphakeme, endaweni efanayo ngo-1959. i-Cairo National C., endaweni efanayo ngo-1969 i-Academy of Arts, eyahlanganisa izikhungo ezi-5, kuhlanganise ne-K. kanye ne-Institute of Arabic Music), i-Baghdad (1940, i-Academy of Fine Arts, ehlanganisa iminyango eminingana, kuhlanganise nomculo. ; endaweni efanayo ngo-1968, Isikole Somculo Sezingane Ezinesiphiwo) , Beirut (K. at Ak Academy of Fine Arts), Jerusalem (1947, Academy of Music. Rubin), Pyongyang (1949), Tel Aviv (Heb. K. – “Sulamith-K.”), Tokyo (1949, National University of Fine Arts and Music), Hanoi (ngo-1955 ngaphezulu, kusukela ngo-1962 K.), Surakarta (1960), Accra (Academy of Music with a 2-year course of study), Nairobi (1944, East African K.), Algiers (National Institute of Music, which also has a pedagogical department), Rabat (National Committee of Music, Dance and Dramatic Arts), njll.

Emazweni onxiwankulu, kanye namamyuziyamu azimele kahulumeni. uh. izikhungo, isibonelo. eParis - "Ecole evamile" (1918). Kwamanye amazwe, i-K. iyi-akhawunti emaphakathi. isikhungo sohlobo oluphakeme (ngokwesibonelo, eCzechoslovakia, kanye nezikole zasePrague, eBrno kanye naseSikoleni Esiphakeme Sobuciko Bomculo eBratislava, sisebenza cishe ngo-10 K., empeleni isikole somculo).

Isikhathi sokufunda, isakhiwo kanye ne-akhawunti. izinhlelo ze-K., izikole eziphakeme zomculo, izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme, izikhungo, amakolishi nama-lyceum akuzona zohlobo olufanayo. UMn. kubo baneminyango yabancane, lapho kwamukelwa khona abafundi beminyaka yezingane. Emazweni amaningi, abadlali kuphela, othisha bezifundo zokucula nabaqambi abaqeqeshelwa umculo wakudala. Izazi zomculo (osomlando kanye namathiyori) baqeqeshelwe umculo. f-max amanyuvesi. Ngawo wonke umehluko ekumisweni kwe-akhawunti. inqubo kuwo wonke ama-muses. uh. izikhungo zihlinzeka ngamakilasi okukhethekile, i-music-theoretical. izifundo kanye nomlando womculo.

E-Russia, umculo okhethekile uch. izikhungo zavela ngekhulu le-18. (bheka imfundo yomculo). Eyokuqala K. yadalwa ngeminyaka yama-60s. Ikhulu le-19, esimweni sokukhuphuka kwezwe. Isiko laseRussia kanye nentuthuko yentando yeningi. ukunyakaza. I-RMO yavula i-St. Petersburg Conservatory ngo-1862 ngesinyathelo sika-AG Rubinshtein, futhi ngo-1866, ngohlelo luka-NG Rubinshtein, i-Moscow Conservatory. ISikole Somculo NeseDrama seMoscow Philharmonic Society (esavulwa ngo-1886) sajabulela namalungelo ka-K. (kusukela ngo-1883). Ngokuvumelana. 19 - cela. Iminyuziyamu yekhulu lama-20 yenziwa emadolobheni ahlukene aseRussia. uch-scha, ezinye zazo kamuva zaguqulwa zaba ngu-K., kuhlanganisa. e Saratov (1912), Kyiv futhi Odessa (1913). indima ebalulekile ekusakazeni umculo. ukwakheka kwadlalwa yizindawo zokulondoloza imvelo zabantu. Esokuqala savulwa eMoscow (1906); K. e-St. Petersburg, Kazan, Saratov.

