Umculo wetiyetha |

umculo weshashalazi - umculo wokudlalwa kumadrama. yaseshashalazini, in synthesis nezinye izinhlobo art-va iqhaza esiteji. umfanekiso wedrama. Umculo unganikezwa ngumbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi, bese kuba, njengomthetho, ukhuthazwa yisakhiwo futhi awudluli izinhlobo zansuku zonke (amasignali, abalandeli, izingoma, amamashi, imidanso). Muses. iziqephu ezethulwe ekuculweni ngokwesicelo somqondisi nomqambi ngokuvamile ziba nomlingiswa ojwayelekile futhi zingase zingabi nenhloso yesakhiwo esiqondile. T.m. ungumbhali osebenzayo. isici sokubaluleka okukhulu kwe-semantic nokwakheka; uyakwazi ukwakha umoya womzwelo, gcizelela i-DOS. umqondo womdlalo (ngokwesibonelo, i-Beethoven's Victorious Symphony emculweni wedrama ethi Egmont kaGoethe, umculo we-Mozart's Requiem ku-Pushkin's Mozart no-Salieri), cacisa isikhathi nendawo yesenzo, chaza umlingisi, ithonya. i-tempo nesigqi sokusebenza, gqamisa okuyinhloko . umvuthwandaba, ukunikeza ubunye ekusebenzeni ngosizo lokuphimbo. ukuthuthukiswa kanye nemibhalo esemqoka. Ngokomsebenzi wombhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi, umculo ungavumelana nalokho okwenzeka esiteji (isizinda somculo wongwaqa) noma uqhathanise nawo. Hlukanisa umculo, okhishwe esiteji. izenzo (i-overture, intermissions, headpieces), kanye ne-intrastage. Umculo ungabhalwa ngokukhethekile ukuze usebenze noma uhlanganiswe izingcezu zezingoma ezaziwayo kakade. Isilinganiso sezinombolo sihlukile - kusuka ezingxenyeni kuya eziningana. imijikelezo noma otd. izakhiwo zomsindo (okuthiwa ama-accents) kuma-symphonies amakhulu. iziqephu. T.m. ungena ebudlelwaneni obuyinkimbinkimbi nomdlalo weshashalazi nokuqondisa: umqambi kufanele ahambisane nezinhloso zakhe nohlobo lomdlalo, isitayela sombhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi, inkathi okwenzeka ngayo isenzo, kanye nenhloso yomqondisi.

Umlando we-t. m. ibuyela ezinhlotsheni zeshashalazi zasendulo, ezizuzwe njengefa ezinkolweni. izenzo ezingokwesiko zokwenziwa kwazo. Umlingisi. Empumalanga yasendulo neyasendulo. umdlalo igama elihlangene, umculo, umdanso ngokulinganayo. Kwesinye isiGreki. usizi olwavela ku-dithyramb, muses. isisekelo kwakuyikwaya. ukucula kanyekanye kuphelezelwa izinsimbi: izongena. ingoma yekhwaya (parod), isikhungo. izingoma (stasima), kuphetha. ikhwaya (eksod), amakhwaya ahambisana nemidanso (emmeley), lyric. inkhulumomphendvulwano-isikhalazo somlingisi kanye nekhwaya (kommos). Okwakudala eNdiya. ishashalazi yandulelwe idrama yomculo. izinhlobo zemibhede yaseshashalazini. amakhonsathi: i-lila (idrama yomdanso womculo), katakali (pantomime), i-yakshagana (inhlanganisela yomdanso, inkhulumomphendvulwano, ukuphindaphinda, ukucula), njll. Kamuva ind. ithiyetha igcine umculo nomdanso. nemvelo. Emlandweni we-whale theatre indima ehamba phambili ibuye ibe ye-mixed theatrical-muses. izethulo; ukuhlanganiswa komculo nedrama kwenziwa ngendlela engavamile kwenye yetiyetha ehamba phambili. izinhlobo zeNkathi Ephakathi - zaju. Ku-zaju, isenzo besigxile kumlingiswa oyedwa, owenza izinhlamvu ezimbalwa esenzweni ngasinye. i-arias kuya kumashuni akhethekile akhanyiswe ngesimo esithile. I-Arias yalolu hlobo yizikhathi zokujwayelekile, ukugxila kwemizwelo. amandla kagesi. EJapane, kusukela ezinhlotsheni zakudala zetiyetha. izethulo zigqame ikakhulukazi i-bugaku (ikhulu lesi-8) - predv. ukusebenza ngomculo we-gagaku (bheka umculo waseJapane). Indima ebalulekile nayo idlalwa umculo ezinkundleni zemidlalo yeshashalazi noh (kusukela ekhulwini le-14 kuya kwele-15), i-joruri (kusukela ngekhulu le-16), kanye ne-kabuki (kusukela ngekhulu le-17). Ayikho imidlalo eyakhiwe phezu kwesisekelo sokumemezela-okumnandi ngokuphimisela okudonsiwe kombhalo ezwini elithile. isitembu. Ikhwaya iphawula ngomnyakazo, yenza inkhulumomphendvulwano, ilandisa, ihambisane nomdanso. Isingeniso izingoma zokuzulazula (miyuki), ekupheleni kudlalwa umdanso wokuzindla (yugen). Ku-joruri - isiJapane esidala. itiyetha yonodoli - umxoxi womculi uhambisana ne-pantomime ngengoma, ngomoya we-nar. insumansumane ngokulandisa okuhambisana no-shamisen. Etiyetha kabuki, umbhalo ubuye uculwe, futhi ukudlala kuhambisana ne-orchestra ye-nar. amathuluzi. Umculo ohlobene ngqo nokulingisa ubizwa ngokuthi “degatari” ku-kabuki futhi wenziwa esiteji; imiphumela yomsindo (i-genza ongaku) ​​ifanekisela imisindo kanye nezigigaba zemvelo (ukushaya kwezigubhu kudlulisa umsindo wemvula noma ukuchaphaza kwamanzi, ukungqongqoza okuthile kukhombisa ukuthi kuneqhwa, ukushaywa kwamabhodi akhethekile kusho ukuvela inyanga, njll.), kanye nabaculi - abadlali babekwe ngemuva kwesikrini sezinti ze-bamboo. Ekuqaleni nasekupheleni komdlalo, kuzwakala isigubhu esikhulu (umculo womkhosi), lapho ikhethini liphakanyiswa futhi lehliswa, ibhodi elithi "ki" lidlalwa, umculo okhethekile udlalwa ngesikhathi "seriage" - indawo ezungezile. ukhushulelwa esiteji. Umculo udlala indima ebalulekile ku-kabuki. ukuhambisana ne-pantomime (dammari) nomdanso.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi. Zap. I-Europe, ikuphi ithiyetha. ifa lasendulo lachithwa, u-prof. idrama ithuthukile. ar. ngokuhambisana necala lebandla. Ngekhulu le-9-13. emasontweni amaKatolika, abefundisi babedlala phambi kwe-altare lat. amadrama ezinkonzo; ngekhulu le-14-15. idrama yakhula yaba impicabadala ngezingxoxo ezikhulunywayo, ezenziwa ngaphandle kwethempeli endaweni kazwelonke. izilimi. Endaweni yezwe, umculo wawuzwakala ngesikhathi sokufika. imikhosi, udwendwe lukamaskandi, nar. izethulo. Kusuka kuphrof. umculo weNkathi Ephakathi yezwe. Amakhonsathi alondoloze ingoma ka-Adam de la Halle ethi “The Game of Robin and Marion”, lapho izinombolo zezingoma ezincane (virele, ballads, rondo) zishintshana, wok. izingxoxo, imidanso ne-instr. ukuphelezela.

