Isikhathi |

ital. tempo, kusukela lat. tempus - isikhathi

Isivinini sokwembula indwangu yomculo yomsebenzi ohlelweni lokusebenza noma ukwethulwa ngokuzwa kwangaphakathi; kunqunywa inani lamafrakshini e-metric ayisisekelo adlulayo ngesikhathi seyunithi ngayinye. Ekuqaleni lat. igama elithi tempus, njengesiGreki. xronos (chronos), kwakusho inkathi yesikhathi enqunyiwe. amanani. NgeNkathi Ephakathi. emculweni we-mensural, tempus ubude besikhathi se-brevis, esingalingana no-3 noma 2 semibrevis. Esimweni sokuqala "T." yayibizwa ngokuthi iphelele (i-perfectum), kweyesi-1 - engaphelele (im-perfectum). Lezi "T." okufana nemibono yakamuva yamasignesha ayinqaba kanye nesikhathi; ngakho-ke isiNgisi. isikhathi setemu, esichaza usayizi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kophawu C lwendoda, okubonisa ukungapheleli u-“T.”, ukukhombisa ubukhulu obulinganayo obuvamile. Esimisweni sewashi esathatha indawo yesigqi se- mensural, T. (i-Italian tempo, tempo yesiFulentshi) ekuqaleni yayiyinhloko. ukushaya kwewashi, ngokuvamile ikota (semiminima) noma uhhafu (okuncane); 2-beat isilinganiso ngesi-French esibizwa. i-mesure kanye nama-2 temps "linganisa ku-2 tempos". T. yaqondwa, ngakho-ke, njengobude besikhathi, inani layo elinquma isivinini sokunyakaza (i-Italian movimento, ukunyakaza kwesiFulentshi). Kudluliselwe kwezinye izilimi (ikakhulukazi isiJalimane), isiNtaliyane. igama elithi tempo laqala ukusho ngokuqondile ukuthi i-movimento, futhi incazelo efanayo yanikezwa ngesiRashiya. igama elithi “T.” Incazelo entsha (ehlobene nendala, njengomqondo wokuvama kokuzwakala komsindo nomqondo wobukhulu benkathi) ayishintshi incazelo yezinkulumo ezinjengethi L'istesso tempo (“u-T ofanayo.”) , I-Tempo I (“buyela ku-T wokuqala.” ), I-Tempo precedente (“buyela ku-T yangaphambilini.”), I-Tempo di Menuetto, njll. Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, esikhundleni se-tempo, ungabeka i-movimento. Kodwa ukukhombisa ukushesha okuphindwe kabili kwe-T., igama elithi doppio movimento liyadingeka, njengoba i-doppio tempo ingasho kabili ubude besikhathi besigqi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, iphindwe kabili njengo-T ehamba kancane.

Ukushintsha incazelo yegama elithi “T.” sibonisa isimo sengqondo esisha ngesikhathi emculweni, isici sesigqi sewashi, esathatha indawo yayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16-17. mensural: imibono mayelana nobude besikhathi ishintsha imibono ngesivinini. Ubude besikhathi nezilinganiso zabo zilahlekelwa incazelo futhi ziba nezinguquko ngenxa yokuvezwa kwemizwa. Kakade u-K. Monteverdi usehlukanisile ne-“T. izandla” (“… tempo de la mano”) “T. ukuthonya umphefumulo” (“tempo del affetto del animo”); ingxenye edinga indlela enjalo yashicilelwa ngendlela yamaphuzu, ngokungafani nezinye izingxenye ezinyatheliswe ngokosiko lwe-otd. amazwi (incwadi yesi-8 yama-madrigals, 1638), ngakho-ke, ukuhlotshaniswa kwe-“expressive” T. nokucabanga okusha kwe-vertical-chord kubonakala ngokucacile. Oh express. ababhali abaningi bale nkathi (J. Frescobaldi, M. Pretorius, nabanye) babhala ngokuchezuka ku-T.; bheka i-Tempo rubato. T. ngaphandle kokuphambuka okunjalo kusigqi sewashi akuyona into evamile, kodwa kuyicala elikhethekile, ngokuvamile elidinga okukhethekile. izinkomba (“ben misurato”, “streng im ZeitmaYa”, njll.; kakade u-F. Couperin ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 usebenzisa inkomba ethi “mesurй”). Ukunemba kwezibalo akucatshangelwa ngisho nalapho “i-tempo” ikhonjisiwe (cf. “kumlingisi wokuphindaphinda, kodwa ku-tempo” ku-symphony ka-Beethoven yesi-9; “a tempo, ma libero” – “Nights in the gardens of Spain” ngo. M. de Falla). "Okuvamile" kufanele kuqashelwe njenge-T., okuvumela ukuchezuka kuthiyori. ubude besikhathi samanothi ngaphakathi kwezindawo ezithile (HA Garbuzov; bheka Indawo); nokho, lapho umculo othinta imizwa ngokwengeziwe, kulapho le mingcele yephulwa kalula khona. Ngesitayela sokusebenza kwezothando, njengoba izilinganiso zibonisa, i-on-beat ingase yeqe ubude besikhathi sokulandelayo (lobo budlelwano obuyindida buyaphawulwa, ikakhulukazi, ekusebenzeni komsebenzi ka-AN Scriabin), nakuba zingekho izinkomba zezinguquko ku-T. kumanothi, futhi abalaleli ngokuvamile abawaboni. Lokhu kuchezuka okungabonakali okukhonjiswe umbhali akuhlukani ngobukhulu, kodwa ngokubaluleka okungokwengqondo. umqondo: azilandeli emculweni, kodwa zinqunywe yikho.

