Umculo wamahemuhemu |

Ukuzwa komculo yikhono lomuntu lokwazi ngokugcwele umculo, imfuneko edingekayo yokuqamba nokwenza imisebenzi. Indlebe yomculo iyisisekelo somculo. ukucabanga nomculo. umsebenzi wokulinganisa. I-Typology C. m. ayikathuthukisiwe ngokugcwele. Eziningana ezahlukene zingahlukaniswa. amazinga C. m. Ngomculo-wokuphila. uhlangothi S. m. iyithuluzi lokubona umculo. imisindo; kungenxa yedatha yemvelo - izici ezingavamile zesakhiwo nokusebenza kwesitho sokuzwa somuntu njengomhlaziyi wangaphandle wamamuse. umsindo. C. m. ebonakala ngobubanzi obubanzi, ukuzwela okuphezulu kokubona kwe-otd. izimfanelo zomculo. imisindo – iphimbo, umsindo omkhulu, i-timbre kanye nobude besikhathi (ukubona ubude besikhathi akuqondile. ikhono leqhwa). Imisindo ephansi kakhulu ebonwa ngokuzwa inemvamisa ye-approx. I-16 hertz (kusuka ku-subcontroctave), ephakeme kakhulu - cishe. 20 hertz (cishe ama-es we-octave engu-000); ukunyakaza kwe-oscillating ngaphandle kwalolu hlu (ama-infrasound nama-ultrasounds) akuthathwa njengemisindo nhlobo. Ukushintsha iphimbo, ivolumu kanye ne-timbre C. m. Okuzwela kakhulu kurejista ephakathi - kusukela ku-500 kuya ku-3000-4000 hertz, lapha abaculi bahlukanisa phakathi kwamasenti angu-5-6 (approx. I-1/40 yethoni yonke), ukuguqulwa kwevolumu ye-decibel engu-1 (i-decibel - eyamukelwa emculweni. i-acoustics logarithm. iyunithi yokulinganisa izinga levolumu yomsindo; iveza isilinganiso samandla emisindo emibili); uchwepheshe. awekho amayunithi wesici sobuningi be-timbre. Ngaphansi kwe-500 nangaphezulu kwe-3000-4000 hertz, ukuzwela kokuzwa, ikakhulukazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinguquko ezincane ekuphakameni, kuyancipha kakhulu; ngaphezu kuka-4500-5000 hertz, umuzwa wephimbo njengekhwalithi yesinyathelo uyalahleka. Ngokuvamile, umuntu ngamunye unalolu hlobo lwedatha yemvelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umehluko phakathi kobubanzi bebanga elibonakalayo kanye nezinga lokuzwela kwe-S. m. kuleli zinga, abaculi nabangewona abaculi bangaba bakhulu, kanye nokwehluka kwabantu ngabanye phakathi kwabaculi. Lezi zimfanelo, nokho, azinqumi izinga lomculo; ukuzwela okuphezulu kokubona kuyidatha yemvelo, i-to-rye iyadingeka kumamuses. umsebenzi, kodwa awuqinisekisi impumelelo yawo. Ukubonakaliswa okuqondile kwe-S. m. kuleli zinga kukhona, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMnu. ukuzwa ngokuphelele, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuzwa kweshuna (B. UM. Okushisayo). Iphimbo eliphelele uhlobo olukhethekile lwenkumbulo yesikhathi eside yephimbo ne-timbre yomsindo: ikhono lokubona nokunquma kusetshenziswa amagama amanothi (c, d, e, njll.). d.), ukuphakama kwemisindo yomculo, i-chord, ngisho nemisindo engeyona eyomculo, iphindaphinda imisindo yephimbo elinikeziwe ngezwi noma ensimbini enephimbo elingagxiliwe (i-violin, njll.), ngaphandle kokuyiqhathanisa nabanye, iphimbo elaziwa ngalo. Iphimbo eliphelele ngezinye izikhathi libhekwa njengemfuneko yomsebenzi ophumelelayo emkhakheni