Ku-Renaissance, Western-European. ubuciko buphendukele emasikweni asendulo. ithiyetha; Usizi, amahlaya, ukwalusa kwachuma emhlabathini omusha. Ngokuvamile zazidlalwa iminyuziyamu ebabazekayo. izihlanganisi ezingokomfanekiso. kanye nenganekwane. okuqukethwe, okuhlanganisa i-wok. izinombolo zesitayela se-madrigal nemidanso (idlalade likaChintio elithi “Orbecchi” elinomculo ka-A. della Viola, 1541; “Trojanki” ka-Dolce ngomculo ka-C. Merulo, 1566; “Oedipus” ka-Giustiniani ngomculo ka-A. Gabrieli, 1585 ;“Aminta” ka-Tasso ngomculo ka-C. Monteverdi, 1628). Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, umculo (i-recitatives, i-arias, imidanso) uvame ukuzwakala ngesikhathi sokufika. ama-masquerade, udwendwe lwemikhosi (isibonelo, ngesi-Italian Canti, Trionfi). Ngekhulu le-16 ngokusekelwe kumapholigoni. isitayela se-madrigal savela okokwenziwa okukhethekile. uhlobo - amahlaya e-madrigal.

IsiNgisi saba ngesinye sezigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni kaT. m. yaseshashalazini ngekhulu le-16 Sibonga uW. UShakespeare nabantu besikhathi sakhe - ababhali bemidlalo uF. Beaumont kanye noJ. UFletcher – ngesiNgisi. yaseshashalazini yenkathi ka-Elizabethan yathuthukisa amasiko azinzile alokho okubizwa ngokuthi. umculo wengozi - iminyuziyamu emincane ye-plug-in. izinombolo, ezifakwe ngokoqobo emdlalweni. Imidlalo kaShakespeare igcwele amazwi ombhali achaza ukusebenza kwezingoma, amabhaladi, imidanso, udwendwe, ukubingelela kwabalandeli, izimpawu zempi, njll. Umculo omningi neziqephu zezinhlekelele zakhe zenza idramaturgy ebaluleke kakhulu. umsebenzi (izingoma zika-Ophelia noDesdemona, imashi yomngcwabo eHamlet, Coriolanus, Henry VI, idansa ebholeni likaCapulet eRomeo noJuliet). Imikhiqizo yalesi sikhathi ibonakala ngenani lemidlalo yasesiteji yomculo. imiphumela, kuhlanganise nokukhetha okukhethekile kwezinsimbi kuye ngokuthi isiteji. izimo: esanduleleni nasezindumisweni, kwazwakala amazwi athandwayo lapho abantu abasezikhundleni eziphezulu bephuma, lapho kuvela izingelosi, izipoki, nezinye izidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo. amabutho - amacilongo, ezigcawini zezimpi - isigubhu, ezigcawini zabelusi - i-oboe, ezigcawini zothando - imitshingo, ezigcawini zokuzingela - uphondo, emingcwabeni - i-trombone, i-lyric. izingoma zazihambisana nelutha. Ku-"Globe" t-re, ngaphezu komculo onikezwe umbhali, kwakukhona izingeniso, izikhathi zokuphumula, ngokuvamile umbhalo wawuphinyiswa ngokumelene nesizinda somculo (melodrama). Umculo odlalwa emisebenzini kaShakespeare ngesikhathi sokuphila kombhali awuzange ugcinwe; eyaziwa kuphela ezindabeni zesiNgisi. ababhali benkathi yokubuyiselwa (ingxenye yesibili yekhulu lesi-2). Ngalesi sikhathi, i-heroic yayibusa yaseshashalazini. idrama kanye nemaski. Imisebenzi ohlotsheni lwamaqhawe. amadrama ayegcwele umculo; umbhalo womlomo empeleni wawuhlanganisa iminyuziyamu ndawonye. impahla. Imaski eyasungulwa eNgilandi ku-con. Ngekhulu le-17, phakathi neNguquko, yathuthela enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, ilondoloza umlingisi omangalisayo ohlukahlukene. Ngekhulu le-16 ngomoya we-mask, eziningi zenziwa kabusha. Imidlalo kaShakespeare (“Isiphepho” esinomculo kaJ. Banister kanye noM. Locke, “The Fairy Queen” esekelwe kokuthi “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” kanye “The Tempest” ngomculo ka-G. Purcell). Into evelele ngesiNgisi. T. m. ngalesi sikhathi umsebenzi kaG. I-Purcell. Iningi lemisebenzi yakhe iyingxenye ye-T. m., nokho, abaningi babo, ngenxa yokuzimela kwama-muses. umdlalo weshashalazi kanye nezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lomculo kusondela emdlalweni we-opera (UmProfethi, Indlovukazi Yezinganekwane, Isiphepho, nezinye izincwadi zibizwa ngokuthi ama-semi-opera). Kamuva enhlabathini yesiNgisi yakha i-synthetic entsha. uhlobo - i-ballad opera. Abadali bayo u-J. UGay noJ. U-Pepusch wakha idrama ye-"Opera of the Beggars" (17) yabo ekushintsheni izigcawu zezingxoxo nezingoma ngesi-Nar. umoya. NgesiNgisi. idrama iphinde idwetshwe nguG. F.

