I-Lyra: incazelo yensimbi, ukwakheka, umlando, umsindo, ukusetshenziswa, indlela yokudlala

Kunamagama adumile asetshenziswa ngaphandle kokucabanga ngemvelaphi yawo. Izinkondlo, amahlaya, izingoma, izingxoxo zingaba ngamazwi - kodwa isho ukuthini le epithet? Futhi igama eliqondakalayo elithi “lyric” livelaphi ezilimini ezihlukahlukene?

Yini i-lira

Ukuvela kwe-epithet engokomoya kanye negama elithi ubuntu likweleta amaGreki asendulo. Ihabhu iyinsimbi yomculo, edlalayo eyayiyingxenye yezifundo eziyisisekelo zezakhamizi zaseGreece Yasendulo. Inombolo yezintambo ku-lyre yakudala yayiyisikhombisa, ngokuhambisana nenani lamaplanethi, futhi ifanekisela ukuvumelana kwezwe.

Ngokuhambisana nehabhu, izingoma ze-solo epic zafundwa ekhorasi esidlangalaleni kanye nemisebenzi yamafomu amancane ezinkondlo kumbuthano okhethiwe, yingakho igama lohlobo lwezinkondlo - amagama. Ngokokuqala ngqa, igama elithi lyra litholakala embongini u-Archilochus - okutholakele kuqale maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. AmaGreki asebenzisa leli gama ukuze aqoke zonke izinsimbi zomndeni wamahabhu, ezidume kakhulu kuzo - ukubunjwa, okukhulunywa ngakho ku-Iliad, barbit, cithara ne-helis (okusho ufudu ngesiGreki).

Insimbi yomculo yasendulo enezintambo, eqhathaniswa nehabhu ethandwa kakhulu ezincwadini zasendulo, ezikhathini zanamuhla yaziwa njengophawu lobuciko bomculo, uphawu lwamazwe ngamazwe lwezimbongi namaqembu ezempi.

Idivayisi yethuluzi

Ihabhu elinezintambo lithole ifa eliyindilinga ezintweni zokuqala ezenziwe ngegobolondo lofudu. Umzimba oyisicaba wawumbozwe ulwelwesi lwesikhumba senkomo, olufakwe izimpondo ezimbili zenyamazane noma izinsimbi zokhuni ezigobile ezinhlangothini. Ugongolo lwalunanyathiselwe engxenyeni engenhla yezimpondo.

Esakhiweni esiphelile, esasifana nokhololo, babekhipha izintambo ezinobude obufanayo emathunjini ezimvu noma i-hemp, iflakisi, izinombolo ezisuka ku-3 kuya ku-11. Zazixhunywe emgodleni nasemzimbeni. Ngokudlala, amaGreki ayencamela izinsimbi ezinezintambo ezingu-7. Bekukhona futhi neyunithi yezinhlamvu eziyi-11-12 kanye nezifanekiso zokuhlola ezinezintambo eziyi-18.

Ngokungafani namaGreki namaRoma, amanye amasiko asendulo aseMedithera naseMpumalanga Eseduze ayevame ukusebenzisa i-resonator engama-quadrangular.

Kamuva ozakwabo basenyakatho yeYurophu nabo baba nokungezwani kwabo. Ihabhu elidala kunawo wonke laseJalimane elitholwe lisukela ekhulwini le-1300, kanti i-rotta yaseScandinavia ihlehlela emuva ku-XNUMX. I-rotta yaseJalimane yenkathi ephakathi yenziwa ngokwezimiso ezifanayo njengezibonelo ze-Hellenic, kodwa umzimba, izigxobo kanye ne-crossbar ziqoshwe ngokhuni oluqinile.

