Izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko emculweni
Okuqukethwe
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezinkulu. Njengasezintweni ezincane, lezi zindlela zemvelo, i-harmonic kanye ne-melodic.
Ake sihlolisise izici zohlobo ngalunye.
enkulu yemvelo
Lesi isikali esilula kunazo zonke, esakhiwe ngokuvumelana nesimiso sokushintshanisa amathoni nama-semitones: "amathoni ama-2 - i-semitone - amathoni angu-3 - i-semitone." Sekukonke, kunezinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili zomculo esikalini esinjalo (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII futhi futhi I).
Futhi, ngokwefomula yesakhiwo salesi sikali, phakathi kwezinyathelo ze-I ne-II kufanele kube nebanga lethoni eyodwa, phakathi kwezinyathelo ze-II ne-III kufanele futhi kube nethoni ephelele, izinyathelo ze-III nezi-IV ziyingxenye. ithoni ehlukene (semitone). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwefomula efanayo, phakathi kwezinyathelo ze-IV kanye ne-V, V kanye ne-VI, VI kanye ne-VII, udinga futhi ukuthatha ithoni yonke ukuze uyenze isebenze. Ekugcineni, i-semitone ivala iketango phakathi kwe-VII kanye nesinyathelo se-I esiphindaphindiwe ngenhla.
Sesihlole ngokuningiliziwe inqubo yokwakha izikali ngokwale fomula esifundweni esithi "Uhlaka Lomculo: Okukhulu Nokuncane" - lapho ungathola zombili izibonelo nezincazelo mayelana namathoni nama-semitones.
Ukuze sibe mfushane, ake sibheke isibonelo esisodwa nje. Ake sithi sidinga ukuthola isikali esikhulu esingu-A (igama lezinhlamvu - A-dur). Lesi sikali siqala ngomsindo LA futhi siphetha ngawo. Ngokufanelekile, okokuqala, singamane sibhale isikali samanothi ukusuka ku-LA kuye kwelandelayo, i-LA ephezulu, okungukuthi, senze uhlobo olungenalutho.
Khona-ke, udinga ukubeka izinto ngokulandelana kulolu hlu, ngokuya ngefomula. Mhlawumbe kuzoba nezimpawu zokushintshwa - okubukhali noma amaflethi. Ukuze kube lula futhi kucace, lapho usebenza ngamathoni nama-semitones, kulesi sigaba ngokuvamile kuphakanyiswa ukusebenzisa ikhibhodi yepiyano.
KAFUSHANE MAYELANA AMATHINI NAMASEMITONE
Khumbula ukuthi uma kukhona omnyama obahlukanisa phakathi kokhiye ababili abaseduze bepiyano, ibanga eliphakathi kwabo lizolingana nethoni eyodwa (isibonelo, i-FA ne-SOL, i-LA ne-SI).
Uma kungekho okuhlukanisayo okumnyama, uma okhiye ababili abamhlophe bexhumana ngokuqondile futhi bengomakhelwane abaseduze komunye nomunye, khona-ke kuleli cala ibanga phakathi kwabo lizolingana nesigamu sethoni (kunezikhala ezimbili kuphela kukhibhodi - I-MI-FA kanye ne-SI-DO).
Futhi, i-semitone ibanga eliphakathi kwanoma ibaphi okhiye ababili abaseduze (imvamisa izinhlanganisela - ezimnyama nezimhlophe noma ezimhlophe nezimnyama). Isibonelo: C no-C-SHARP noma i-C-SHARP ne-RE, njll.
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Ngakho-ke, ake silethe ibanga phakathi kwezinyathelo zocezu lwethu lokusebenza ngokuhambisana nefomula enkulu yemvelo.
