Izinkathazo zenkathi ephakathi |

Izinkathazo ze-Medieval, ngendlela efanele izingxabano zesonto, amathoni esonto

lat. i-modi, i-toni, i-tropi; e-German Kirchentöne, eKirchentonarten; Izindlela zesiFulentshi gregoriens, amathani ecclesiastiques; Izindlela zesonto zesiNgisi

Igama lezindlela eziyisishiyagalombili (eziyishumi nambili ekupheleni kweRenaissance) ezingaphansi komculo wochwepheshe (ch. arr. church) waseNtshonalanga Yurophu. iminyaka ephakathi.

Ngokomlando, izinhlelo ezi-3 zokuqokwa kwe-S. l.:

1) igumbi le-steam elinenombolo (elidala kunawo wonke; izindlela zikhonjiswa ngezinombolo zesiLatini zesiGreek, isibonelo i-protus - eyokuqala, i-deuterus - eyesibili, njll., ngokuhlukaniswa okubili kokunye kube okuyiqiniso - okuyinhloko kanye ne-plagal - yesibili);

2) izinombolo ezilula (izindlela ziboniswa ngezinombolo zamaRoma noma izinombolo zesiLatini - kusukela ku-I kuya ku-VIII; isibonelo, ithoni ye-primus noma mina, i-secundus toneus noma i-II, ithoni ye-tertius noma i-III, njll.);

3) igama (eliqokiwe; ngokwethiyori yomculo wamaGreki: Dorian, Hypodorian, Phrygian, Hypophrygian, njll.). Isistimu yokuqamba ehlanganisiwe ye-S. l.

I – дорийский – protus authenticus II – Hypodorian – protus plagalis III – Phrygian – authentic deuterus IV – hypophrygian – deuterus plagalis V – лидийский – authentic tritus VI – Hypolydian – tritus plagais autumn VII – tecussplalia VII – tecussplalia VII – tecusardus VII – tecusedus plagalis – Mixosplalia VII – tecusardus VII – tecusardus VII

Izigaba zemodeli eziyinhloko S. l. – finalis (ithoni yokugcina), i-ambitus (ivolumu yomculo) kanye – emiculweni ehambisana nehubo, – i-repercussion (futhi i-tenor, i-tuba – ithoni yokuphindaphinda, ihubo); ngaphezu kwalokho, imiculo ku-S. l. ngokuvamile ebonakala ngomculo othile. amafomula (avela ehubo lehubo). Isilinganiso samanqamu, i-ambitus kanye ne-repercussion yakha isisekelo sesakhiwo ngasinye se-S. l .:

UMelodich. amafomula S. l. ehubweni melodic (amahubo amahubo) - initiation (ifomula yokuqala), finalis (final), mediant (middle cadence). amasampula omculo. amafomula nemiculo ku-S. l.:

Ihubo elithi "Ave maris Stella."

Umnikelo "Ngakhala ekujuleni."

I-Antiphon "Umyalo omusha".

Haleluya kanye nevesi elithi "Laudate Dominum".

Kancane kancane "Babona".

UKyrie eleison weMisa “Inkathi yePhasika”.

IMisa labafileyo, lingena ekuphumuleni okuphakade.

Kuzici ze-S.l. kuhlanganisa nokuhlukanisa (lat. differentiae tonorum, diffiniones, varietates) - cadence melodic. amafomula ehubo le-antiphonal awela esiphethweni sezinhlamvu eziyisithupha. isisho okuthiwa. “i-doxology encane” (seculorum amen – “futhi kuze kube phakade naphakade amen”), okuvamise ukuchazwa ngokushiywa kongwaqa: Euouae.

IWundlu likaNkulunkulu leMisa “Ngezinsuku ze-Advent and Lent”.

Ukwehluka kusebenza njengenguquko ukusuka evesini lehubo ukuya ku-antiphon elandelayo. Ngokudabukisayo, umehluko ubolekwe ekugcineni kwezingoma zamahubo (ngakho-ke, iziphetho zamahubo amahubo zibuye zibizwe ngokuthi umehluko, bheka “Antiphonale monasticum pro diurnis horis…”, Tornaci, 1963, p. 1210-18).

I-Antiphon “Ad Magnificat”, VIII G.