ESpain, isigaba sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kwe-nat. idrama yakudala ihlotshaniswa nezinhlobo zama-rappresentationes (ama-performances angcwele), kanye nama-eclogues (i-idyll yomalusi) kanye ne-farce - yaseshashalazini exubene neminyuziyamu. umkhiqizo. ngokudlalwa kwezingoma, ukuphindaphinda kwezinkondlo, imidanso, amasiko aqhubeka kuma-zarzuelas. Imisebenzi yomculi omkhulu waseSpain ixhunywe nomsebenzi kulezi zinhlobo. imbongi kanye comp. X. del Encina (1468-1529). Esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-16-17 kumadrama ka-Lope de Vega kanye no-P. Calderon, amakhwaya kanye nokwehluka kwe-ballet kwenziwa.

E-France, ama-recitatives, amakhwaya, instr. iziqephu zezinhlekelele zakudala zika-J. Racine no-P. Corneille zabhalwa ngu-M. Charpentier, u-JB Moreau nabanye. Umsebenzi ohlanganyelwe ka-JB Molière no-JB Lully, abakha uhlobo oluxubile - i-comedy-ballet (" Umshado ngokuzenzakalelayo", "Inkosazana ka-Elis", "uMnu. de Pursonyak", "Georges Dandin", njll.). Izingxoxo zezingxoxo ziyashintshana lapha neziphindaphindayo, ama-arias, imidanso. ukuphuma (okufakiwe) ngokwesiko lesiFulentshi. i-adv. i-ballet (i-ballet de cour) 1st floor. Ikhulu le-17

Ngekhulu le-18 eFrance, kwavela umkhiqizo wokuqala. ohlotsheni lwe-melodrama - i-lyric. isiteji esithi “Pygmalion” kaRousseau, esadlalwa ngo-1770 ngomculo ka-O. Coignet; yalandelwa ama-melodramas u-Ariadne auf Naxos (1774) kanye noPygmalion (1779) kaVenda, uSofonisba kaNefe (1782), iSemiramide kaMozart (1778; ayigcinwanga), i-Orpheus kaFomin (1791), i-Deaf and A Beggar (1802) ) kanye nethi The Mystery (1807) kaHolcroft.

Kuze kufike esitezi sesi-2. Umculo we-18th wetiyetha. imidlalo ngokuvamile yayinokuxhumana okujwayelekile kuphela nokuqukethwe kwedrama futhi yayingadluliswa ngokukhululekile isuka kolunye uhlobo iye komunye. Umqambi nombhali waseJalimane u-I. Scheibe kwethi “Critischer Musicus” (1737-40), kwase kuthi uG. Lessing kwethi “Hamburg Dramaturgy” (1767-69) baveza izimfuneko ezintsha zesiteji. umculo. “I-symphony yokuqala kufanele ihlotshaniswe nomdlalo uwonke, izikhawu ezihambisana nesiphetho sangaphambilini kanye nokuqala kwesenzo esilandelayo …, i-symphony yokugcina nesiphetho somdlalo … Kubalulekile ukukhumbula umlingisi womdlalo. umlingiswa oyinhloko kanye nomqondo oyinhloko womdlalo futhi uqondiswe yibona lapho uqamba umculo” (I. Sheibe). “Njengoba i-orchestra emidlalweni Yethu ngandlela thize ithatha indawo yekhwaya yakudala, ongoti kudala bezwakalisa isifiso sokuthi uhlobo lomculo … luhambisane kakhulu nokuqukethwe yimidlalo, umdlalo ngamunye udinga ukuphelezelwa komculo okukhethekile ngokwawo” (G. . Ukuncishiswa). T.m. ngokushesha kwavela emoyeni wezidingo ezintsha, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezakudala zaseViennese - i-WA ​​Mozart (yedrama ethi “Tamos, King of Egypt” ka-Gebler, 1779) kanye no-J. Haydn (womdlalo othi “Alfred, or the the King-patriot” Bicknell, 1796); Nokho, umculo ka-L. Beethoven oya ku-Goethe's Egmont (1810) ube nomthelela omkhulu ekuqhubekeni phambili kwetiyetha, okuwuhlobo lwetiyetha ngokuvamile oludlulisela okuqukethwe kwezikhathi ezibalulekile zedrama. Ukubaluleka kwama-symphonies amakhulu, aphelele efomini kuye kwanda. iziqephu (i-overture, intermissions, finale), ezingahlukaniswa nokusebenza futhi zenziwe ekugcineni. isiteji (umculo we-“Egmont” uhlanganisa nekaGoethe ethi “Songs of Clerchen”, amaculo athi “Death of Clerchen”, “Egmont’s Dream”).

T.m. Ikhulu le-19. ithuthukiswe ngendlela eshiwo nguBeethoven, kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo ze-aesthetics ye-romanticism. Phakathi kwemikhiqizo 1st floor. Umculo wekhulu le-19 ka-F. Schubert kuya ku-“Rosamund” ka-G. von Chezy (1823), ka-C. Weber kuya ku-“Turandot” ngu-Gozzi ehunyushwe ngu-F. Schiller (1809) kanye “no-Preziosa” ka-Wolff (1821), ngu-F. . Mendelssohn eya ku-“Ruy Blas” kaHugo , “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” kaShakespeare (1843), “Oedipus in Colon” ​​kanye nethi “Atalia” kaRacine (1845), R. Schumann kuya ku-“Manfred” Byron (1848-51) . Indima ekhethekile yabelwa umculo ku-Goethe's Faust. Umbhali ubeka inani elikhulu lama-woks. kanye ne-instr. amakamelo - amakhwaya, izingoma, imidanso, amamashi, umculo wesigameko esontweni lombhishobhi kanye no-Walpurgis Night, wezempi. umculo wenkundla yempi. Iningi izindlela. umculo usebenza, umqondo wokuthi ohlotshaniswa ne-Goethe's Faust, ungoka-G. Berlioz ("Izigcawu eziyisishiyagalombili ezivela? Faust", 1829, kamuva zaguqulwa zaba i-oratorio "The Condemnation of Faust"). Izibonelo ezicacile ze-genre-domestic nat. T.m. Ikhulu le-19. - "Peer Gynt" kaGrieg (kumdlalo kaG. Ibsen, 1874-75) kanye "no-Arlesian" ka-Bizet (kumdlalo ka-A. Daudet, 1872).