| IZIGABA | UBUDALA NGOKWEFOMU | ISIVIVINYO |
| I-II | Tone | I-LA kanye ne-SI - phakathi kwala manothi kunethoni eyodwa ephelele, njengoba kufanele, azikho izinguquko ezidingekayo lapha, ake siqhubeke. |
| II-III | Tone | I-SI kanye ne-DO - phakathi kwale misindo kukhona i-semitone, kodwa ifomula idinga ithoni ephelele, ngakho-ke ukulungiswa kuyadingeka lapha. Njengoba singenayo i-semitone eyodwa ngaphezulu kwethoni yonke, siyengeza ngokuphakamisa inothi ethi DO - sithatha i-DO-SHARP, ngaleyo ndlela sandise ibanga, futhi sinesibonakaliso sokuqala. |
| III-IV | I-semitone | I-C-SHARP ne-RE - i-semitone: njengoba kufanele ibe njalo. Njengoba ubona, uguquko endaweni yangaphambilini lube nomphumela onenzuzo nalapha: ngenxa yalokho, sinokuhleleka okuphelele nhlangothi zombili. |
| IV-V | Tone | RE kanye ne-MI – ithoni ephelele, njengoba kufanele, asiqhubeke. |
| V-VI | Tone | I-MI ne-FA ama-semitones, kodwa udinga ithoni ephelele. Siqeda le nkinga, sikhulise isiteji se-FA, sithathe i-FA-SHARP esikhundleni, futhi manje ibanga phakathi kwezigaba ze-MI ne-FA-SHARP seliyithoni yonke. |
| XNUMX-XNUMX | Tone | I-F-SHARP ne-SALT - futhi i-semitone, futhi futhi, ngokusho kwefomula, ithoni iyadingeka. Senza okufanayo - sengeza okulahlekile, futhi ngaleyo ndlela sithola i-SALT-SHARP. |
| VII-I | I-semitone | I-G-SHARP ne-LA - i-semitone, njengoba kufanele, konke kuhamba kahle lapha. |
Ngesikhathi sisebenza esikalini, sithole abalingiswa abasha abathathu, ababukhali abathathu - F-SHARP, C-SHARP kanye neSOL-SHARP. Isizathu sokubukeka kwabo ukuxhumana kwezilinganiso zemisindo nefomula yesikali esikhulu. Uma okungenani eyodwa yalezi zimpawu ingamukelwanga, khona-ke isikali esikhulu sangempela besingeke sisebenze, okungukuthi, singazwakala ngokhiye omncane noma ngenye indlela.
Kodwa-ke, ukuze uthole ukuthi yimaphi ama-Sharps noma amaflethi okufanele abe khona kwesinye noma kwesinye isikali esikhulu semvelo, akudingekile nakancane ukwakha kabusha isikali ngokuya ngefomula isikhathi ngasinye. Ungasebenzisa itafula lemiphumela eseyenziwe ngomumo - lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umbuthano wezihluthulelo zesihlanu, futhi ufunde ukuthi ungazikhomba kanjani ngokushesha izimpawu ezikhiye ngendlela esiyihlongoze esifundweni esithi "Indlela yokukhumbula izimpawu ezikhiye." Umculi okhokhelwayo akufanele acabange ngomzuzwana ukuthi yiziphi izimpawu ezisesikalini esithile, kodwa kufanele azi ukuthi "njengakabili kabili" (funda, ngekhanda, inkosi).
INDLELA YOKUTHOLA IZIMPAWU KUKHIYE ABAKHULU
Ake sikhumbule kafushane ingqikithi yendlela yokunquma ngokushesha izimpawu kokhiye abakhulu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ifomula yesakhiwo sesikali esikhulu. Kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi ukhumbule ukuhleleka okulungile kwama-key sharps namaflethi. Ukuhleleka kwabahlabayo ithi FA DO SOL RE LA MI SI. I-oda eliphansi: SI MI LA RE SOL DO FA.
Umthetho 1. Uma ukhiye ubukhali, khona-ke ubukhali bokugcina esikalini yisinyathelo esisodwa esiphansi kune-tonic.
Isibonelo, kukhiye we-B enkulu: i-tonic i-SI, futhi ebukhali yokugcina izoba yisinyathelo esingaphansi kwe-SI, okungukuthi, i-LA. Sekukonke, kuzoba nababukhali abangu-5 ku-C enkulu: FA DO SOL RE LA (sisho yonke into ngokulandelana, simisa "kokugcina" LA SHARP).
Umthetho 2. Uma i-tonality iphansi, khona-ke ukucacisa izimpawu esihamba ngazo ngokulandelana kwamafulethi, sifinyelela i-tonic esiyidingayo futhi sengeze enye ngaphezulu, ifulethi elilandelayo.
Isibonelo, kukhiye we-A-flat enkulu, i-tonic iwumsindo we-A-flat. Sihamba ngokulandelana kwamafulethi: SI, MI, LA (lapha sesifinyelele i-tonic) + sithwebula i-RE elandelayo ngokulandelana. Sekukonke, kunamafulethi ama-4 ku-A-flat enkulu: i-SI MI LA ne-RE.
Unganquma kanjani ukuthi ukhiye ubukhali noma uyisicaba? Kulula kakhulu. Okhiye abayisicaba ngokuvamile banegama elithi “flat” egameni labo (isibonelo, B-flat major, MI-flat major, C-flat major). Egameni lokhiye abacijile, kuvela izinyathelo ezilula ezingashintshiwe, noma kukhona igama elithi “bukhali” (isibonelo, G enkulu, E enkulu, F-ebukhali enkulu).