Naphezu kwezimpumelelo endimeni yomculo. ukukhulisa abantu ngokweqiniso. umculo omningi. imfundo nokukhanyiselwa kwenzeke kuphela ngemva Great Oct. socialist. uguquko. Ngomthetho woMkhandlu Wabantu BamaCommissars we-RSFSR wangomhla ziyi-12 kuJulayi, 1918, iPetrograd kanye neMoskovskaya K. (kanye nabanye kamuva) badluliselwa endaweni yokulawula ye-People's Commissariat of Education futhi balinganisa zonke izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme. izikhungo. Eminyakeni eminingi yenethiwekhi yamandla yaseSoviet K. kanye nobuciko obuhlangene namamyuziyamu. f-tami inwetshiwe.

Kuze kube i-Great Oct. socialist. imibhikisho eRussia yayihlanganisa iminyango emincane nephezulu. E-USSR, i-K. iyimfundo ephakeme. isikhungo lapho abantu abanojenene wesibili nezimyuziyamu bamukelwa khona. imfundo. K. kanye nawe baqeqesha kokubili abadlali nabaqambi, kanye nezazi zomculo. Isifundo ku-K. kanye ne-in-ta yakhelwe iminyaka emi-5 futhi ihlinzeka ngethiyori ebanzi. kanye nokulungiselela okungokoqobo komculi ka-prof. imisebenzi. Indawo enhle ezinhlelweni ezinikezwe ukwenza kanye nezokufundisa. umkhuba wabafundi. Ngaphezu komkhakha womculo okhethekile, abafundi bafunda ezenhlalo nezepolitiki. isayensi, umlando uzowuveza. icala, izilimi zakwamanye amazwe. Umculo ophezulu. uh. izikhungo zine-f-wena: ithiyori nokuqamba (neminyango yezomlando-yethiyori nokuqamba), upiyano, i-orchestra, yezwi, i-conductor-choral, nar. amathuluzi; ngenani lika-K. futhi - ubuhlakani be-opera ne-symphony. abaqhubi. Ngaphansi kweningi le-K. kusihlwa neminyango yezincwadi ihlelwa.

Enkulumweni ephakeme uch. izifundo ze-postgraduate (abacwaningi bokuqeqesha emkhakheni wethiyori nomlando womculo) kanye nokusiza (ukuqeqeshwa kwabadlali, abaqambi, nothisha) kudalwe ezikhungweni. UMn. K. kanye ne-in-unezinto ezikhethekile. umculo izikole zeminyaka eyishumi eziqeqeshela ama-muses aphezulu. uh. izikhungo (isibonelo, i-Central Secondary Special Music School e-Moscow K., i-Moscow Gnessin Secondary Special Music School, i-Ten-year School e-Leningrad K., njll.).

