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kusuka ku-lat. temperatio - isilinganiso esifanele, ukulingana

Ukuqondanisa ubudlelwano bezikhawu phakathi kwezinyathelo zesistimu yephimbo emculweni. oda. T. isici sezigaba ezilandelayo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-museum ngayinye. amasistimu: ukufaka esikhundleni sezinhlelo "zemvelo" (isibonelo, iPythagorean, ihlanzekile, isb e. ngokusekelwe ezinkathini ezivela esikalini semvelo), izikali zokwenziwa, ezithambile ziyafika - azilingani futhi zifana T. (12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, 53-speed, njll.). Isidingo se-T. kuvela maqondana nezidingo zamamuse. ukuzwa, ngokuthuthukiswa komculo we-sound-altitude. izinhlelo, izindlela zomculo. ukuzwakalisa, ngokufika kwezinhlobo ezintsha nezinhlobo zezinhlobo futhi, ekugcineni, nokuthuthukiswa komculo. amathuluzi. Ngakho, kuDkt. I-Greece, ifuna ukucushwa okuphelele kwe-tetrachord, u-Aristoxenus wahlongoza ukuhlukanisa ilitha ibe izingxenye ezilinganayo ezingu-60 kanye nezimbili b. imizuzwana (a – g, g – f) khetha amasheya angama-24, bese kuthi m. imizuzwana (f – e) – 12; empeleni iseduze kakhulu nesimanje. 12-isivinini umfaniswano T. Ukusesha okujulile kakhulu endaweni ye-T. ngekhulu le-16-18. e. ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwe-homophonic-harmonic. ishede, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezinkulu zomculo. ukukhiqizwa, ukwakheka kohlelo oluphelele lwezikhiye ezincane. Ku-Pythagorean esetshenziswe ngaphambilini kanye namashunishi ahlanzekile (cf. Stroy) kwakukhona umehluko omncane wokuphakama phakathi kwe-enharmonic. imisindo (cf. I-Enharmonism), ayizange ihambelane ngokuphakama, isibonelo, imisindo yakhe no-c, dis no-es. Lo mehluko ubalulekile ukuveza. ukusebenza komculo, kodwa kwaphazamisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-tonal ne-harmonic. izinhlelo; bekudingeka ukuthi udizayine izinsimbi ezinokhiye abayishumi nambili nge-octave ngayinye, noma ukuyeka ukushintshela kokhiye abakude. Okokuqala, u-T. abaculi bazama ukugcina ukubaluleka kwe-b. okwesithathu kuyafana nokushuna okuhlanzekile (I-Temperament A. Shlika, P. I-Arona, i-midtone T. kanye nokunye); ngenxa yalokhu, ubukhulu bengxenye yesihlanu bushintshe kancane. Nokho, i-dep. okwesihlanu kuzwakale kuphambene kakhulu (okungukuthi, uMnu. impisi yesihlanu). Kwezinye izimo, isb. phakathi nezwi T., b. ingxenye yesithathu yokushuna okuhlanzekile yahlukaniswa yaba amathoni amabili aphelele anosayizi ofanayo. Futhi kwenze kwaba nzima ukusebenzisa zonke izikhiye. A. Werkmeister kanye nami. I-Neidhardt (con. 17 - cela. 18 centuries) ilahliwe b. ingxenye yesithathu ye-oda elihlanzekile futhi yaqala ukuhlukanisa ukhefana wePythagorean phakathi kokubola. okwesihlanu. Ngakho-ke, bacishe basondela kumfaniswano wamajubane angu-12 T. Ekushuneni okulinganayo kwezinyathelo eziyi-12, konke okwesihlanu okumsulwa kuyancishiswa uma kuqhathaniswa nesesihlanu esikalini semvelo ngo-1/12 wekhoma ye-Pythagorean (cishe amasenti angu-2, noma u-1/100 wethoni yonke); uhlelo lwavalwa, i-octave yahlukaniswa yaba ama-semitone angu-12 alinganayo, zonke izikhawu zegama elifanayo zafana ngosayizi. Kulolu hlelo, ungasebenzisa zonke izihluthulelo nama-chords of decomp kakhulu. izakhiwo, ngaphandle kokwephula izinkambiso ezimisiwe zokubona izikhawu futhi ngaphandle kokwenza inkimbinkimbi ukwakheka kwezinsimbi ezinephimbo elingashintshi lemisindo (njenge-ogani, i-clavier, ihabhu). Esinye sezibalo zokuqala ezinembe kakhulu ze-12-speed T. kukhiqizwa ngu-M. Mersenne (ngekhulu le-17); ithebula lokunyakaza elihambisana nesiyingi sesihlanu ngokubuyela endaweni yokuqala lafakwa ku-“Grammar Yomculo” ka-N. UDiletsky (1677). Okuhlangenwe nakho kokuqala okukhanyayo kobuciko. ukusetshenziswa kwesistimu epholile kwenziwa ngu-I. C. Bach (The Well-Tempered Clavier, ch. I-1, 1722). 12-isivinini T. ihlala iyisixazululo esingcono kakhulu senkinga yesistimu. Lokhu T. udale izimo zokuthuthuka okujulile kwe-modal modal. izinhlelo ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20. Lapho becula futhi bedlala izinsimbi ezinephimbo elingaguquki, abaculi basebenzisa okuthiwa. Mr. uhlelo lwendawo, maqondana nesistimu ye-Krom tempered yicala elikhethekile. Ngokulandelayo, u-T. futhi kuthinta ukwakheka kwendawo, kunquma amanani amaphakathi wezindawo zesinyathelo. Ithuthukiswe ngu-N. A. Garbuzov theory. umqondo wemvelo yendawo yokuzwa kwephimbo (bona. Zone) yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlonza i-psychophysiological. isisekelo se-12-speed T. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waqiniseka ukuthi lesi simiso ngeke silunge. Ngenhloso yokunqoba iphimbo. ukungalungi kwe-12-speed T. ama-tunings athuthukiswe ngenani elikhulu lezinyathelo ezithambile nge-octave ngayinye. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu kubo ukuhluka kwesistimu enezinyathelo ezingu-53 ku-octave, ehlongozwa ngu-N. UMercator (wekhulu le-18), Sh. UTanaka kanye noR. I-Bosanquet (ngekhulu le-19); ikuvumela ukuthi ukhiqize kabusha ngokunembile izikhawu ze-Pythagorean, ihlanzekile futhi i-12-step-temperature tunings elinganayo.