Kukhona, nokho, okuhlukile kulo mthetho, lezi izihluthulelo ezimbili ezinkulu okufanele zikhunjulwe: C enkulu (awekho ama-sharps noma amaflethi nhlobo) kanye no-F enkulu (kune-B-flat eyodwa kuyo, nakuba ingekho. igama elithi “flat” egameni likakhiye).
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Okubalulekile kwemvelo kuvame kakhulu emculweni wesintu kanye nasemculweni wakudala oqanjwe abaqambi. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, iculo leNational Anthem of the Russian Federation laqoshwa kusihluthulelo se-C enkulu yemvelo.
Harmonic Major
Esikhathini esikhulu se-harmonic, ngokungafani nemvelo, i-degree yesithupha iyancipha. Ukuncipha kwenzeka ngohhafu wethoni kusetshenziswa uphawu oluyisicaba (uma ngaphambi kokuncipha isinyathelo kwakuyinothi elihlanzekile, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kokuguqulwa), i-flat kabili (uma ngaphambi kokuncipha isinyathelo sase siphansi kakade, siyisicaba), noma kusetshenziswa i-bekar. uphawu (kuleso simo , uma isinyathelo sasiyinothi elibukhali ngaphambi kokuwa).
Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, ku-harmonic E-flat enkulu (Es-dur), ngaphezu kwamafulethi ayo amathathu (SI, MI, LA-FLAT), i-C-FLAT (isinyathelo esincishisiwe se-VI) sizovela. Ku-harmonic B-major (H-dur), ngenxa yokwehlisa isinyathelo sesithupha, i-G-BECAR izovela (kulo khiye, isinyathelo sokuqala, sesithupha semvelo yi-G-SHARP).
I-harmonic inciphise i-VI degree ekushintsheni okukhulu kwesakhiwo sesikali, futhi ibangela ukubukeka kwezikhawu ezintsha ezikhulayo nokuncipha kulolu hlobo lwemodi. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, phakathi kwe-III kanye ne-VI degree ephansi, isikhawu sesine esincishisiwe (min. 4) sakhiwe, esingekho kubukhulu bemvelo. Phakathi kwezinyathelo ezincishisiwe ze-VI kanye ne-VII kunesikhawu sesekhondi elikhuphukile (uv.2).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintsha isinyathelo esisodwa nje nakho kuthinta ukwakheka kwama-chords kukhiye. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yesinyathelo esincishisiwe se-VI, i-triad engaphansi - i-S53 (i-subdominant yisinyathelo se-IV, esinye sezinyathelo eziyinhloko zemodi) iba yincane, kuyilapho enkulu yemvelo yayinkulu. Iziqu ezithathu zeziqu ze-VI, ezazincane ngokuyinhloko yemvelo, ziyakhula (Uv.53).
Ukwehliswa kwezinga lesithupha kusetshenziswa abaqambi ngenjabulo ukuze bakhulise ukugqama komculo, benze ukunambitheka okusha komsindo. Phela, i-chord encane engalindelekile ezimweni ze-fret enkulu idala ama-shades of softness, ukuzwakala okungavamile, ngezinye izikhathi kuletha imibala yasempumalanga. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi lezi zindlela ezilula azilokothi zinganakwa abalaleli, ukwehla kwesinyathelo se-VI kuhlale kubonwa ngendlela ekhethekile.
Ukuze wena ngokwakho ukwazi ukuqonda ubuhle nomsindo othakazelisayo we-harmonic enkulu, siphakamisa ukuthi ulalele isibonelo esivela ezincwadini zomculo. Lona ingoma ye-opera ethi NA Rimsky-Korsakov "Ubusuku Ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi".
melodic enkulu
Ku-melodic main, izinyathelo ezimbili ziyashintsha ngesikhathi esisodwa - VI kanye ne-VII, futhi nazo ziyehla. Nokho, isikali somculo sikhethekile; ngokungafani nemvelo kanye ne-harmonic, ihlukile lapho ihamba phezulu naphansi. Ngakho-ke, ku-melodic enkulu azikho izinguquko phakathi nokunyakaza okuya phezulu, okungukuthi, okuyinhloko yemvelo evamile kuyadlalwa noma kuculwa, futhi kuphela lapho uhamba phansi lapho izinyathelo ze-VI ne-VII zehla.
Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, ku-E-flat enkulu ye-melodic (sesivele sazi - amafulethi "ethu" amathathu: SI, MI, LA) kuzoba ne-D-flat ne-C-flat. Ku-melodic C enkulu (izici ezibukhali ezinhlanu: FA, DO, SOL, RE, LA), ekunyakazeni okuya phansi kuzoba ne-LA-BECAR NO-SO-BECAR.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isikali esikhulu se-melodic sifana kakhulu nomsindo nencane yegama elifanayo. Njengoba wazi, okhiye begama elifanayo (isibonelo, u-B omkhulu no-B omncane, u-C omkhulu no-C omncane, njll.) bahluke ngezinyathelo ezintathu kuphela - III, VI kanye VII (ezincane ziphansi, futhi ezinkulu baphezulu). Ngakho-ke, okuwukuphela kwento ehlukanisa i-melodic enkulu nencane yemvelo yisinyathelo sesithathu, kuyilapho izinyathelo zesithupha nesikhombisa kuleli cala ziphansi ngakho-ke zihambisana.
Umthelela wobuciko wokusebenzisa uhlobo lwe-melodic of major ngokuvamile usekelwe kule geyimu enkulu nencane: sibonakala sikukhiye omncane, kodwa kuvele ukuthi asilona (uhlobo lwe-snag)!
Asikwenze futhi
Ngakho, emculweni kunezinhlobo ezintathu ezinkulu: zemvelo, i-harmonic kanye ne-melodic.
- isikali esikhulu semvelo itholakala ngenhlanganisela enjalo yobudlelwane phakathi kwemisindo: "amathoni ama-2 - i-semitone - amathoni ama-3 - i-semitone".
- Harmonic Major – isinyathelo sesithupha sehliswa kuso.
- melodic enkulu - lapho ukhuphuka, akukho lutho olushintshayo, kodwa lapho uhamba phansi, izinyathelo zesithupha nesikhombisa zehla.
Ukuvivinya umzimba okumbalwa
Ukuze uhlanganise, siphakamisa ukuthi uzilolonge kancane. Umsebenzi umi kanje: ukurekhoda nokudlala (noma ukucula/ukusho) isikali semvelo, i-harmonic ne-melodic enkulu kuzikhiye ze-G-dur, B-dur.
BONISA IZIMPENDULO:
I-tonality ye-G-dur ingu-G enkulu, ibukhali, ngaphezu kwalokho, kunophawu olulodwa kuphela oluyisihluthulelo - u-F-sharp. Ku-harmonic G enkulu, i-VI degree eyehlisiwe yi-MI-FLAT. Ku-melodic G enkulu - uma uhamba phansi, izimpawu ze-FA-BEKAR (i-VII degree encishisiwe) kanye ne-MI-FLAT (eyehlisiwe VI) izovela.
Isihluthulelo se-B-dur yi-B-flat enkulu, isicaba. Izimpawu ezibalulekile yi-SI-FLAT ne-MI-FLAT. Ku-harmonic B-flat enkulu - sengeza uphawu olungahleliwe ku-G-flat (njengoba isinyathelo sesithupha sehlisiwe). Esikalini se-melodic, lapho sikhuphuka, akukho lutho olushintshayo, kodwa lapho sehla, sidlula i-A-FLAT ne-G-FLAT (izinyathelo eziphansi, ngokomthetho).
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Ithebula lesikali esikhulu
Uma ukuma esikalini kusakubangela ubunzima, ngokokuqala ngqa ungasebenzisa ithebula lethu elinamacebiso ukuze uzihlole. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, konke kuzoba ngcono, futhi uzozulazula esikalini kalula futhi ngokwemvelo njengoba inhlanzi ibhukuda emanzini.
Ngakho liquketheni itafula? Okokuqala, ukuqokwa kwe-syllabic nezinhlamvu zokhiye omkhulu (indlela, kukhona eziyi-15 kuphela). Okwesibili, izimpawu eziyinhloko ezizokwakha uhlobo lwakho lokuqala - lwemvelo - lwe-gamma. Ikholomu yesithathu neyesine ibonisa izinguquko ezenzeka ezinhlotsheni zezilinganiso ze-harmonic ne-melodic.
Ngakho-ke, ngokwaleli thebula, esikalini semvelo se-D enkulu kunezimpawu eziyinhloko kuphela: F-SHARP kanye ne-C-SHARP. I-harmonic D enkulu ihlanganisa ne-B-flat, i-melodic D-major ihlanganisa i-C-BECAR ne-B-flat.
Noma esinye isibonelo: I-A-flat enkulu ingokwemvelo - kukhona amafulethi amane kuphela esikalini sawo: SI, MI, LA, RE. Ngefomu le-harmonic, i-F-FLAT izokwengezwa kubo, futhi ngendlela yomculo, kokubili i-F-FLAT ne-G-FLAT izokwengezwa.
Yilokho kuphela okwamanje. Sibonane ezifundweni ezilandelayo!
Kukhona Ongakuthanda
Umsindo womculo kanye nezakhiwo zawo
Mayelana ne-harmonic microchromatics