Umlando

Emidwebeni nasezithombeni zasendulo, u-Apollo, uMuses, Paris, Eros, Orpheus, futhi-ke, unkulunkulu uHermes uvezwa ngehabhu. AmaGreki athi ukusungulwa kwensimbi yokuqala kubangelwa lesi sakhamuzi sase-Olympus. Ngokwenganekwane, unkulunkulu omncane wasendulo wakhumula amanabukeni akhe wahamba wayokweba izinkomo ezingcwele komunye unkulunkulu, u-Apollo. Endleleni, umntwana oyiqili wenza ihabhu ngofudu nezinti. Lapho ukweba kutholwa, uHermes wahlaba umxhwele u-Apollo kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe wobuciko kangangokuthi wamshiya izinkomo futhi wazithathela ithoyizi lomculo. Ngakho-ke, amaGreki abiza ithuluzi lehlelo elithi Apollonian, ngokungafani ne-Dionysian wind aulos.

Insimbi yomculo ewukhololo iboniswa ezintweni zobuciko zabantu baseMpumalanga Ephakathi, Sumer, Rome, Greece, Egypt, ivela ngaphansi kwegama elithi “kinnor” kuyiTorah. Esifundeni saseSumeri sase-Uri, amahabhu asendulo ayegcinwe emathuneni, elinye lawo linezikhonkwane ezingu-11. I-elementi yensimbi efanayo eneminyaka engu-2300 ubudala yatholwa eScotland, ebukeka njengomsila. Ihabhu libhekwa njengokhokho wenani lezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo zesimanje.

Ukusebenzisa

Ngenxa yezinkondlo zikaHomer, imininingwane igciniwe yokuthi izinsimbi zomculo zabamba iqhaza kanjani empilweni yomphakathi waseMycenaean ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesi-2 BC. Umculo wezintambo wawusetshenziswa ekusebenzeni okuhlangene komsebenzi, ekuhlonipheni onkulunkulu, amaholide avamile amaGreki, ama-symposium kanye nezindwendwe zenkolo.

Izimbongi namakwaya benza imisebenzi ehambisana nehabhu emibuthanweni yokuhlonipha ukunqoba kwezempi, imiqhudelwano yezemidlalo, kanye neMidlalo YasePythian. Ngaphandle kokuhambisana nezimbongi, imikhosi yomshado, amadili, ukuvunwa kwamagilebhisi, imikhosi yomngcwabo, amasiko asekhaya kanye nemidlalo yaseshashalazini ayikwazanga ukwenza. Abaculi babambe iqhaza engxenyeni ebaluleke kakhulu yokuphila okungokomoya kwabantu basendulo - amaholide okuhlonipha onkulunkulu. I-Dithyrambs namanye amaculo okudumisa ayefundelwa ukuhluthwa izintambo.

Ukufunda ukudlala ihabhu kwasetshenziswa ekukhuliseni isizukulwane esisha esivumelanayo. U-Aristotle noPlato bagcizelela isidingo somculo ekwakhiweni kobuntu. Ukudlala insimbi yomculo kwakuyisici esibalulekile emfundweni yamaGreki.

Idlalwa kanjani ihabhu

Bekuwumkhuba ukubamba ithuluzi liqonde phezulu, noma litshekiswe lisuke kuwe, cishe nge-engeli engu-45 °. Abaphindayo badlale bemile noma behlezi. Badlala nge-plectrum enkulu yamathambo, behlanganisa ezinye, izintambo ezingadingekile ngesandla sabo samahhala. Intambo yayixhunywe ku-plectrum.

Ukulungiswa kwensimbi yasendulo kwenziwa ngokwesilinganiso sezinyathelo ezi-5. Isu lokudlala izinhlobo zamahabhu lisebenza emhlabeni wonke - njengoba esekwazile ukucula insimbi eyodwa enezintambo, umculi wayengazidlala zonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lezintambo ezingu-7 lalinakekelwa kuwo wonke umndeni wamahabhu.

I-Multi-string igwetshwe njengokweqile, okuholela ku-polyphony. Kusukela kumculi emandulo babefuna ukuzithiba ekusebenzeni nasekuhlonipheni okuqinile. Ukudlala ihabhu kwakutholakala kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Okuwukuphela kokwenqatshelwa kobulili kwakuphathelene ne-cithara enekesi elikhulu lamapulangwe - abafana kuphela ababevunyelwe ukufunda. Abaculi abanama-kitharas (ama-kifarod) bacule izinkondlo zikaHomer namanye amavesi ane-hexametric ezingomeni zomculo eziklanywe ngokukhethekile - ama-nome.