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19-20. endleleni eya ku-T.m. kwavezwa ukuthambekela okusha. Abaqondisi abavelele balesi sikhathi (KS Stanislavsky, VE Meyerhold, G. Craig, O. Falkenberg, njll.) bashiye umculo we-conc. uhlobo, olufuna imibala yomsindo ekhethekile, izinsimbi ezingajwayelekile, ukufakwa kwezinto eziphilayo kwamamyuziyemu. iziqephu zedrama. Ithiyetha yomqondisi yangalesi sikhathi yenze kwaphila uhlobo olusha lweshashalazi. umqambi, engacabangi nje kuphela imininingwane ethile yedrama, kodwa futhi izici zalo mkhiqizo. Ngekhulu lama-20 ukuthambekela kwe-2 kuyasebenzisana, kusondeza umculo kumdlalo weshashalazi; eyokuqala yawo ibonakala ngokuqiniswa kwendima yomculo emdlalweni weshashalazi. ukusebenza (izivivinyo zika-K. Orff, B. Brecht, ababhali abaningi bezingoma zomculo), okwesibili kuxhumene nemidlalo yaseshashalazini yamamuse. izinhlobo (ama-cantata esiteji ngu-Orff, Umshado ka-Stravinsky, ama-oratorio aseshashalazini ka-A. Honegger, njll.). Ukusesha izinhlobo ezintsha zokuhlanganisa umculo nedrama kuvame ukuholela ekwakhiweni kwama-syntheses akhethekile. izinhlobo zeshashalazi nezomculo ("Indaba Yesosha" kaStravinsky "inganekwane okufanele ifundwe, idlalwe futhi idanse", i-"Oedipus Rex" yakhe iyi-opera-oratorio enomfundi, "Clever Girl" ka-Orff i-opera enezigcawu ezinkulu zezingxoxo), kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezinhlobo zakudala zokwenziwa. yaseshashalazini: antique. tragedy (“Antigone” kanye “ne-Oedipus” ka-Orff ngomzamo wokubuyisela ngokwesayensi indlela yokubiza umbhalo enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yamaGreki), amahlaya ka-madrigal (“Tale” kaStravinsky, ngokwengxenye “Catulli Carmina” ka-Orff), phakathi- ikhulu leminyaka. izimfihlakalo (“Ukuvuka KukaKristu” ka-Orff, “uJoan wase-Arc esigxotsheni” kaHonegger), ngokwezinkonzo. amadrama (imizekeliso “Isenzo Somgede”, “Indodana Yolahleko”, ingxenye ethi “The Carlew River” kaBritten). Uhlobo lwe-melodrama luyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, luhlanganisa i-ballet, i-pantomime, i-choral kanye nokucula yedwa, i-melodeclamation (i-Salamena ka-Emmanuel, i-Roussel's The Birth of the World, i-Amphion ka-Onegger ne-Semiramide, i-Persephone ka-Stravinsky).

Abaculi abaningi abavelele bekhulu lama-20 basebenza ngokujulile ohlotsheni lwe-T.m.: eFrance, lezi ziyimisebenzi ehlangene. amalungu "Ayisithupha" (umdwebo othi "Abasanda Kushada Eiffel Tower", 1921, ngokusho komlobi wombhalo u-J. Cocteau - "inhlanganisela yenhlekelele yasendulo kanye ne-revue yekhonsathi yesimanje, izinombolo zehholo lekhwaya nehholo lomculo"). amanye amakhonsathi (isibonelo, "The Queen Margot" Bourdet nomculo ka-J. Ibert, D. Millau, D. Lazarus, J. Auric, A. Roussel) kanye nethiyetha. umkhiqizo. Honegger (umculo othi “Dance of Death” kaC. Laronde, amadrama eBhayibheli athi “Judith” kanye “neNkosi uDavide”, “Antigone” kaSophocles, njll.); yaseshashalazini eJalimane. Umculo ka-Orff (ngaphezu kwemisebenzi eshiwo ngenhla, ihlaya elihlekisayo elithi The Sly Ones, umbhalo unesigqi, uphelezelwa iqoqo lezinsimbi ezishaywayo; umdlalo wokwenziwa othi Iphupho Lasebusuku LaseMidsummer kaShakespeare), kanye nomculo wasetiyetha. ngu-B. Brecht. Muses. ukuklanywa kwemidlalo kaBrecht kungenye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokudala umphumela "wokuhlukaniswa", oklanyelwe ukubhubhisa inkohliso yeqiniso lalokho okwenzekayo esiteji. Ngokohlelo lukaBrecht, umculo kufanele ube nezinombolo ezigcizelelayo zokuthi banal, zohlobo olulula lwezingoma – ama-zong, ama-ballads, amakhwaya, anomlingisi ofakiwe, umbhalo womlomo oveza umcabango wombhali ngendlela egxilile. Abahlanganyeli abavelele baseJalimane babambisane noBrecht. abaculi - P. Hindemith (Umdlalo Ofundisayo), C. Weil (The Threepenny Opera, Mahagonny Opera sketch), X. Eisler (Umama, Roundheads and Sharpheads, Galileo Galilei, Dreams Simone Machar" nabanye), P. Dessau (" Umama Wesibindi kanye nezingane zakhe”, “Indoda Enhle yaseSezuan”, njll.).

