Ukuhlaziya umculo |

(kusuka kwesiGreki. ukuhlaziywa - ukubola, ukuhlakazwa) - isifundo sesayensi somculo. ukukhiqizwa: isitayela sabo, ifomu, umculo. ulimi, kanye neqhaza lengxenye ngayinye kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo ekusetshenzisweni kokuqukethwe. Ukuhlaziya kuqondwa njengendlela yocwaningo, i-DOS. ekuhlukaniseni konke kube izingxenye, izakhi eziyisisekelo. Ukuhlaziya kuphambene ne-synthesis - indlela yocwaningo, ehlanganisa ukuxhuma otd. izakhi zibe yinto eyodwa. Ukuhlaziya kanye nokuhlanganisa kusebunyeni obuseduze. F. Engels waphawula ukuthi “ukucabanga kuhlanganisa kakhulu ukubola kwezinto ezinolwazi zibe izakhi zazo njengasekuhlanganisweni kwezakhi ezixhumene nomunye zibe ubunye obuthile. Akukho ukuhlanganisa ngaphandle kokuhlaziya” (Anti-Dühring, K. Marx kanye noF. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 20, M., 1961, p. 41). Inhlanganisela yokuhlaziya kanye nokuhlanganisa kuphela okuholela ekuqondeni okujulile kwalesi simo. Lokhu kusebenza futhi ku-A. m., okumele, ekugcineni, ihlale iholela ku-generalization, i-synthesis. Inqubo enjalo yezindlela ezimbili iholela ekuqondeni okujulile kwezinto okufanele zifundwe. Igama elithi “A. m." kuqondwe futhi kusetshenziswe ngomqondo obanzi nowumngcingo. Ngakho, ngo-A.m. baqonde ukuhlaziya. ukucatshangelwa kwanoma yimuphi umculo. amaphethini anjalo (isibonelo, umuntu angakwazi ukuhlaziya ukwakheka kwezinto ezinkulu nezincane, izimiso zokusebenza kwemisebenzi ye-harmonic, izindinganiso zamamitha ngaphakathi kwesitayela esithile, imithetho yokwakheka komculo wonke, njll.). Ngalo mqondo, igama elithi “A. m." ihlangana negama elithi “theoretical musicology”. A.m. ibuye ihunyushwe ngokuthi i-analytical. ukucatshangelwa kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye yomculo. ulimi phakathi komculo othile. isebenza. Lokhu ukuqonda okuncane kwegama elithi “A. m." ungumholi. Umculo uwubuciko besikhashana, ubonisa izenzakalo ezingokoqobo ekuthuthukisweni kwawo, ngakho-ke, inani elibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni ama-muses. umkhiqizo. kanye nezakhi zayo ngazinye zinokusungulwa kwamaphethini entuthuko.

Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokuveza ubuciko. isithombe emculweni is muses. isihloko. Ukufunda izihloko nokuqhathanisa kwazo, zonke izihloko. ukuthuthukiswa yisikhathi esibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni umsebenzi. I-thematic Ukuhlaziywa kuphinde kuphakamise ukucaciswa kwemvelaphi yohlobo lwetimu. Njengoba uhlobo luhlotshaniswa nohlobo oluthile lokuqukethwe kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela eziveza imizwa, ukucacisa uhlobo lwesihloko kusiza ukuveza okuqukethwe kuso.

Ukuhlaziya kungenzeka. izakhi zomculo. imikhiqizo esetshenziswa kuzo iveza. kusho: imitha, isigqi (kokubili encazelweni yazo ezimele nasesenzweni sazo esihlanganyelwe), imodi, i-timbre, i-dynamics, njll. I-Harmonic (bheka i-Harmony) kanye ne-polyphonic (bheka i-Polyphony) ukuhlaziywa kubaluleke kakhulu, lapho ukuthungwa nakho kubhekwa njengento indlela ethile yokwethula, kanye nokuhlaziywa komculo njengesigaba esiphelele esiphelele esiqukethe ubunye obuyinhloko benkulumo. izimali. Izinhlobonhlobo ezilandelayo ze-A.m. ukuhlaziya izingoma. amafomu okukhiqiza. (okungukuthi lona kanye uhlelo lokuqhathanisa nentuthuko yetimu, bheka Indlela Yomculo) – liqukethe ukunquma uhlobo nohlobo lwamafomu, ekucaciseni izimiso zetimu. ukuthuthukiswa.