womculo, nokho, ngokusho kwedatha etholakalayo, abanye abaqambi abaphambili (R. Wagner, A. N. Scriabin nabanye) babengenayo. Ukuzwa kwe-Adjuster - kuthuthukiswe ngendlela ethile. umsebenzi ikhono lokuhlukanisa phakathi kokuncane (kufika ku-2 cents) izinguquko ngobude otd. imisindo noma izikhawu. Kusukela kumculo-ngokwengqondo. uhlangothi S. m. - uhlobo lomshini wokucutshungulwa okuyinhloko komculo. ulwazi kanye nokuvezwa kwesimo sengqondo ngayo - ukuhlaziya kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-acoustic yayo yangaphandle. ukubonakaliswa, ukuhlolwa kwayo ngokomzwelo. Ikhono lokubona, ukuchaza, ukuqonda, ukumela ukubola. ubudlelwane, ukuxhumana okusebenzayo phakathi kwemisindo, ngokusekelwe kudatha yemvelo eshiwo kakade, izinga eliphezulu lenhlangano ye-S. m.; kulokhu, bakhuluma ngomqondo wesigqi, umuzwa we-modal, i-melodic, i-harmonic. kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zokuzwa. Lapho ebona, umculi intuitively noma ngokuqaphela ucabangela okuhluke kakhulu. ubudlelwano phakathi kwemisindo. Ngakho-ke, umuzwa we-modal, ngakolunye uhlangothi, usekelwe ekhonweni lokuzwa lokuhlukanisa phakathi kwephimbo, ukuphakama, nobude bemisindo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingqikithi yawo isekuqondisiseni, ukuqonda kanye nesipiliyoni esingokomzwelo sokuxhumanisa okusebenzayo. phakathi kwemisindo eyakha iminyuziyamu. konke (ukuzinza, ukungazinzi, amandla adonsela phansi, amazinga okushuba kwemisindo yesisusa, ibinzana, ukuqiniseka kwephimbo, ukucaciswa okungokomfanekiso-ngokomzwelo kwalezi zisusa nemishwana, njll.). d.). Ngendlela efanayo, ukulalela iphimbo kusekelwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ekuzweleni izinguquko ezincane zephimbo, ngakolunye, ekuboneni i-modal, metrorhythmic, harmonic. nokunye ukuxhumana, kanye nokuhlola kwabo emculweni-ubuchwepheshe. kanye nezinhlelo zemizwa (izwi - okumsulwa, okungamanga noma okuvezwayo, okuzolile, okushubile, njll.). P.). Ukubonakaliswa okuqondile kwe-S. m. yizinhlobo ezinjalo zokuzwa, i-to-rye esekelwe ekuboneni ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-muses. imisindo: ukuzwa okuhlobene, ukuzwa kwangaphakathi, umuzwa womculo. ifomu noma i-architectonic. ukuzwa njll. Isihlobo, noma isikhawu, ukuzwa - ikhono lokubona, ukunquma ubudlelwano besikhathi sokuphakama kwephimbo phakathi kwemisindo, izinyathelo zesikali, ezizibonakalisa futhi ekhonweni lokukhiqiza izikhawu (amasekhondi, okwesithathu, amaquart, njll.) njll.) kokubili emculweni kanye nomculo ngokuvumelana. Ukuzwa kwangaphakathi - ikhono lokumela ngokwengqondo khumbula) njengokuhlukile. izinga lomculo. imisindo (iphimbo, i-timbre, njll.), ne-melodic, i-harmonic. ukulandelana, umculo wonke. idlala ngobunye bezingxenye zabo. Umuzwa wezinhlobo zomculo - ikhono lokubona, ukuqonda nokuhlola ukulingana kobudlelwane besikhashana phakathi kukaDisemba. izingxenye zomculo. prod., amanani abo okusebenza ngokujwayelekile (isikwele, okungezona-squareness, unxantathu, ukuvezwa, ukuthuthukiswa, ukuqedwa kwentuthuko, njll.). Lokhu kungenye yezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ze-S. m.; isivele imingcele emculweni wokudala. ukucabanga. Inani eliphakeme kakhulu lama-S. m. umculo ojwayelekile, ovezwa ekuphenduleni imizwa emculweni. izenzakalo, ekukhanyeni namandla eminyuziyamu ethile. okuhlangenwe nakho. Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, ngaphandle kokuthambekela okungokomzwelo, umuntu akafanelekile ukuqamba nokwenza imisebenzi, kanye nombono ogcwele womculo. C. m. ekubonakalisweni kwabo okuhlukene kuthuthuka ohlelweni lomculo. umsebenzi - ukwanda kokuzwela ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinguquko ezincane kwiphimbo, ivolumu, i-timbre, njll. izakhiwo zomsindo, i-reflexes enesimo ithuthukiswa ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwemisindo (isibonelo, ukuzwa okuhlobene kuyathuthuka, i-melodic, i-harmonic. ukuzwa, ukuzwana), ukusabela ngokomzwelo emculweni kuyathuthukiswa. isimangaliso. Okuhlukile yi-absolute pitch, okuyinto, ngokusobala, ayikwazi ukutholwa ikhethekile. izivivinyo; ingathuthukiswa kuphela uMnu. iphimbo eliphelele elingamanga (itemu B. UM. Teplov), okusiza ukunquma iphimbo ngokungaqondile, isibonelo. engxenyeni ye-timbre yomsindo. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinhlobo ze-S. m.

Okunye kokubonakaliswa kokuxhumana kuka-S no-m. namanye amakhono yilokhu okubizwa. ukuzwa kombala, osn. ekuveleni ngaphansi kwethonya lama-muses. imisindo noma ukulandelana kwayo emifanekisweni yombala yemvelo evumayo (synopsia).

Ukufunda okujulile kwe-S. of m kwaqala nge-2nd floor. Ikhulu le-19 G. Helmholtz kanye no-K. Stumpf banikeze umbono onemininingwane yomsebenzi wesitho sokuzwa njengomhlaziyi wangaphandle wokudlidliza komsindo. ukunyakaza kanye nezici ezithile zombono womculo. imisindo (isib. mayelana nongwaqa nokungezwani); kanjalo babeka isisekelo se-psychophysiological. ama-acoustics. U-NA Rimsky-Korsakov no-SM Maykapar baphakathi kwabokuqala eRussia ngokuhlanganyela. 19 - cela. Ikhulu lama-20 wafunda S. m. nge-pedagogical. izikhundla - njengesisekelo seminyuziyamu. imisebenzi; bachaza ukubonakaliswa kwe-S ka-m, baqala ukuthuthukiswa kwe-typology ye-S. U-Rimsky-Korsakov, ikakhulukazi, wethula umqondo wokuthi "indlebe yangaphakathi", eyasungulwa kamuva ngu-BV Asafiev. Ngokombono we-acoustics ngokomzimba, u-SN Rzhevkin wanaka kakhulu ukutadisha kwe-S. M. Ngama-30-50s. Ikhulu lama-20 i-NA Garbuzov yathuthukisa umqondo wemvelo yendawo ye-S. m. ama-dynamic shades, amayunithi anesigqi nawe-tempo, ukubonakaliswa okujwayelekile kwe-timbre njengama-elementi omculo. uhlelo lwembulwa kunqubo yokubona njengesethi kaDisemba. amanani. amanani (bona Indawo). U-PP Baranovsky kanye no-EE Yutsevich bathuthukise uhlobo olufanayo lwemibono mayelana nokulalelwa kwe-pitch. Ucwaningo oluningi emkhakheni we-S. m. ngawo-30s. yenziwa ilabhorethri yeC. Seashore eNyuvesi yase-Iowa (USA); Okubalulekile umsebenzi we-vibrato. Ngokuvumelana. 