Phakathi kwabanye ababhali be-T.m. 19 - 1st floor. Ikhulu lama-20 - J. Sibelius (“Inkosi YamaKristu” kaPaul, “Pelléas and Mélisande” kaMaeterlinck, “The Tempest” kaShakespeare), K. Debussy (imfihlakalo G. D'Annunzio “The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian”) kanye no-R. Strauss (umculo womdlalo ka-Molière “The tradesman in the nobility” esiteji samahhala esithathwe ngu-G. von Hofmannsthal). Ngama-50s - 70s. Ikhulu lama-20 u-O. Messiaen waphendukela enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi (umculo wedrama ethi “Oedipus” yamagagasi kaMartenot, 1942), E. Carter (umculo wenhlekelele kaSophocles “Philoctetes”, “The Merchant of Venice” kaShakespeare), V. Lutoslavsky ("Macbeth" kanye "The Merry Wives of Windsor" Shakespeare, "Sid" Corneille - S. Wyspiansky, "Bloody Wedding" kanye "The Wonderful Shoemaker" F. Garcia Lorca, njll), abalobi electronic kanye ukhonkolo umculo, okuhlanganisa no-A. Coge (“Ubusika nezwi elingenamuntu » J. Tardieu), A. Thirier (“Scheherazade”), F. Arthuis (“Umsindo ozungezile ekulweni no-J. Vautier”), njll.

IsiRashiya T.m. inomlando omude. Ezikhathini zasendulo, izigcawu zezingxoxo ezidlalwa ama-buffoon zazihambisana "nezingoma zamademoni", ukudlala ihabhu, i-domra, nezimpondo. ENar. idrama eyakhula ngenxa yemidlalo ye-buffoon ("Ataman", "Mavrukh", "Comedy about Tsar Maximilian", njll.), yazwakala ngesiRashiya. ingoma kanye ne-instr. umculo. Uhlobo lomculo wama-Orthodox lwathuthukiswa esontweni. izenzo zesonto - "Ukugeza izinyawo", "Isenzo sesitofu", njll. (ikhulu le-15). Ngekhulu le-17-18. ingcebo yomklamo womculo yayihlukile okuthiwa. idrama yesikole (ababhali bemidlalo - S. Polotsky, F. Prokopovich, D. Rostovsky) nama-arias, amakhwaya esontweni. isitayela, amapayipi ezwe, ukulila, instr. izinombolo. I-Comedy Choromina (eyasungulwa ngo-1672) yayine-orchestra enkulu enevayolini, ama-viola, imitshingo, ama-clarinets, amacilongo, ne-ogani. Kusukela ngesikhathi sikaPetru Omkhulu, imikhosi isakazekile. imidlalo yaseshashalazini (izandulela, ama-cantata) esekelwe ekushintsheni amadrama. izigcawu, izingxoxo, ama-monologue ane-arias, amakhwaya, ama-ballet. Abaqambi baseRussia abakhulu (OA Kozlovsky, VA Pashkevich) nabaqambi base-Italy babambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwabo. Kuze kube ngekhulu le-19 eRussia kwakungekho ukwehlukana phakathi kwe-opera nedrama. amaqembu; ngokwengxenye ngenxa yalesi sizathu ngesikhathi kuzoqhubeka. isikhathi, izinhlobo ezixubile zazikhona lapha (i-opera-ballet, i-vaudeville, amahlaya anamakhwaya, idrama yomculo, idrama “emculweni”, i-melodrama, njll.). Kusho. indima emlandweni waseRussia. T.m. wadlala izinhlekelele namadrama "emculweni", okwakulungiselela kakhulu isiRashiya. i-opera yakudala ngekhulu le-19 Emculweni we-OA Kozlovsky, EI Fomin, SI Davydov kuya ezinhlekeleleni zasendulo. kanye nenganekwane. izindaba kanye Russian. amadrama okushisekela izwe ka-VA Ozerov, Ya. ama-opera wekhulu le-19 idrama ephezulu yobuqhawe. izinkinga, kwasungulwa amakhwaya amakhulu. kanye ne-instr. amafomu (amakhwaya, ama-overtures, izikhathi zokuphumula, ama-ballet); kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinjengamafomu okuphindaphinda, i-aria, ingoma asetshenzisiwe. Izici zesiRashiya. nat. izitayela zigqame ikakhulukazi kumakhwaya (ngokwesibonelo, kuNataliya Indodakazi kaBoyar kaSN Glinka ngomculo ka-AN Titov); uphawu. iziqephu ngokwesitayela zihambisana namasiko e-Viennese yakudala. esikoleni kanye ne-romanticism yakuqala.

Esitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu le-1 u-AN Verstovsky, owaklama cishe. 19 AMD prod. (ngokwesibonelo, umculo we-Pushkin's Gypsies odlalwa ngu-VA Karatygin, 15, we-Beaumarchais's The Marriage of Figaro, 1832) futhi wadala inani lama-cantatas ahleliwe kumasiko ekhulu le-1829. (ngokwesibonelo, “A Singer in the Camp of Russian Warriors” to lyrics by VA Zhukovsky, 18), AA Alyabyev (umculo wokudlala okumangalisayo kwe-AA Shakhovsky osuselwe kwekaShakespeare ethi The Tempest, 1827; “Rusalka” kaPushkin, 1827 ; i-melodrama ethi "Prisoner of the Caucasus" esekelwe embhalweni wenkondlo kaPushkin yegama elifanayo, 1838), u-AE Varlamov (isibonelo, umculo we-Shakespeare's Hamlet, 1828). Kodwa ikakhulukazi esitezi sokuqala. Umculo wekhulu le-1837 wakhethwa emikhiqizweni eyaziwa kakade. ababhali abahlukene futhi yasetshenziswa ekusebenzeni ngezinga elilinganiselwe. Isikhathi esisha ngesiRashiya. yaseshashalazini ngekhulu le-1 wavula MI Glinka ngomculo idrama by NV Kukolnik "Prince Kholmsky", eyabhalwa ngemva nje "Ivan Susanin" (19). Esikhathini esidlule kanye nezikhawu, okuqukethwe okungokomfanekiso kwezikhathi eziyinhloko zedrama, kuthuthukisa i-symphony. Izimiso ze-post-Beethoven tm Kukhona nemisebenzi emincane emi-19 kaGlinka yamadrama. yaseshashalazini - i-aria yesigqila esinekhwaya yedrama ethi "Moldavian Gypsy" kaBakhturin (1840), noma. Isingeniso kanye nekhwaya kaMyatlev "Tarantella" (3), imibhangqwana yamaNgisi yomdlalo othi "Bought Shot" nguVoikov (1836).