Kuzo zonke lezi zinhlobonhlobo, u-A. m. kuhlotshaniswa nezinga elikhulu noma elincane lesikhashana, elokwenziwa, kodwa elidingekayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwesici esinikeziwe kwezinye. Isibonelo, ekuhlaziyweni kwe-harmonic ngezinye izikhathi kuyadingeka ukucabangela isilinganiso sezingoma zomuntu ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indima yemitha, isigqi, ingoma.

Uhlobo olukhethekile lokuhlaziya - "okuyinkimbinkimbi" noma "okuphelele" - ukuhlaziywa komculo. izindatshana ezikhiqizwe ngokwesisekelo sokuhlaziywa kwezingoma. amafomu, kodwa ahlanganiswe nocwaningo lwazo zonke izingxenye zazo zonke ekusebenzelaneni nasekuthuthukisweni kwazo.

Ukucaciswa komlando kanye nesitayela. kanye nezidingo zohlobo kudingekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-athomu, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni okuyinkimbinkimbi (okuphelele), umgomo ophakeme kakhulu okuwukufunda umculo. umkhiqizo. njengesenzakalo se-social ideological isiyonke istorich. ukuxhumana. Lolu hlobo lokuhlaziya lisonqenqemeni lwethiyori efanele. kanye ne-musicology yomlando. Izikhova. izazi zomculo zenza idatha ka-A. m. ngesisekelo sendlela yokwenza yeMarxist-Leninist aesthetics.

A.m. ingasebenza njenge-decomp. imigomo. Ukuhlaziywa kwezingxenye zomculo ngazinye. imisebenzi (izakhi zolimi lomculo) isetshenziswa emfundweni nasekufundiseni. izifundo, izincwadi zokufunda, izinsiza zokufundisa kanye ne-tooretich. ucwaningo. Ezifundweni zesayensi ngokuhambisana nohlobo lwazo kanye nokugxila okuqondile kungaphansi kokuhlaziywa okubanzi otd. izoveza. izakhi, amaphethini ezingoma. izinhlobo zomculo ziyasebenza. Ezimweni eziningi ekwethulweni kwethiyori evamile. izinkinga njengobufakazi besikhundla esihlongozwayo zihlaziywa ngokulandelana. amasampula - izingcaphuno zomculo. imisebenzi noma yonke imisebenzi. Lena indlela yokudonsa. Kwezinye izimo zalolu hlobo, amasampula okuhlaziya anikezwa ukuze aholele umfundi eziphethweni zemvelo ejwayelekile. Lena indlela ye-inductive. Zombili izindlela zisebenza ngokulinganayo futhi zingahlanganiswa.

Ukuhlaziya okuphelele (okuphelele) otd. imisebenzi - ingxenye ebalulekile yomlando kanye nesitayela. ucwaningo, ukudalulwa kokuthuthuka kwesitayela njalo. amaphethini, izici ze-nat ethile. isiko, kanye nenye yezindlela zokusungula amaphethini omculo abalulekile nabalulekile. icala. Ngendlela emfushane kakhudlwana, iba yingxenye ye-monographic. ucwaningo olunikezelwe kumqambi oyedwa. Kukhona uhlobo olukhethekile lokuhlaziya okuyinkimbinkimbi (okuphelele), olunikeza ubuhle obujwayelekile. ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo ngaphandle kokujula ekuhlaziyeni kuzoveza. kusho, izici zefomu, njll. Ukuhlaziya okunjalo kungabizwa ngokuthi ukugxeka-ubuhle. ukuhlaziya umsebenzi. Ngokucabangela okunjalo komculo. umkhiqizo. ukuhlaziya nokugxeka okufanele kuhlobene futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuyangena phakathi.

Indima evelele ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi. izindlela A.m. esitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu le-1 wayidlala. isazi somculo u-AB Marx (19-1795). Incwadi yakhe uLudwig Beethoven. Impilo Nomsebenzi” (“Ludwig van Beethovens Leben und Schaffen”, 1866-1859) ingesinye sezibonelo zokuqala zama-monographs, okuhlanganisa nokuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwamamuse. umkhiqizo.