Kokubili ukwephulwa kokufana okukhonjiswe kumanothi nalawo angabonisiwe kuwo kuncisha iyunithi ye-tempo ("isikhathi sokubala", i-German Zdhlzeit, i-tempo encazelweni yasekuqaleni) yevelu eqhubekayo futhi isivumele ukuthi sikhulume kuphela ngenani layo eliphakathi. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu kuqokwa kwe-metronomic okuthi uma uthi nhlá kunqume ubude besikhathi samanothi, empeleni abonisa ukuvama kwawo: inombolo enkulu (= 100 uma kuqhathaniswa = 80) ikhombisa ubude besikhathi esifushane. Ku-metronomic igama ngokuyisisekelo linani lamabhithi ngesikhathi seyunithi, hhayi ukulingana kwezikhawu phakathi kwawo. Abaqambi abaphendukela ku-metronome bavame ukuqaphela ukuthi abadingi umshini. ukufana kwe-metronome. L. Beethoven kumetronomic yakhe yokuqala. inkomba (iculo elithi “Inyakatho noma INingizimu”) yaphawula: “Lokhu kusebenza ezilinganisweni zokuqala kuphela, ngoba umuzwa unesilinganiso sawo, esingenakuvezwa ngokugcwele ngaleli gama.”

“T. kuthinte ”(noma“ imizwa ka-T. ”) kucekele phansi incazelo etholakala ohlelweni lokuguga. ubude besikhathi samanothi (i-integer valor, engashintshwa ngezilinganiso). Lokhu kwabangela isidingo sokuqokwa ngamazwi T. Ekuqaleni, babengahlobene kakhulu nesivinini mayelana nemvelo yomculo, "ukuthinta", futhi babeyivelakancane (njengoba uhlobo lomculo lwaluqondakala ngaphandle kweziyalezo ezikhethekile). Zonke ikhulu le-R. 18 lichaziwe. ubudlelwano phakathi kwamagama nesivinini, kukalwa (njengasemculweni wokuya esikhathini) ngokushaya kwenhliziyo evamile (cishe amabhithi angama-80 ngomzuzu). Iziyalezo zika-I. Quantz kanye nabanye osolwazi bangahunyushwa ku-metronomic. inothi elilandelayo. indlela:

Indawo emaphakathi ithathwe i-allegro ne-andante:

Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 lezi zilinganiso zamagama T. kanye nesivinini sokunyakaza kwakungasagcinwa. Bekunesidingo semitha yejubane enembe kakhudlwana, eyaphendulwa i-metronome eyaklanywa ngu-IN Meltsel (1816). Inani elikhulu le-metronomic L. Beethoven, KM Weber, G. Berlioz, nabanye banikeze imiyalelo (njengesiqondiso esijwayelekile ku-T.). Le miyalo, njengezincazelo ze-Quantz, ayibhekiseli kokuyinhloko njalo. iyunithi ye-tempo: ku-ambulensi T. i-akhawunti bh ihamba nobude besikhathi eside ( esikhundleni ku-C, esikhundleni sika-в ), kwezinensayo - ezincane ( и esikhundleni ku-C, esikhundleni salokho в ). Emculweni wakudala ku-slow T. kusho ukuthi umuntu kufanele abale futhi aqhube ngo-4, hhayi ngo-8 (isibonelo, ingxenye yokuqala ye-sonata yepiyano, op. 1 No 27 kanye nesingeniso se-symphony yesi-2 kaBeethoven). Esikhathini se-post-Beethoven, ukuchezuka okunjalo kwe-akhawunti kusuka kokuyinhloko. amasheya e-metric abonakala engasebenzi, futhi ukuqokwa kulezi zimo kuyaphela (i-Berlioz esethulweni se-“Fantastic Symphony” kanye no-Schumann ku-“Symphonic Etudes” yepiyano esikhundleni sokwangempela ajwayelene nayo). Imiyalo ye-Metronomic Beethoven mayelana (kufaka phakathi osayizi abanjengo-4/3), njalo inquma hhayi okuyinhloko. isabelo semethrikhi (iyunithi ye-tempo), kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwayo (iyunithi yokubala). Kamuva, ukuqonda kwezinkomba ezinjalo kwalahleka, futhi enye i-T., eboniswe u-Beethoven, yaqala ukubonakala ishesha kakhulu (isibonelo, = 8 ekuhambeni kwe-120 ye-symphony ye-2, lapho i-T. kufanele imelwe njenge. = 1) .