IsiRashiya. T.m. Isitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-19 ngokwezinga elikhulu elixhumene nedramaturgy ye-AN Ostrovsky. Isazi kanye nomqoqi wesiRashiya. nar. izingoma, u-Ostrovsky wayevame ukusebenzisa indlela yokulinganisa ngengoma. Imidlalo yakhe yayizwakala isiRashiya esidala. izingoma, izingoma ezidumile, imizekeliso, ezothando zonxiwankulu, izingoma zasefekthri nasejele, nokunye. – Umculo ka-PI Tchaikovsky we-The Snow Maiden (19), odalelwe ukudlalwa kwe-Bolshoi Theatre, lapho kwakuzohlanganiswa khona i-opera, i-ballet nedrama. amaqembu. Lokhu kungenxa yobuningi bomculo. iziqephu nokunotha kohlobo lwazo, okusondeza ukudlala ku-opera (isingeniso, izikhawu, isiqephu se-symphonic yesigcawu sasehlathini, amakhwaya, ama-melodrama, izingoma). Isakhiwo "senganekwane yasentwasahlobo" sasidinga ukubandakanyeka kwezinto zezingoma zomdabu (ukuhlala isikhathi eside, umdanso oyindilinga, izingoma zokudansa).

Amasiko ka-MI Glinka aqhutshekiselwa phambili ngu-MA Balakirev emculweni we-Shakespeare's King Lear (1859-1861, ukuguqulwa, ukuphumula, udwendwe, izingoma, ama-melodramas), uTchaikovsky - we-hamlet kaShakespeare (1891) nabanye. (umculo we-“Hamlet” uqukethe ukuguqulwa kohlelo olujwayelekile ngokwesiko le-lyrical-dramatic symphonism nezinombolo eziyi-16 - amaculo, izingoma zika-Ophelia, umdilizi wamathuna, imashi yomngcwabo, i-fanfare).

Kusukela emisebenzini yezinye isiRashiya. abaqambi bekhulu le-19 i-ballad ka-AS Dargomyzhsky kusukela emculweni kuya ku-"Catherine Howard" kaDumas père (1848) nezingoma zakhe ezimbili kusukela emculweni kuya ku-"The Schism in England" kaCalderon (1866), ed. izinombolo kusukela emculweni ka-AN Serov kuya "Ukufa kuka-Ivan the Terrible" ngu-AK Tolstoy (1867) kanye "Nero" kaGendre (1869), i-choir yabantu (indawo ethempelini) ngu-MP Mussorgsky kusukela enhlekeleleni USophocles "Oedipus Rex" (1858-61), umculo ka-EF Napravnik wamadrama. inkondlo ka-AK Tolstoy "Tsar Boris" (1898), umculo kaVas. S. Kalinnikov ekukhiqizeni okufanayo. UTolstoy (1898).

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19-20. kwe T.m. kube nezinguquko ezijulile. U-KS Stanislavsky wayengomunye wabokuqala ukuphakamisa, egameni lobuqotho bokusebenza, ukuthi sizivalele kuphela kumamyuziyamu aboniswe umbhali wemidlalo. izinombolo, zashukumisa i-orchestra ngemva kwesiteji, zafuna ukuba umqambi “ajwayelane” nombono womqondisi. Umculo wemidlalo yokuqala yalolu hlobo bekungoka-AS Arensky (izikhathi zokuphumula, ama-melodramas, amakhwaya e-Shakespeare ethi The Tempest at the Maly T-re, edlalwa ngu-AP Lensky, 1905), u-AK Glazunov (I-Masquerade kaLermontov) ngokuthunyelwe ngu-VE Meyerhold, Ngo-1917, ngaphezu kwemidanso, ama-pantomime, uthando lukaNina, iziqephu ze-symphonic zikaGlazunov, i-Glinka's Waltz-Fantasy kanye nothando lwakhe Ubusuku baseVenetian basetshenziswa. Ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20 The Death of Ivan the Terrible ka-Tolstoy kanye ne-The Snow Maiden ka-Ostrovsky ngomculo ka-AT Grechaninov, Ubusuku Beshumi Nambili bukaShakespeare ngomculo ka-AN Koreshchenko, u-Macbeth ka-Shakespeare kanye ne-Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish ngomculo ka-NN Cherepnin. Ubunye besinqumo somqondisi nomculo. ukusebenza kwe-Moscow Art Theatre ngomculo ka-IA Sats (umculo we-"Drama of Life" ka-Hamsun kanye ne-"Anatem" ka-Andreev, "The Blue Bird" ka-Maeterlinck, "Hamlet" kaShakespeare eposini. IsiNgisi siqondiswe ngu-G. Craig, njll.) behlukene ngomklamo.

Uma i-Moscow Art Theatre ikhawulela indima yomculo ngenxa yobuqotho bokusebenza, khona-ke abaqondisi abafana no-A. Ya. UTairov, KA Mardzhanishvili, PP Komissarzhevsky, VE Meyerhold, EB Vakhtangov bavikele umbono wemidlalo yeshashalazi yokwenziwa. U-Meyerhold ucabangele amaphuzu omqondisi wokudlala njengengoma eyakhiwe ngokuvumelana nemithetho yomculo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi umculo kufanele uzalwe kusukela ekusebenzeni futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo awulolonge, wayefuna i-contrapuntal. ukuhlanganiswa komculo nezinhlelo zasesiteji (okubandakanya uDD Shostakovich, V. Ya. Shebalin nabanye emsebenzini). Ekukhiqizweni kwe-The Death of Tentagil ka-Maeterlinck e-Studio Theatre e-Povarskaya (1905, eyakhiwe yi-IA Sats), u-Meyerhold wazama ukusekela wonke umsebenzi emculweni; "Maye emqondweni" (1928) esekelwe emdlalweni othi "Woe from Wit" kaGriboedov, wenza ngomculo kaJS Bach, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, J. Field, F. Schubert; kokuthunyelwe. Umdlalo ka-AM Fayko othi “Teacher Bubus” umculo (cishe u-40 fp. wemidlalo ka-F. Chopin no-F. Liszt) wawuzwakala ngokuqhubekayo, njengasesinema ethulile.