Ezweni kanye nabantu. umculo weNkathi Ephakathi (ikakhulukazi iRenaissance), ngokusobala, zazihlale zikhona ezinye izindlela (lokhu ukunganembile kwegama elithi “S. l.” – azivamile kuwo wonke umculo weNkathi Ephakathi, kodwa ikakhulukazi emculweni wesonto, ngakho-ke, igama elithi "izindlela zesonto", "amathoni esonto" lilungile kakhulu). Nokho, azinakwa kwezomculo nezesayensi. izincwadi, ezazingaphansi kwethonya lesonto. J. de Groheo (“De musica”, c. 1300) wabonisa ukuthi umculo wezwe ( cantum civilem ) “awuzwani kakhulu” nemithetho yesonto. izinkathazo; UGlarean ("Dodekachordon", 1547) wayekholelwa ukuthi imodi ye-Ionian ikhona ca. Iminyaka engama-400. NgeNkathi Ephakathi yasendulo kakhulu ezehlela kithi. kuyatholakala izingoma zezwe, ezingezona ezesonto, isibonelo, i-pentatonic, imodi ye-Ionian:

Ingoma yesiJalimane ngoPetru. Con. kwe 9 c.

Kwesinye isikhathi, izindlela ze-Ionian ne-Aeolian (ezihambisana nemvelo enkulu nezincane) nazo ziyatholakala kuculo likaGregory, isibonelo. lonke inqwaba ye-monodic "In Festis solemnibus" (Kyrie, Gloria, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, Ite missa est) ibhalwe nge-XI, okungukuthi i-Ionian, fret:

UKyrie eleison weMisa “Emadilini anesizotha.”

Ku-Ser kuphela. Ikhulu le-16 (bheka "Dodekachordon" Glareana) ohlelweni lwe-S. l. Ama-frets angu-4 ngaphezulu afakiwe (ngakho-ke kwakukhona ama-frets angu-12). Izimpawu ezintsha:

E-Tsarlino ("Dimostrationi Harmoniche", 1571, "Le Istitutioni Harmoniche", 1573) kanye nesiFulentshi esithile. kanye nesiJalimane. abaculi bekhulu le-17 intela ehlukile yeshumi nambili S. l. inikezwa uma iqhathaniswa neGlarean. I-Tsarlino (1558):

G. Zаrlinо. "I-Harmonic Institutions", IV, isahl. 10.

УM. Мерсенна ("Universal Harmony", 1636-37):

Ngikhathazekile - kuyiqiniso. I-Dorian (s-s1), imodi ye-II – i-plagal subdorian (g-g1), III fret – iyiqiniso. I-Phrygian (d-d1), imodi ye-IV – i-plagal sub-Phrygian (Aa), V — iyiqiniso. I-Lydian (e-e1), VI – Plagal Sublydian (Hh), VII – iyiqiniso. i-mixolydian (f-f1), VIII – plagal hypomixolydian (c-c1), IX – eyiqiniso. hyperdoric (g-g1), X – plagal Sub-Hyperdorian (d-d1), XI – eyiqiniso. i-hyperphrygian (a-a1), XII – plagal subhyperphrygian (e-e1).

Kulowo nalowo S. l. wabeka eyakhe inkulumo ethize. umlingiswa. Ngokweziqondiso zeBandla (ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi), umculo kufanele uhlukaniswe nakho konke okungokwenyama, “okwezwe” njengemiphefumulo enesono futhi uphakamisele imiphefumulo kongokomoya, wasezulwini, waphezulu wobuKristu. Ngakho-ke, uClement wase-Alexandria (c. 150 - c. 215) wamelana "namagama" amaFrigian asendulo, amaqaba, amaLydian kanye namaDorian ethanda "ihubo laphakade lokuvumelana okusha, igama likaNkulunkulu", ngokumelene "nezingoma ezishisayo" kanye "nomculo omnandi". isigqi sokulila”, uku--ry “wonakalisa umphefumulo” futhi ukuhilele “emijahweni exokozelayo” yama-komos, evuna “injabulo engokomoya”, “ngenxa yokuthuthukisa nokulawula intukuthelo yomuntu.” Wayekholelwa ukuthi “ukuvumelana (okungukuthi izindlela) kufanele kuthathwe ngokuqinile futhi kumsulwa.” Imodi ye-Dorian (isonto), ngokwesibonelo, ivame ukubonakaliswa yizazi zemfundisoze njengenesizotha, ebabazekayo. U-Guido d'Arezzo ubhala "ngothando lwesithupha", "ukukhuluma kwe-6th" frets. Incazelo yokuvezwa kwezindlela ngokuvamile inikezwa ngokuningiliziwe, ngokugqamile (izimpawu zinikezwe encwadini: Livanova, 7, p. 1940; Shestakov, 66, p. 1966), okubonisa umbono othakazelisayo wezwi le-modal.