X. Riemann (1849-1919), esekelwe embonweni wakhe wokuvumelana, imitha, ifomu, wajulisa inkolelo-mbono. izindlela zokuhlaziya umculo. umkhiqizo. Nokho, egxile ohlangothini olusemthethweni, akazange ahlukanise ubuchwepheshe ne-aesthetics. izilinganiso kanye nezici zomlando. U-Riemann ungumnikazi wemisebenzi yokuhlaziya efana nethi “Guide to Fugue Composition” (“Handbuch der Fugen-Kompositionen”, Bd I-III, 1890-94, vols. I kanye no-II zinikelwe ku-“Well-Tempered Clavier”, vol. III – “The Art of the Fugue” by JS Bach), “Beethoven’s Bow Quartets” (“Beethovens Streichquartette”, 1903), “Wonke ama-sonata wepiyano eyedwa ka-L. van Beethoven, ubuhle. kanye nobuchwepheshe obusemthethweni. ukuhlaziywa ngamazwi omlando” (“L. van Beethovens sämtliche Klavier-Solosonaten, ästhetische und formal-technische Analyze mit historischen Notizen”, 1918-1919), isihloko. ukuhlaziywa kwe-symphony yesi-6 kanye ne-symphony "Manfred" kaTchaikovsky.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi eyathuthukisa ithiyori nobuhle. indlela yokuhlaziya imisebenzi yomculo. ku-Western Europe musicology, singabiza umsebenzi kaG. Kretschmar (1848-1924) "Umhlahlandlela wamakhonsathi" ("Führer durch Konzertsaal", 1887-90); i-monograph ka-A. Schweitzer (1875-1965) “IS Bach “(” JS Bach “, 1908), lapho i-prod. Umqambi ubhekwa ebunyeni bezingxenye ezintathu zokuhlaziya - ithiyori, ubuhle. nokwenza; i-monograph enemiqulu emithathu kaP. Becker (1882-1937) "Beethoven" ("Beethoven", 1911), lapho umbhali ehlaziya ama-symphonies nopiyano. i-sonatas yomqambi omkhulu esekelwe "kumbono wabo wezinkondlo"; incwadi ka-X. Leuchtentritt (1874-1951) "Ukufundisa Ngefomu Lomculo" ("Musikalische Formenlehre", 1911) kanye nomsebenzi wakhe "Ukuhlaziywa Kwemisebenzi Yepiyano kaChopin" ("Analyse der Chopin'schen Klavierwerke", 1921-22), ku -Roy high science-theory. izinga lokuhlaziya lihlanganiswe nezici ezingokomfanekiso ezithakazelisayo kanye nobuhle. izilinganiso; equkethe ukuhlaziya okuningi okucashile kwemisebenzi ka-E. Kurt (1886-1946) “Romantic Harmony and Its Crisis in Wagner’s Tristan” (“Romantische Harmonik und ihre Krise in Wagners “Tristan”, 1920) kanye “Bruckner” (Bd 1- 2, 1925). Ocwaningweni luka-A. Lorenz (1868-1939) “Imfihlo Yefomu ku-Wagner” (“Das Geheimnis der Form bei Richard Wagner”, 1924-33), ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyeni okuningiliziwe kwama-opera kaWagner, izigaba ezintsha zamafomu kanye izigaba zabo ziyasungulwa (ukuhlanganisa isiteji nomculo ojwayelekile “wenkathi yenkondlo-yomculo”, “ingxenye ebambele”).

Imisebenzi kaR. Rolland (1866-1944) ithatha indawo ekhethekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko be-athomu. Phakathi kwazo kunomsebenzi othi “Beethoven. Izinkathi ezinhle zokudala” (“Beethoven. Les grandes epoques cryatrice”, 1928-45). Ehlaziya ama-symphonies ka-Beethoven, i-sonata ne-opera kuwo, u-R. Rolland udala uhlobo lokuhlaziya. indlela ehlotshaniswa nezinkondlo, izinhlangano zemibhalo, izingathekiso kanye nokudlulela ngale kohlaka oluqinile lwethiyori yomculo ukuya ekuchazeni imibono yamahhala yenkondlo kanye nesakhiwo esingokomfanekiso sokukhiqiza. Le ndlela yadlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwe-A. m. kokubili eNtshonalanga futhi ikakhulukazi e-USSR.