40s Umsebenzi obalulekile ojwayelekile ka-BM Teplov "Psychology of Musical Abilities" uvele, lapho okokuqala ngqa umbono ophelele we-S. m wanikezwa ngokombono wengqondo. Ngama-50-60s. elabhorethri yomculo acoustics eMoscow. I-conservatory yenza izifundo eziningi ze-S. m. - ukubonakaliswa okuqondile komsindo ophezulu, i-tempo, nokuguquguqukayo kwembulwa. izindawo kwezobuciko. ukusebenza komculo, iphimbo elizwakalayo kanye nokuzwa okuguquguqukayo (umsindo omkhulu), umuzwa we-tempo wafundwa (emisebenzini ka-OE Sakhaltueva, Yu. N. Rags, EV Nazaykinsky). Phakathi kwemisebenzi yama-70s. emkhakheni we-S.m. - "Ku-psychology yombono womculo" ka-EV Nazaykinsky kanye nezifundo zokuzwa kwe-pitch-timbre ezenziwa ngu-AA Volodin. Isifundo sika S.m. ngokombono womculo. i-acoustics, i-physiology kanye ne-psychology yokuzwa inikeza izinto ezicebile zomculo. i-pedagogy. Imelela isisekelo semisebenzi eminingi emkhakheni wezindlela zemfundo ye-S. m. (isibonelo, umsebenzi AL Ostrovsky, EV Davydova). Ulwazi oluphathelene nezinsimbi zomculo lusetshenziswa kakhulu ekuklanyweni komculo omusha. amathuluzi, ikakhulukazi i-electromusical, kuma-acoustics ezakhiwo, isibonelo. lapho kubalwa izici ze-acoustic ze-conc. izakhiwo. Zisetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kokuqoshwa komsindo (igramophone kanye nozibuthe) emsakazweni, kumabonakude, lapho kufakwa amaphuzu amafilimu, njll.

References: Maykapar SM, Indlebe yomculo, incazelo yayo, imvelo, izici kanye nendlela yentuthuko efanele, M., 1900, P.,. 1915; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, Emfundweni yomculo, encwadini yakhe: Izihloko zomculo namanothi, iSt. Petersburg, 1911, okufanayo, encwadini yakhe egcwele. khola. usho., vol. II, M., 1963; I-Rzhevkin SN, Ukuzwa nokukhuluma ekukhanyeni kokucwaninga ngokomzimba kwanamuhla, M.-L., 1928, 1936; I-Teplov BM, I-Psychology yamakhono omculo, M.-L., 1947; okufanayo, encwadini yakhe ethi: Izinkinga zokuhlukana kwabantu ngabanye, M., 1961; I-Garbuzov NA, i-Zonal nature of pitch hearing, M.-L., 1948; eyakhe, iZone nature yetempo nesigqi, M., 1950; yakhe, Intrazonal iphimbo ukuzwa nezindlela zokuyithuthukisa, M.-L., 1951; yakhe, i-Zonal nature of dynamic hearing, M., 1955; eyakhe, iZone nature of timbre hearing, M., 1956; Izingoma zomculo, M., 1954; Baranovsky PP, Yutsevich EV, Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Pitch yesistimu ye-melodic yamahhala, K., 1956; Ilabhorethri ye-acoustics yomculo (kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-100 ye-Order yaseMoscow kaLenin ye-State Conservatory eqanjwe ngo-PI Tchaikovsky), M., 1966; I-Volodin AA, izici zengqondo zombono wemisindo yomculo, M., 1972 (diss); Pags Yu., Nazaikinsky E., Ngamathuba obuciko okuhlanganiswa komculo nombala (okusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwenkondlo ye-symphonic ethi "Prometheus" ka-AN Scriabin), ku: Musical Art and Science, vol. 1, M., 1970; I-Nazaikinsky EV, Kwi-psychology yombono womculo, M., 1972; Heimholt H., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage fur die Theorie der Musik, Braunschweig, 1863, 1913

Yu. H. Parc