Okukhethekile kokwakhiwa komculo kwenani lemidlalo engama-20 - kusenesikhathi. Iminyaka engama-30 ehlotshaniswa nemvelo yokuhlola yezinqumo zabo zokuqondisa. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1921 uTairov wenza i-Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" e-Kamerny T-re ngendlela "yomdwebo wothando-obuhlungu" onobuffoonery obumangalisayo, umdlalo weshashalazi oqhakazile, osusa ingqondo. isipiliyoni; ngokuhambisana nalokhu, emculweni we-AN Aleksandrov wokudlala cishe kwakungekho lyric. line, isimo samahlaya samaski sasikhona. UDkt. isibonelo salolu hlobo umculo kaShostakovich weHamlet kaShakespeare e-T-re im. Isb. Vakhtangov kokuthunyelwe. U-NP Akimova (1932): umqondisi uguqule umdlalo “onedumela lokudabukisa nokungaqondakali” wawenza owenama, oweneme, onethemba. ukusebenza, lapho i-parody kanye ne-grotesque yanqoba, kwakungekho i-Phantom (u-Akimov wasusa lo mlingiswa), futhi esikhundleni sohlanya u-Ophelia kwakukhona u-Ophelia odakiwe. U-Shostakovich udale amaphuzu ezinombolo ezingaphezu kwezingu-60 - kusukela ezingxenyeni ezimfushane ezifakwe embhalweni kuya kuma-symphonies amakhulu. iziqephu. Iningi lazo imidlalo ye-parody (i-cancan, i-gallop ka-Ophelia ne-Polonius, i-tango yase-Argentina, i-philistine waltz), kodwa kukhona neminye ebuhlungu. iziqephu (“I-Musical Pantomime”, “Requiem”, “Mashi Womngcwabo”). Ngo 1929-31 Shostakovich wabhala umculo eziningana ukusebenza Leningrad. i-t-ra yentsha esebenzayo - "Shot" Bezymensky, "Rule, Britannia!" I-Piotrovsky, ukusebenza kwezinhlobonhlobo kanye nesekisi "Kubulawe Okwesikhashana" nguVoevodin noRyss eLeningrad. ihholo lomculo, ngokusikisela kukaMeyerhold, ku-Mayakovsky's Bedbug, kamuva eya ku-Human Comedy ka-Balzac ye-T-ra im. Isb. Vakhtangov (1934), ngomdlalo othi Salute, Spain! Afinogenov ngoba Leningrad. t-ra ngi. Pushkin (1936). Emculweni we-"King Lear" kaShakespeare (ethunyelwe ngu-GM Kozintsev, i-Leningrad. Idrama ye-Bolshoy. tr., 1941), u-Shostakovich ushiya i-parody yezinhlobo zansuku zonke ezitholakala emisebenzini yakhe yokuqala, futhi wembula emculweni incazelo yefilosofi yenhlekelele. umoya wezinkinga uphawu lwakhe. ubuqambi bale minyaka, budala umugqa we-symphony enqamulayo. ukuthuthukiswa ngaphakathi kwe-cores ngayinye emithathu. imikhakha engokomfanekiso yenhlekelele (Lear – Jester – Cordelia). Ngokuphambene nesiko, uShostakovich waqeda ukusebenza hhayi ngemashi yomngcwabo, kodwa ngendikimba yeCordelia.

Ngama-30s. ezine zeshashalazi. amaphuzu adalwe ngu-SS Prokofiev - "Egyptian Nights" yokudlala kukaTairov eChamber Theatre (1935), "Hamlet" yeTheatre-Studio ye-SE Radlov eLeningrad (1938), "Eugene Onegin" kanye "noBoris Godunov » I-Pushkin ye-Chamber Chamber (imikhiqizo emibili yokugcina ayizange yenziwe). Umculo we-“Egyptian Nights” (ukwakhiwa kwesiteji okusekelwe ezinhlekeleleni “uKhesari noCleopatra” ka-B. Shaw, “u-Antony noCleopatra” kaShakespeare kanye nenkondlo ethi “Egyptian Nights” kaPushkin) ihlanganisa isingeniso, izikhathi zokuphumula, ama-pantomime, ukuphindaphinda nge-orchestra, imidanso nezingoma ezinekhorasi. Lapho eklama lokhu kusebenza, umqambi wasebenzisa uDisemba. izindlela ze-symphonic. kanye ne-operaturgy dramaturgy - uhlelo lwe-leitmotifs, isimiso somuntu ngamunye kanye nokuphikiswa kokubola. imikhakha yezwi (iRoma - Egypt, Anthony - Cleopatra). Iminyaka eminingi esebenzisana nethiyetha Yu. A. Shaporin. Ngama-20-30s. inani elikhulu lemidlalo ngomculo wakhe lenziwa eLeningrad. t-rah (Idrama Enkulu, i-Academic t-re yedrama); ezithakazelisa kakhulu kuzo yilezi “Umshado kaFigaro” kaBeaumarchais (umqondisi nomculi u-AN Benois, 1926), “Izeze” kaZamyatin (ngemuva kuka-NS Leskov; dir. HP Monakhov, umdwebi u-BM Kustodiev, 1926), “Sir John Falstaff ” esekelwe kwethi “The Merry Wives of Windsor” kaShakespeare (dir. NP Akimov, 1927), kanye nenani leminye imidlalo kaShakespeare, edlalwa nguMoliere, AS Pushkin, G. Ibsen, B. Shaw, izikhova. ababhali bemidlalo ka-KA Trenev, VN Bill-Belo-Tserkovsky. Ngama-40s. U-Shaporin wabhala umculo wemidlalo yaseMoscow. Ukuhweba okuncane "Ivan the Terrible" ka-AK Tolstoy (1944) kanye "nobusuku beshumi nambili" nguShakespeare (1945). Phakathi kweshashalazi. imisebenzi yama-30s. umphakathi omkhulu. Umculo ka-TN Khrennikov womdlalo wamahlaya kaShakespeare Much Ado About Nothing (1936) waba nokuzwakalayo.