Ngokomlando S. l. ngokungangabazeki livela ohlelweni lwezinkathazo zebandla. umculo waseByzantium - okuthiwa. oktoiha (osmosis; i-Greek oxto – eyisishiyagalombili kanye ne-nxos – izwi, imodi), lapho kukhona izindlela eziyi-8, ezihlukaniswe ngamapheya angu-4, aqokwe njengeziyiqiniso kanye ne-plagal (izinhlamvu zokuqala ezi-4 zezinhlamvu zesiGreki, ezilingana nomyalelo: I – II – III – IV), futhi zisetshenziswa nangesiGreki. amagama emodi (Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Hypodorian, Hypo-Phrygian, Hypolydian, Hypomixolydian). Systematization amasonto Byzantine. ama-frets kuthiwa avela kuJohn waseDamaseku (ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu lesi-1; bheka i-Osmosis). Umbuzo weGenesis yomlando wezinhlelo ze-modal zaseByzantium, uDkt Russia kanye neNtshonalanga Yurophu. I-S.l., nokho, idinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe. Muses. ama-theorists asekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi (i-8th-ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-6) abakazikhulumi izindlela ezintsha (Boethius, Cassiodorus, Isidore of Seville). Ngokokuqala ngqá kukhulunywa ngabo encwadini, ucezu olwanyatheliswa ngu-M. Herbert (Gerbert Scriptores, I, p. 8-26) ngaphansi kwegama likaFlaccus Alcuin (27-735); nokho, ukubhalwa kwayo kuyangabazeka. Idokhumenti endala kakhulu ekhuluma ngokuthembekile ngo-S. l. kufanele kubhekwe njengencwadi ka-Aurelian waseRheome (ngekhulu lesi-804) “Musica disciplina” (c. 9; “Gerbert Scriptores”, I, p. 850-28); ekuqaleni kwesahluko sakhe sesi-63 esithi "De Tonis octo" ikhiqiza cishe nezwi nezwi lonke ucezu lwe-Alcunnos. Imodi (“ithoni”) ihunyushwa lapha njengohlobo lwendlela yokucula (eduze nomqondo wemodus). Umbhali akanikezi izibonelo zomculo nezikimu, kodwa ubhekisela emiculo yama-antiphons, ama-responsories, ama- offertories, communio. Encwadini engaziwa ye-8th (?) c. "Alia musica" (eshicilelwe nguHerbert - "Gerbert Scriptores", I, p. 9-125) isivele ibonisa imingcele eqondile ngayinye ye-52 S. l. Ngakho-ke, i-fret yokuqala (primus tonus) ibizwa ngokuthi "ephansi kakhulu" (omnium gravissimus), ithatha i-octave ukuya ku-mesa (okungukuthi, Aa), futhi ibizwa ngokuthi "Hypodorian". Okulandelayo (i-octave Hh) i-Hypophrygian, njalonjalo. (“Gerbert Scriptores,” I, p. 8a). Ihanjiswe ngu-Boethius ("De institutione musica", IV, capitula 127) ukuhlelwa kwesiGreki. Izilinganiso eziguquguqukayo zikaPtolemy (ukuguqulwa "kwesistimu ephelele", eyakhiqiza kabusha amagama ezindlela - i-Frygian, i-Dorian, njll. - kodwa kuphela ngokuhlehlayo, ukukhuphuka okukhuphukayo) ku-"Alia musica" kwenziwa iphutha ngokuhlelwa kwamamodi. Ngenxa yalokho, amaGreki amagama ezindlela aphenduke ahlobene nezinye izikali (bheka izindlela zamaGreki Asendulo). Ngenxa yokulondolozwa kokuhlelwa kwezilinganiso zezikali ze-modal, ukuhleleka kokulandelana kwezindlela kuzo zombili izinhlelo kwahlala kufana, isiqondiso sokulandelana kuphela esishintshile - ngaphakathi kwebanga elilawulayo lama-octave amabili wesistimu ephelele yamaGreki - ukusuka ku-A kuye kuye. a15.

Kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-octave S. l. kanye nokusabalala kwe-solmization (kusukela ngekhulu le-11), uhlelo lwe-hexachords ye-Guido d'Arezzo nalo lwathola ukusebenza.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-polyphony yaseYurophu (ngeNkathi Ephakathi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi seRenaissance) kwakhubaza kakhulu uhlelo lwezinsimbi zomculo. futhi ekugcineni kwaholela ekubhujisweni kwayo. Okuyinhloko izici ezibangele ukubola kwe-S. l. bekunemigomo eminingi. ishede, ukwethulwa kwephimbo kanye nokuguqulwa kukangwaqa ongunxantathu kube isisekelo semodi. I-polyphony yalinganisa ukubaluleka kwezigaba ezithile ze-S. l. - i-ambitus, imiphumela, idale ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuphele ngesikhathi esisodwa kokuhlukana okubili (noma ngisho nokuthathu). imisindo (isibonelo, ku-d no-a ngesikhathi esisodwa). Ithoni yesethulo (musiсa falsa, musica ficta, bona Chromatism) yephule i-diaatonicism eqinile ye-S. l., yehliswe futhi yenza umehluko ongapheli ekwakhekeni kwe-S. l. yesimo esifanayo, kunciphisa umehluko phakathi kwamamodi kuya kusici esichazayo esiyinhloko - okuyinhloko noma okuncane. abathathu. Ukuqashelwa kongwaqa kwesithathu (bese kuba okwesithupha) ekhulwini le-13. (kusuka kuFranco waseCologne, uJohannes de Garland) kwaholela emakhulwini e-15-16. ekusetshenzisweni njalo kongwaqa ongunxantathu (kanye nokuguquguquka kwabo) kanjalo nokuphuma. ukuhlelwa kabusha kwesistimu ye-modal, ukuyakhela kuma-chords amakhulu namancane.

S. l. umculo we-polygonal uguqukele ekuvumelaneni kwe-modal ye-Renaissance (ikhulu le-15-16th) futhi kuqhubekela phambili ku-"harmonic tonality" (ukuvumelana okusebenzayo kwesistimu enkulu-encane) yekhulu le-17-19th.

S. l. umculo we-polygonal ngekhulu le-15-16. abe nombala othize, okukhumbuza ngokunganaki isistimu yemodali exubile enkulu-encane (bona Okukhulu-okuncane). Ngokuvamile, isibonelo, isiphetho nge-triad enkulu yesiqeshana esibhalwe ngokuvumelana nesimo esincane (D-dur - ku-Dorian d, E-dur - ku-Frygian e). Ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kwama-harmonics. izici zesakhiwo esihluke ngokuphelele-ama-chords-kuphumela kusistimu ye-modal ehluke kakhulu ku-monody yasekuqaleni yesitayela somculo wakudala. Le sistimu ye-modal (i-renaissance modal harmony) izimele ngokuqhathaniswa futhi ilinganisa phakathi kwezinye izinhlelo, kanye ne-sl kanye ne-tonality enkulu-encane.

Ngokusungulwa kokubusa kwesimiso esikhulu-esincane (ikhulu le-17-19), owayengu-S. l. kancane kancane alahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwawo, ngokwengxenye asala kumaKatolika. ukuphila kwesonto kwansuku zonke (kancane kancane - kumaProthestani, isibonelo, iculo le-Dorian lekhwaya elithi "Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin"). Amasampula akhanyayo ahlukene we-S. l. itholakala ikakhulukazi esitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu le-1 Izinguquko zobuntu zika-S. l. vela ku-JS Bach ekucubunguleni izingoma ezindala; ucezu lonke lungasekelwa kwenye yalezi zindlela. Ngakho, iculo le-chorale elithi “Herr Gott, dich loben wir” (umbhalo walo uyinguqulo yesiJalimane yehubo elidala lesiLatini, elenziwa ngo-17 nguM. Luther) ngemodi yesiFrigiya, elacutshungulwa uBach wekhwaya (BWV 1529) , 16, 190) kanye ne-organ (BWV 328), iwukusebenza kabusha kwehubo elidala elithi "Te deum laudamus" yethoni yesine, futhi izakhi zomculo zagcinwa ekucubunguleni kukaBach. amafomula alesi Wed.-Century. amathoni.

JS Bach. Isandulela samakhora sesitho.

Uma izakhi ze-S. l. ngokuvumelana nekhulu le-17. nasemculweni wenkathi ye-Bach - insalela yesiko elidala, bese uqala ngo-L. Beethoven (Adagio "In der lydischen Tonart" kusukela ku-quartet op. 132) kukhona ukuvuselelwa kwesistimu ye-modal endala ngesisekelo esisha. . Ngenkathi ye-romanticism, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo eziguquliwe ze-S. l. kuhlotshaniswa nezikhathi zokwenza isitayela, ukukhanga emculweni wesikhathi esidlule (ka-F. Liszt, J. Brahms; ekuhlukeni kwesi-7 kusukela ku-Tchaikovsky's umehluko we-piano op. 19 No 6 - Imodi ye-Frygian ene-tonic enkulu evamile ekugcineni) futhi ihlanganisa nabaqambi bokunaka okwandayo ezinhlotsheni zomculo wesintu (bheka Izindlela Zemvelo), ikakhulukazi uF. Chopin, B. Bartok, abaqambi baseRussia bekhulu le-19-20.

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Yu. H. Kholopov