Ukuhlobana kwamagama T. ngesivinini ekhulwini le-19. zikude nokungacaci okucatshangwa yi-Quantz. Ngegama elifanayo T. metric esindayo. ukwabelana (isb. uma kuqhathaniswa no) kudinga isivinini esincane (kodwa hhayi kabili; singacabanga ukuthi = 80 cishe ihambelana = 120). Igama elithi T. libonisa, ngakho-ke, hhayi kakhulu ngesivinini, kodwa "ebuningini bokunyakaza" - umkhiqizo wejubane nesisindo (inani le-2nd factor liyakhula emculweni wothando, lapho kungekona nje kuphela amanothi kanye nesigamu amanothi. njengamayunithi e-tempo , kodwa namanye amanani omculo). Imvelo ye-T. ayincikile kuphela kokuyinhloko. ishayela, kodwa futhi kusukela ku-intralobar pulsation (ukudala uhlobo "lwe-tempo overtones"), ubukhulu besigqi, njll. I-Metronomic. isivinini siphenduka esinye sezici eziningi ezidala i-T., inani layo elingaphansi, umculo othinta imizwa. Bonke abaqambi bekhulu le-R. 19 baphendukela ku-metronome izikhathi ezimbalwa kunaseminyakeni yokuqala ngemva kokusungulwa kuka-Mälzel. Izinkomba ze-Chopin's metronomic zitholakala kuphela ekuqaleni. 27 (nasemisebenzini yobusha eshicilelwe ngemuva kokushona nge-op. 67 futhi ngaphandle kwe-op.). UWagner wenqaba le miyalo eqala ngoLohengrin. F. Liszt kanye nami. Brahms cishe abakaze bawasebenzise. Ngokuvumelana. Ikhulu le-19, ngokusobala njengokusabela ukwenza. ukuzenzela, lezi zinkomba ziphinde ziba njalo. U-PI Tchaikovsky, ongazange asebenzise i-metronome ekuqambeni kwakhe kwasekuqaleni, umaka ngokucophelela i-tempos ngayo ezingomeni zakhe zakamuva. Inani labaqambi bekhulu lama-20, ikakhulukazi. isiqondiso se-neoclassical, izincazelo ze-metronomic T. zivame ukubusa phezu kwalezo ezikhulunywayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi zisuse ngokuphelele (bheka, isibonelo, i-Stravinsky's Agon).

References: I-Skrebkov SS, Enye idatha ye-agogics yokusebenza komlobi we-Scriabin, encwadini: AN Skryabin. Ngosuku lwama-25 lokufa kwakhe, uM.-L., 1940; I-Garbuzov NA, Indawo yemvelo ye-tempo nesigqi, M., 1950; Nazaikinsky EV, On the tempo musical, M., 1965; eyakhe, On the psychology of musical perception, M., 1972; Harlap MG, Rhythm of Beethoven, encwadini: Beethoven, Sat. st., udaba. 1, M., 1971; eyakhe, Iwashi uhlelo lwesigqi somculo, encwadini: Izinkinga zesigqi somculo, Sat. Art., M., 1978; Ukuqhuba ukusebenza. Prakthiza, umlando, aesthetics. (Umhleli-umdidiyeli L. Ginzburg), M., 1975; Quantz JJ, Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversiere zu spielen, V., 1752, 1789, facsimile. yanyatheliswa kabusha, Kassel-Basel, 1953; Berlioz H., Le chef d'orchestre, théorie de son art, P., 1856 .2-1972); I-Weingartner PF, i-Uber das Dirigieren, V., 510 (ukuhumusha kwesiRashiya - Weingartner F., Mayelana nokuqhuba, L., 524); Badura-Skoda E. und P., Mozart-Interpretation, Lpz., 1896).

MG Harlap