Ku-Russian Musicology yekhulu le-19. izitayela eziphambili zemiphakathi. imicabango yawuthinta ngokucacile umkhakha ka-A. m. Imizamo yaseRussia. ongoti bomculo nabagxeki bathunyelwe ukuthi bagunyaze ithisisi: i-mus ngayinye. umkhiqizo. adalwe ngenjongo yokuveza umqondo othile, ukudlulisa imicabango nemizwa ethile. AD Ulybyshev (1794-1858), owokuqala waseRussia. umbhali womculo, umbhali wezincwadi ezithi “The New Biography of Mozart” (“Nouvelle biographie de Mozart …”, izingxenye 1-3, 1843) kanye “noBeethoven, abagxeki bakhe nabahumushi” (“Beethoven, ses critiques et ses glossateurs”, 1857), owashiya uphawu oluphawulekayo emlandweni wokugxeka. imicabango. Zombili lezi zincwadi ziqukethe ukuhlaziya okuningi, amaphuzu omculo abucayi kanye nobuhle. isebenza. Lezi cishe izibonelo zokuqala zama-monographs e-Europe ahlanganisa izinto eziphathelene nokuphila komuntu nokuhlaziya. Omunye wabacwaningi bokuqala baseRussia abaphendukela emazweni obaba. umculo u-art-woo, u-VF Odoevsky (1804-69), engeyena i-theoretician, wanikeza emisebenzini yakhe ebucayi neyobuntatheli yobuhle. ukuhlaziya pl. ukukhiqiza, ch. ar. Ama-opera ka-Glinka. Imisebenzi ka-VF Lenz (1809-83) "uBeethoven nezitayela zakhe ezintathu" ("Beethoven et ses trois styles", 1852) kanye "noBeethoven. Ukuhlaziywa kwemibhalo yakhe” (“Beethoven. Eine Kunst-Studie”, 1855-60) ayikalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo kuze kube namuhla.

AN Serov (1820-71) - umsunguli we-thematic method. ukuhlaziywa ku-musicology yaseRussia. Endabeni ethi Indima Ye-One Motif ku-Opera Yonke Impilo Ye-Tsar (1859), esebenzisa izibonelo zomculo, uSerov uhlola ukwakheka kwendikimba yekhorasi yokugcina ethi Glory. Umbhali uxhumanisa ukwakhiwa kwalesi sihloko-iculo nokuvuthwa kwenhloko. imibono ye-opera yezwe. Isihloko esithi “Thematism of the Leonora Overture” (ucwaningo mayelana noBeethoven, 1861) sihlola ukuxhumana phakathi kwetimu ye-overture ka-Beethoven kanye ne-opera yakhe. Esihlokweni esithi "Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, Isakhiwo Nencazelo Yayo" (1868), umqondo wokwakhiwa kancane kancane kwengqikithi yokugcina yenjabulo wenziwa. Ukuhlaziywa okungaguquki kwemisebenzi kaGlinka noDargomyzhsky kunikezwa ezihlokweni ezithi "Ukuphila Kwe-Tsar" nethi "Ruslan noLyudmila" (1860), "Ruslan and the Ruslanists" (1867), "Mermaid" kaDargomyzhsky (1856) . Ubunye bokuthuthukiswa kwezobuciko. imibono kanye nezindlela zokwenziwa samuntu - izidalwa. isimiso Serov's methodology, eyaba yisisekelo sezikhova. i-theoretical musicology.

Ezihlokweni ezibucayi zika-PI Tchaikovsky, indawo evelele inikezwa ukuhlaziywa kwama-muses. imikhiqizo, eyenziwa emahholo ekhonsathi ahlukahlukene eMoscow ngasekupheleni kwawo-70s. Ikhulu le-19 Phakathi kwezibani. Ifa lika-NA Rimsky-Korsakov ligqama ngesihloko sakhe. ukuhlaziywa kwe-opera ethi The Snow Maiden (ed. 1911, eyanyatheliswa ngokugcwele ku-ed.: NA Rimsky-Korsakov, Collected Works, Literary Works and Correspondence, vol. IV, M., 1960). Ukuhlaziywa kwezindatshana zakhe kanye nokuhlola ukukhiqizwa. Abanye abaqambi nabo baqukethwe encwadini kaRimsky-Korsakov ethi Chronicle of My Musical Life (eyanyatheliswa ngo-1909). Inani elikhulu lamazwana athakazelisayo wetiyetha. futhi uhlamvu lokuhlaziya luyatholakala ezincwadini ze-SI Taneev no-PI Tchaikovsky. Isayensi ephezulu kanye nethiyori. okubalulekile ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kukaTaneyev kwe-tonal ne-thematic. ukuthuthukiswa kwamanye ama-sonatas ka-Beethoven (ezincwadini ezibhalelwe umqambi u-NN Amani kanye nomsebenzi okhethekile othi “Ukuhlaziywa kokuguqulwa kwama-modulations kuma-sonatas ka-Beethoven”).