Emkhakheni we-T.m. kunemikhiqizo eminingi. idalwe ngu-AI Khachaturian; bathuthukisa amasiko e-conc. uphawu. T.m. (cishe imidlalo engama-20; phakathi kwayo – umculo wemidlalo yeshashalazi kaG. Sundukyan no-A. Paronyan, iMacbeth kaShakespeare kanye neKing Lear, iMasquerade kaLermontov).

Emidlalweni esekelwe emidlalweni yezikhova. ababhali bemidlalo ezindikimba zamanje. impilo, kanye nasemikhiqizweni yakudala. imidlalo yakha uhlobo olukhethekile lomculo. design, esekelwe ukusetshenziswa izikhova. mass, est. izingoma ze-lyric nezamahlaya, ama-ditties (“Umpheki” kaSofronov ngomculo ka-VA Mokrosov, “The Long Road” ka-Arbuzov ngomculo ka-VP Solovyov-Sedogo, “The Naked King” ka-Schwartz kanye “ne-Twelfth Night” ka-Shakespeare ngomculo ngu-ES Kolmanovsky nabanye); kweminye imidlalo, ikakhulukazi ekuqanjweni kweMosk. idrama ye-t-ra namahlaya ku-Taganka (eqondiswa u-Yu. P. Lyubimov), yayihlanganisa nezingoma zoguquko. neminyaka yezempi, izingoma zentsha ("izinsuku ezingu-10 ezanyakazisa umhlaba", "The Fallen and the Living", njll.). Emikhiqizweni eminingi yesimanje idonsa ngokubonakalayo emculweni, ngokwesibonelo. emdlalweni weLeningrad. t-ra ngi. I-Leningrad City Council (umqondisi we-IP Vladimirov) "The Taming of the Shrew" ngomculo ka-GI Gladkov, lapho abalingisi benza khona i-estr. izingoma (ezifana nomsebenzi nezingoma zetiyetha ka-B. Brecht), noma ethi The Chosen One of Fate eqondiswa ngu-S. Yu. I-Yursky (eyakhiwe ngu-S. Rosenzweig). On indima asebenzayo umculo in the dramaturgy of the okukhiqizwa ukusebenza esondela uhlobo zokwenziwa. I-Meyerhold Theatre (i-"Pugachev" enomculo ka-YM Butsko futhi ikakhulukazi "I-Master and Margarita" ka-MA Bulgakov ngomculo ka-EV Denisov e-Moscow Theatre of Drama and Comedy on Taganka, umqondisi u-Yu. P. Lyubimov). Enye ebaluleke kakhulu. imisebenzi – umculo ka-GV Sviridov wedrama ka-AK Tolstoy “Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich” (1973, Moscow. Maly Tr).

B. 70s. 20 c. esifundeni sase-T.m. много работали Yu. M. Butsko, VA Gavrilin, GI Gladkov, SA Gubaidulina, EV Denisov, KA Karaev, AP Petrov, NI Peiko, NN Sidelnikov, SM Slonimsky, ML Tariverdiev, AG Schnittke, RK Shchedrin, A. Ya. Eshpai et al.

References: Tairov A., eqondiswa uZaptsky, M., 1921; I-Dasmanov V., Umdlalo wokuklama womculo nomsindo, M., 1929; USatz NI, Umculo wasetiyetha wezingane, encwadini yakhe ethi: Our way. Ithiyetha Yezingane yaseMoscow…, eMoscow, 1932; I-Lacis A., i-Revolutionary Theatre yaseJalimane, eMoscow, ngo-1935; Ignatov S., yaseshashalazini yaseSpain yekhulu le-XVI-XVII, M.-L., 1939; I-Begak E., Ukuqanjwa komculo komdlalo, M., 1952; Glumov A., Umculo enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseRussia, eMoscow, ngo-1955; Druskin M., Umculo wetiyetha, eqoqweni: Izindatshana zomlando womculo waseRussia, L., 1956; UBersenev I., Umculo owenziwe ngendlela emangalisayo, encwadini yakhe: Izihloko eziqoqiwe, M., 1961; Brecht B., Theatre, vol. 5, M., 1965; B. Izrailevsky, Umculo Emidlalweni yaseMoscow Art Theatre, (eMoscow, 1965); Rappoport, L., Arthur Onegger, L., 1967; Meyerhold W., Isihloko. Incwadi.., ch. 2, M., 1968; Sats I., From notebooks, M., 1968; U-Weisbord M., FG Lorca - umculi, M., 1970; U-Milyutin P., Ukwakheka komculo kokusebenza okumangalisayo, L., 1975; Umculo kwiDramatic Theatre, Sat. st., L., 1976; Konen W., Purcell and Opera, M., 1978; Tarshis N., Umculo wokudlala, L., 1978; I-Barclay Squire W., umculo omangalisayo we-Purcell, 'SIMG', Jahrg. 5, 1903-04; Pedrell F., La musique indigine dans le thûvtre espagnol du XVII siîcle, tam je; Waldthausen E. von, Die Funktion der Musik im klassischen deutschen Schauspiel, Hdlb., 1921 (Diss.); I-Kre11 M., Das deutsche Theatre der Gegenwart, Münch. — Lpz., 1923; Wdtz R., Schauspielmusik zu Goethes «Faust», Lpz., 1924 (Diss.); Aber A., ​​​​Die Musik im Schauspiel, Lpz., 1926; Riemer O., Musik und Schauspiel, Z., 1946; Gassner J., Udidiyela umdlalo, NY, 1953; I-Manifold JS, Umculo osedrama yesiNgisi kusukela eShakespeare kuya ePurcell, L., 1956; Settle R., Umculo wasetiyetha, L., 1957; Sternfeld FW, Musio enhlekeleleni kaShakespearean, L., 1963; Cowling JH, Umculo osesiteji seShakespearean, NY, 1964.

TB Baranova