Ngekhulu lama-20 izivivinyo zokudala i-diff. ongakhetha T. uqhubeke. E-Czechoslovakia ngeminyaka yama-20s u-A. Khaba wathuthukisa ithoni engu-1/4, ithoni engu-1/3, ithoni engu-1/6 kanye nezinhlelo zethoni engu-1/12. Ku-Sov. I-Union ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-AM Avraamov no-GM Rimsky-Korsakov benza izivivinyo ngesistimu yethoni yekota; AS Ogolevets uhlongoze 17- kanye 29-step T. (1941), PP Baranovsky futhi EE Yutsevich - 21-step (1956), EA Murzin - 72-step uhlelo T. 1960).

References: I-Khaba A., isisekelo se-Harmonic sohlelo lwe-quartone-tone, "To new shores", 1923, No 3, Shtein R., Quarter-tone music, ibid., Rimsky-Korsakov GM, Ukuxhaswa kwesistimu yomculo wekota, ku: De musa. Ukukhishwa kwe-Vremnik komlando kanye nethiyori yomculo, vol. 1, L., 1925; Ogolevets AS, Okuyisisekelo kolimi lwe-harmonic, M., 1941; yakhe, Isingeniso sokucabanga komculo wesimanje, M., 1946; I-Garbuzov NA, ukuzwa kwezwi le-Intrazonal nezindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwayo, M. - L, 1951; I-Acoustic yomculo, u-ed. HA Garbuzova, M., 1954; Baranovsky PP, Yutsevich EE, Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Pitch yesistimu ye-melodic yamahhala, K., 1956; Sherman NS, Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu ye-temperament efanayo, M., 1964; I-Pereverzev NK, Izinkinga zezwi lomculo, M., 1966; Riemann H., Katechismus der Akustik, Lpz., 1891, 1921

Yu. N. Amagwababa