Ithalente labaningi bezomculo abaqhubekayo baseRussia nabagxeki, abaqala imisebenzi yabo ezikhathini zangaphambi kokuguquguquka, lembuleka ngemva kwe-Great October Revolution. usocialist. uguquko. U-BL Yavorsky (1877-1942), umdali wethiyori yesigqi se-modal, wethula izinto eziningi ezintsha ekuhlaziyeni okuyinkimbinkimbi (okuphelele). Ungumnikazi wokuhlaziya imisebenzi ye-AN Scriabin ne-JS Bach neminye imisebenzi. Engqungqutheleni ka-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, usosayensi wahlola ukuhlobana phakathi kwezandulela kanye nama-fugues aleli qoqo nama-cantatas futhi, ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kombhalo wakamuva, wafinyelela eziphethweni zangempela mayelana nokuqukethwe kwama-preludes nama-fugues.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zesayensi A. m. waba nesandla kuma-20s. imisebenzi yokufundisa nesayensi ye-GL Catoire (1861-1926) kanye ne-GE Konyus (1862-1933). Naphezu kwezikhundla zesayensi zohlangothi olulodwa (isibonelo, ithiyori ye-metrotectonism Konus, ihaba lendima yokwakheka kwemitha ezifundweni zikaCatoire), ithiyori yabo. imisebenzi yayiqukethe ukuqaphela okubalulekile futhi yaba nesandla ekuthuthukisweni kokucabanga kokuhlaziya.

A.m. idlala indima ebalulekile emisebenzini kaBV Asafiev (1884-1949). Phakathi kocwaningo lwakhe oluvelele kakhulu lwe-analytic - "Symphonic Etudes" (1922), equkethe ukuhlaziywa kwenombolo yesiRashiya. ama-opera nama-ballet (kuhlanganise ne-opera ethi The Queen of Spades), incwadi ethi Eugene Onegin kaTchaikovsky (1944), isifundo sikaGlinka (1947), lapho izigaba ezinikezelwe khona. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-opera ethi "Ruslan noLyudmila" nethi "Kamarinskaya". Okusha kwakuwumbono ka-Asafiev wokuqanjwa kwezwi. uhlobo lomculo. Emisebenzini yakhe kunzima ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezikhathi zethiyori. kanye nezomlando. Ukuhlanganiswa komlando kanye nethiyori isiqalo kuwukufaneleka kwesayensi okukhulu kwe-Asafiev. Imisebenzi engcono kakhulu ye-Asafiev yaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zomculo. Incwadi yakhe ethi Musical Form as a Process (izingxenye 1-2, 1930 kanye no-1947) yadlala indima ekhethekile, yaphetha ngemicabango enezithelo ezicini ezimbili zomculo. ifomu - njengenqubo futhi njengomphumela wayo ocwebezelayo; mayelana nohlobo lwamafomu ngokuvumelana nezimiso eziyisisekelo - umehluko kanye nobunikazi; mayelana nemisebenzi emithathu yentuthuko - umfutho, ukunyakaza nokuqedwa, mayelana nokushintsha kwabo njalo.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-A.m. e-USSR yabonakala kokubili ekhethekile. ucwaningo, nasemisebenzini efana nezincwadi zokufunda kanye nezinsiza-kufundisa. Encwadini ye-LA Mazel "Fantasy f-moll Chopin. Experience of Analysis” (1937) esekelwe ekuhlaziyeni okuningiliziwe kwalo mculo. imisebenzi isetha inombolo yesitayela esivamile. Imithetho yomsebenzi kaChopin, izinkinga ezibalulekile zendlela yokusebenza ye-A. m. zibekwe phambili. Emsebenzini womlobi ofanayo "On Melody" (1952), okukhethekile kwasungulwa. indlela ye-melodic. ukuhlaziywa.

