Ukusebenza kwepiyano: umlando omfushane wenkinga

Umlando wokudlala umculo okhokhelwayo waqala ngalezo zinsuku lapho ucezu lokuqala lomculo olubhalwe phansi kumanothi luvela. Ukusebenza kuwumphumela womsebenzi wezindlela ezimbili zomqambi, oveza imicabango yakhe ngomculo, kanye nomculi, oletha indalo yombhali ekuphileni.

Inqubo yokwenza umculo igcwele izimfihlo nezimfihlakalo. Kunoma yikuphi ukuhumusha komculo, ukuthambekela okubili kubangane futhi kuyaqhudelana: isifiso sokukhuluma okumsulwa komqondo womqambi kanye nesifiso sokuziveza okuphelele komdlali we-virtuoso. Ukunqoba kokuthambekela okukodwa kuholela ngokungenakuvinjelwa ekunqotshweni kwakho kokubili - indida enjalo!

Ake sithathe uhambo oluhehayo emlandweni wokusebenza kwepiyano nepiyano futhi sizame ukulandelela ukuthi umbhali nomculi bahlanganyele kanjani ezikhathini nasemakhulwini eminyaka.

Ikhulu le-XVII-XVIII: I-Baroque kanye ne-classicism yokuqala

Ngezikhathi zika-Bach, Scarlatti, Couperin, kanye ne-Handel, ubudlelwano phakathi komculi nomqambi babucishe bubhalwe ngokubambisana. Umculi ubenenkululeko engenamkhawulo. Umbhalo womculo ungengezwa ngazo zonke izinhlobo zama-melismas, ama-fermatas, nokuhluka. I-harpsichord enezincwadi ezimbili yasetshenziswa ngokungenasihawu. Iphimbo lemigqa ye-bass nomculo kwashintshwa ngendlela ofisa ngayo. Ukuphakamisa noma ukwehlisa lokhu noma leyo ngxenye nge-octave kwakuyinto evamile.

Abaqambi, bethembele ebuhleni bomhumushi, abazange bazihluphe ngisho nokuqamba. Ngemva kokusayina nge-bass yedijithali, baphathisa ukuqamba entandweni yomculi. Isiko le-prelude yamahhala lisahlala kuma-echoes kuma-virtuoso cadenzas wamakhonsathi wakudala wezinsimbi zomculo eziyedwa. Ubudlelwano obunjalo obukhululekile phakathi komqambi nomculi kuze kube namuhla bushiya imfihlakalo yomculo we-Baroque ingaxazululeki.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18

Impumelelo ekusebenzeni kwepiyano kwaba ukubukeka kwepiyano enkulu. Ngokufika “kwenkosi yazo zonke izinsimbi,” inkathi yesitayela se-virtuoso yaqala.

L. Beethoven waletha wonke amandla namandla obuhlakani bakhe ethuluzini. Ama-sonatas womqambi angu-32 ayinguquko yangempela yopiyano. Uma uMozart noHaydn besazwa izinsimbi zomculo we-orchestra nama-operatic coloratura opiyano, khona-ke u-Beethoven wezwa upiyano. KwakunguBeethoven owayefuna iPiyano yakhe izwakale ngendlela uBeethoven ayefuna ngayo. Ama-nuances nama-shades ashukumisayo avele kumanothi, amakwe ngesandla sombhali.

Ngawo-1820, kwase kuqhamuke umthala wabadlali, abafana no-F. Kalkbrenner, D. Steibelt, okwathi, lapho edlala upiyano, bazisa ubuhle, ukushaqisa, kanye nokuthanda imizwelo ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye. Ukuhlengezela kwazo zonke izinhlobo zemiphumela yezinsimbi, ngokombono wabo, kwakuyinto eyinhloko. Ukuze bazibonise, imiqhudelwano yama-virtuosos yahlelwa. F. Liszt wababiza ngokufanelekile abadlali abanjalo ngokuthi “ubuzalwane babadlali bepiyano.”

Ikhulu le-19 lezothando

Ngekhulu le-19, ubuhle obungenalutho bavula indlela yokuziveza kwezothando. Abaqambi nabadlali ngesikhathi esifanayo: Schumann, Chopin, Mendelssohn, Liszt, Berlioz, Grieg, Saint-Saens, Brahms - baletha umculo ezingeni elisha. Upiyano lwaba yindlela yokuvuma umphefumulo. Imizwa evezwa ngomculo yaqoshwa ngokuningiliziwe, ngokucophelela nangokuzinikela. Imizwa enjalo yaqala ukudinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela. Umbhalo womculo usucishe waba yindawo engcwele.

Kancane kancane, kwavela ubuciko bokufunda umbhalo womculo wombhali kanye nobuciko bokuhlela amanothi. Abaqambi abaningi bakubheka njengomsebenzi nendaba ehloniphekile ukuhlela imisebenzi yezihlakaniphi zasendulo. Kwakungenxa kaF. Mendelssohn ukuthi umhlaba ufunde igama lika-JS Bach.

Ikhulu lama-20 liyikhulu lempumelelo enkulu

Ekhulwini lama-20, abaqambi baphendulele inqubo yokucula ekukhulekeleni okungangabazeki kombhalo womculo kanye nenjongo yomqambi. U-Ravel, u-Stravinsky, uMedtner, u-Debussy akagcini nje ngokunyathelisa ngokuningiliziwe noma yikuphi okuncane kumaphuzu, kodwa futhi washicilela izitatimende ezisongelayo emaphephandabeni mayelana nabadlali abangenangqondo abahlanekezela amanothi amakhulu ombhali. Nabo-ke, abaculi bagomela ngokucasuka ukuthi ukuhumusha akukwazi ukuphenduka into engavamile, lobu ubuciko!

Umlando wokusebenza kwepiyano uye wabhekana kakhulu, kodwa amagama afana no-S. Richter, K. Igumnov, G. Ginzburg, G. Neuhaus, M. Yudina, L. Oborin, M. Pletnev, D. Matsuev nabanye baye bafakazela nge ubuhlakani babo obuphakathi Angeke kube khona ukuncintisana phakathi komqambi nomqambi. Bobabili bakhonza into efanayo - Umculo Wakhe Wobukhosi.