Inganekwane yomculo wamaJuda: kusukela emisuka kuya emakhulwini eminyaka

Abantu bamaJuda, enye yezimpucuko ezindala kakhulu, bacebile ngefa elikhulu. Sikhuluma ngobuciko bomdabu obubonisa ngokucacile izithombe zokuphila kwansuku zonke, amasiko namasiko ama-Israyeli.

Lokhu kubonakaliswa okuyingqayizivele komoya wesintu wangempela kwabangela imidanso eminingi, izingoma, izinganekwane, umlando, izaga nezisho, okuseyizinjongo zezingxoxo zomlando kuze kube namuhla.

Imvelaphi yomculo yakudala kakhulu: amahubo ahambisana ne-psalter

Inganekwane yamaJuda ekuqaleni yayihlobene ngokuqondile nenkolo, futhi izinkathi zokubusa kweNkosi uSolomoni noDavide zaba nengxenye ekuthuthukeni kwayo ngokushesha. Umlando uyawazi amahubo aqanjwa uDavide ngokwakhe futhi awacula ngokuzwakala kwehabhu (noma ihubo, njengoba lalibizwa kanjalo ngalezo zinsuku).

Ngemizamo kaDavide, umculo wasethempelini wanda, owenziwa abapristi bamaLevi abakha iqembu labahlabeleli lesonto elalinabantu okungenani abangu-150. Nasempini kwakumele bacule izingoma ngesikhathi becula phambi kwamabutho.

Ukuwohloka kwezinganekwane zamaJuda kwakuthonywe kakhulu ukuwa koMbuso wakwaJuda, ngenxa yalokho, ithonya labantu abangomakhelwane. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi yayisithuthuke kangangokuba namuhla izingoma zasendulo zokucula zamaJuda zaziwa kabanzi kwa-Israel futhi ziyizingoma ezingavamile, ezicebile nge-coloratura. Ithonya eliqhubekayo, elicindezelayo ezinganekwaneni zamaJuda alizange liyiphuce umsuka wayo ongavamile.

Ukucula kwamaJuda asendulo kunamanothi omculo angama-25, ngalinye lawo, ngokungafani namanothi ethu, lisho imisindo eminingana ngasikhathi sinye. Isibonakaliso esithi "inkosi" sangena ngokuzethemba kumagama omculo ngaphansi kwegama elithi "gruppetto" - ngokuvamile elitholakala kuzikolo ze-melisma.

Umculo empilweni yama-Israyeli

AmaJuda ahambisana nazo zonke izenzakalo ezibalulekile ekuphileni ngezingoma: imishado, ukubuya okunqobayo kwamabutho avela empini, ukuzalwa kwengane, imingcwabo. Omunye wabameleli abaqhakazile bomlando wamaJuda kwakungu-klezmers, ababedlala kakhulu emishadweni enamaviyolin angama-3-5. Izingoma zabo zazingahlobene nokukhulekela futhi zaziculwa ngendlela ehluke kakhulu.

Enye yezingoma ezaziwa kabanzi ezidumisa ukuphila nazo zonke izinto ibhekwa njengeHavaNagila, eyabhalwa ngo-1918 isekelwe emculweni wasendulo wamaHasidic. Umhlaba udalwe ngumqoqi wezinganekwane zamaJuda u-Abraham Ts. Idelson. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, nakuba kubhekwa njengento egqamile kakhulu yobuciko bomdabu bamaJuda, le ngoma ayinjalo, nakuba ukuthandwa kwayo phakathi kwama-Israyeli kuyamangalisa, ngakho-ke imvelaphi nezizathu zokuvela kwengoma okwamanje kuyindaba yempikiswano esebenzayo. Inguqulo yesimanje ihluke kancane kunenguqulo yokuqala.

Izingoma zamaJuda zinemibala egqamile, zidonsa ukunaka ngokuvumelana kwazo kwendabuko okubukhali nokunamandla kwendabuko, okwakhiwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, aqukethe ukujula okugcwele kwezenzakalo zomlando lapho, naphezu kwakho konke, ama-Israyeli adlula kukho ngokukhuthazela okumangalisayo nothando lokuphila, esungula. ngokwabo njengesizwe esikhulu.