U-VA Zukkerman emsebenzini wakhe othi "Kamarinskaya" kaGlinka namasiko akhe emculweni waseRussia (1957) ubeka phambili izinhlinzeko ezintsha eziyisisekelo mayelana nezingoma. izici ze-Russian nar. izingoma kanye nezimiso zokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobonhlobo. Ithiyori ebalulekile. generalizations iqukethe incwadi Vl. V. Protopopov "Ivan Susanin" Glinka "(1961). Bekungesokuqala ukwenza umqondo “wefomu lenhlanganisela-ehlukanisayo” (bheka Ifomu Lomculo). Ishicilelwe ngoSat. “Frederic Chopin” (1960) izindatshana “Amanothi Ngolimi Lomculo Lwe-Chopin” ka-VA Zukkerman, “Ezinye Izici Zokuqanjwa Kwefomu Lamahhala lika-Chopin” ngu-LA Mazel kanye “Nendlela Yokuhlukahluka Kokuthuthukiswa Kwengqikithi Emculweni Ka-Chopin” ka-Vl. V. Protopopov ufakazela izinga eliphezulu le-A. m., elizuzwe izazi zomculo zaseSoviet.

A.m. isetshenziswa njalo kwezemfundo kanye nezokufundisa. ukuzijwayeza. Isifundo sesifundo ngasinye somculo-theory. umjikelezo (ithiyori yomculo wokuqala, i-solfeggio, i-harmony, i-polyphony, i-instrumentation) iqukethe izigaba ezintathu: ithiyori yesihloko, i-practical. izabelo kanye nokuhlaziywa komculo. umkhiqizo. noma izingcaphuno. Ngokuhamba kwethiyori yokuqala yokuhlaziya umculo. isigaba siwukuhlaziywa kwezinto ezilula zomculo. imisebenzi – ukuguquguquka kwezwi, usayizi, ukuqoqana ngaphakathi kwemishayo, i-dynamic. kanye ne-agogic. ama-shades, njll.; esifundweni se-solfeggio - ukuhlaziya kokuzwa kwezikhawu, usayizi, izingoma, ukuchezuka kanye nokuguquguquka phakathi kwezingcezu ezincane zomculo. ukukhiqiza; ezifundweni zokuvumelana, i-polyphony, i-instrumentation - ukuhlaziywa kobuciko obuhambisana nezigaba ezithile zekharikhulamu. amasampula (ukuhlaziywa kwezinsimbi - bheka Instrumentation). Izincwadi eziningi kanye namabhukwana kulezi zihloko anezigaba zephrofayili yokuhlaziya; kukhona izincwadi ezihlukene ze-harmonica. kanye ne-polyphonic. ukuhlaziywa.

Esikhathini sangaphambi kokuguquguquka kanye neminyaka yokuqala emva kwenguquko kwakukhona isihloko esithi "Ukuhlaziywa kwama-muses. amafomu”, eyehliswa encazelweni yezingoma. izinhlobo zomculo zisebenza ngokuwuletha ngaphansi kwenani elilinganiselwe lezinhlelo eziqukethwe encwadini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukunaka okuncane kwakhokhelwa izindlela ezicacile, izinqubo zokuthuthukiswa kwe-thematic. E-Russia, izincwadi zokuqala ezathola ukusetshenziswa ekutadisheni amafomu omculo kwakuyimisebenzi ethi “Theory of Music” kaG. Hess de Calve (1818), “Textbook on Composition” ka-I. Fuchs (1830) kanye “noMhlahlandlela Ophelele Wokuhlanganisa. Ukuqamba Umculo” ngu-IK Gunke (1859-63). Ngo-1883-84, kwavela izinguqulo zesiRashiya ze-Textbook of Forms of Instrumental Music (Musikalische Formenlehre, 1878) yisazi somculo saseJalimane u-L. Busler, ngo-1901 - izincwadi zomcwaningi waseNgilandi u-E. Prout, ezanyatheliswa ngamavolumu amabili ngaphansi kwezihloko zomculo. Ifomu (Ifomu lomculo”, 1891, ukuhunyushwa kwesiRashiya 1900) kanye “namafomu asetshenziswayo” (“Amafomu asetshenziswayo”, 1895, ukuhunyushwa kwesiRashiya bg).