Ama-museum aphezulu asebenza e-USSR. uh. izikhungo: e-Alma-Ata (ngo-1944 K., kusukela ngo-1963 Kazakh. Institute, kusukela ngo-1973 K. eqanjwe ngoKurmangazy), i-Astrakhan (ngo-1969, i-Astrakhan K., yavela ngesisekelo sesikole somculo), i-Baku ( ngo-1901 amakilasi omculo we-RMO, kusukela ngo-1916 isikole somculo se-RMO, kusukela ngo-1920 iRiphabhulikhi Yabantu I-Kazakhstan, kusukela ngo-1921 i-Azerbaijanian Culture, kusukela ngo-1948 i-Azerbaijani Culture eqanjwe nge-U. Gadzhibekov), Vilnius (ngo-1945 i-Vilniusskaya Culture, ngo-1949 ihlanganiswe noKaunas K., eyadalwa ngo-1933, ibizwa ngokuthi i-K. Lithuanian SSR), Gorky (1946, Gorkovskaya K. eqanjwe ngoM. I. Glinka), IDonetsk (1968, IDonetsk music-pedagogical Institute, eyakhiwe ngesisekelo igatsha laseDonetsk Slavic Pedagogical Institute), Yerevan (ngo-1921 isitudiyo somculo, kusukela 1923 K., kusukela 1946 Yerevan K. eqanjwe ngoKomitas), Kazan (1945, Kazanskaya K.), Kiev (ngo-1868 iSikole Somculo, kusukela ngo-1883 iSikole Somculo se-RMO, kusukela ngo-1913 K., kusukela ngo-1923 i-Music College; endaweni efanayo ngo-1904 Umculo Drama School, kusukela ngo-1918 i-Higher Music Drama Institute eyaqanjwa ngo-N. V. Lysenko; UChisinau (1934, K., akazange asebenze ngo-1940-1940, kusukela ngo-1941 iChisinau Institute of Arts eyaqanjwa ngo-G. Muzichesku), Leningrad (45, ngesisekelo amakilasi umculo RMO, eyavela ngo-1963), kusukela ngo-1862 i-Leningrad K. kubo. N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov), Lvov (ngo-1859, Isikole Somculo e-Union of Singing and Music Society, kusukela ngo-1944 N. V. I-Lysenko Music Institute, kusukela ngo-1903 i-Higher Music Institute - eyaqanjwa ngo-N. V. Lysenko, kusukela ngo-1904 iLvov Musical College eqanjwe ngoN. V. Lysenko), iMinsk (ngo-1907 iMinsk Musical College, kusukela ngo-1939 iMinsk, manje eyiBelarusian Musical College eqanjwe ngo-A. V. Lunacharsky), eMoscow (1924, ngesisekelo amakilasi umculo RMO, eyavela ngo-1932, kusukela ngo-1866 eMoscow K. ebizwa ngoP. I. Tchaikovsky; endaweni efanayo ngo-1860 i-Gnessin Sisters Music School, kusukela ngo-1940 i-Second Moscow State School, kusukela ngo-1895 isikole sezobuchwepheshe se-State Musical, kusukela ngo-1919 iGnessin Musical College, ngesisekelo sokuthi iGnesin Musical Pedagogical Institute yasungulwa ngo-1920). , Novosibirsk (1925, Novosibirsk M. I. Glinka K.), Odessa (ngo-1944 iSikole Somculo, kamuva iSikole Somculo se-RMO, kusukela ngo-1956 K., kusukela ngo-1871 i-Music Institute, ngo-1913-1923 eyaqanjwa ngo-L. Beethoven, kusukela ngo-1927 K., kusukela ngo-1934 Odessa K. ebizwa ngo-A. V. Nezhdanovo d), Riga (1939, manje K. kubo. Yebo. I-Vitola ye-SSR yaseLatvia), i-Rostov-on-Don (i-Music and Pedagogical Institute), i-Saratov (ngo-1950, iSikole Somculo se-RMO, kusukela ngo-1919 K., ngo-1895-1912 i-Musical College, kusukela ngo-1924 uSaratov K. eqanjwe ngoL. V. Sobinov), Sverdlovsk (35, kusukela ngo-1935 okuthiwa uM. P. Mussorgsky, kusukela ngo-1934 Uralsky K. eqanjwe ngoM. P. Mussorgsky), Tallinn (ngo-1939, ngesisekelo Tallinn Higher Musical Institute). School, kusukela ngo-1946 Tallinskaya K.), Tashkent (ngo-1919 Higher Musical School, kusukela ngo-1923 Tashkentskaya K.), Tbilisi (ngo-1934 Isikole Musical, kusukela ngo-1936 School Musical, kusukela 1874 K., kusukela ngo-1886 Tbilisi K. okuthiwa V. Sarajishvili), Frunze (1917, Kirghiz Institute of Art), Kharkov (ngo-1947 Isikole Somculo, kamuva Isikole Somculo se-RMO, kusukela ngo-1967 K., ngo-1871-1917 Music Academy , ngo-1920 Isikhungo Somculo, ngo-23-1924 Isikhungo Somculo yeDrama, ngo-1924-29 Music Theatre Institute, ngo-1930 futhi kusukela ngo-36 K., ngo-1936 ngesisekelo sika-K. kanye neKharkov Institute of Arts yasungulwa yiKharkov Institute of Arts).

Kusukela ngo-1953, i-Intern. izingqungquthela zabaqondisi be-K. Kusukela ngo-1956, i-Association of European academies, K. kanye nezikole eziphakeme zomculo.

A. Nikolaev