Kusukela emisebenzini yesiRashiya. izibalo zomculo ziyagqama: Incwadi ka-Arensky ka-Arensky ethi “A Guide to the Study of the Forms of Instrumental and Vocal Music” (1893-94), equkethwe ngendlela ecindezelweyo neyenziwe lula izincazelo zezinhlobo zomculo eziyinhloko; ucwaningo luka-GL Catoire “Ifomu Lomculo” (izingxenye 1-2, 1934-36), okwathi ngeminyaka yama-30s. Yayisetshenziswa futhi njengencwadi yezifundo zezazi zomculo.

Impumelelo ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi yomculo wasekhaya ngemva kweNguquko Enkulu ka-Okthoba yaba nomthelela ekuqhakazeni okusheshayo kwemfundiso yomculo. ifomu. Lokhu kwaholela ekubuyekezweni okukhulu kwenkambo yendabuko ka-A. m. Isifundo esisha sadalwa ngeminyaka yama-30s. oprofesa baseMoscow Conservatory VA Zukkerman, LA Mazel, I. Ya. I-Ryzhkin; e-Leningrad Conservatory, umsebenzi ofanayo wenziwa nguVV Shcherbachev, Yu. N. Tyulin, kanye no-BA Arapov. Lesi sifundo sasisekelwe okuhlangenwe nakho okuqoqwe yi-theoretical musicology kuzo zonke izindawo futhi, okokuqala, ekucwaningweni kwefomu lomculo.

Ngenxa yalokho, ububanzi besifundo sangaphambilini sandiswa kakhulu, futhi yena ngokwakhe wakhushulelwa ezingeni eliphakeme lesayensi. isigaba - inhloso yayo enkulu bekuwukuhlaziya okuphelele (okuphelele).

Imisebenzi emisha isethwe ekuhambeni kuka-A.m. kwakudingeka izincwadi zokufunda ezintsha kanye nezinsiza-kufundisa, okwengeziwe ngokwesayensi. ukuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokuhlaziya. Kakade isikhova sokuqala. Incwadi, eyenzelwe izifundo ezijwayelekile ze-A. m., - incwadi ka-IV Sposobina "Ifomu Lomculo" (1947), ngendlela ehlelekile. i-oda libhekwa njenge-express. kusho futhi ngokuphelela okukhulu zonke izisekelo zimboziwe. amafomu. Incwadi ethi SS Skrebkov "Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yomculo" (1958) iqukethe ithiyori. izikhundla ezinikeza lo msebenzi izici zocwaningo (isibonelo, ukuhlaziywa kokuthuthuka kwe-intra-thematic kanye nesici esisha ekuqondeni i-“sonata” njengesimiso esimangalisayo). Ku-akhawunti. Incwadi ka-LA Mazel ethi “The Structure of Musical Works” (1960) yakha ithiyori entsha yangaleso sikhathi, ifingqa isipiliyoni sokuqonda okusebenzayo kwaleli fomu (izinyathelo zokuqala kulokhu zathathwa emisebenzini ka-E. Prout no-GL Catoire. ), ithiyori yamafomu axubile, eyakhiwe ngu-E. Prout. Ngo-1965, ngaphansi komhleli jikelele we-Yu. N. Tyulin washicilela incwadi yaseLeningrad. ababhali be "Musical Form". Ngokusho kwamagama kanye nezinye zesayensi. izimiso, ihluke kakhulu ezincwadini zaseMoscow. ababhali (kulawa mahluko, bheka isihloko esithi Musical form).

Incwadi ka-LA Mazel kanye no-VA Zuckerman "Ukuhlaziywa Kwemisebenzi Yomculo" yeminyango yezomculo ye-conservatories (Ikhishwe 1, 1967) ifingqa ingcebo yolwazi olusebenzayo. kanye nomsebenzi wesayensi oqoqwe ababhali bawo.

Imisebenzi yezazi zomculo inegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwakho kokubili indlela yokuhlaziya umculo ngokwawo kanye nenkambo yokuhlaziya imisebenzi yomculo.

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VP Bobrovsky