I-Tenor |

ital. tenor, kusukela lat. i-tensor - ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo, ukunyakaza okufanayo, ukungezwani kwezwi, ukusuka ku-teneo - ngqo, bamba (umzila); I-French tenor, i-teneur, i-taille, i-haute contra, isiJalimane. tenor, isiNgisi tenor

Igama elingaqondakali, elaziwa kakade ngeNkathi Ephakathi futhi isikhathi eside lingenayo incazelo eqinisekisiwe: incazelo yalo ngokwengxenye iqondana nezincazelo zamagama athi tonus (iphimbo elihubo, imodi yesonto, ithoni yonke), i-modus, i-tropus (uhlelo, imodi. ), i-accentus (i-accentus, ingcindezi, ukuphakamisa izwi) iphinde ibonise ubude bokuphefumula noma ubude besikhathi somsindo, phakathi kwama-theorists ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi - ngezinye izikhathi i-ambitus (ivolumu) yemodi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amanani alandelayo anqunywa ngokunembe kakhudlwana.

1) Eculweni likaGregory, u-T. (kamuva owaphinde wabizwa ngokuthi i-tuba (2), i-corda (i-French corda, i-Spanish cuerda)) iyafana ne-repercussion (2), okungukuthi, omunye wemisindo ebaluleke kakhulu yokucula, ehambisana okubusayo nokuchazayo kanye neziphetho. umsindo (i-finalis, efana nesimo se-tonic) ukuhlotshaniswa kwemodi yomculo (bona izindlela zeNkathi Ephakathi). Ekuwohlokeni. izinhlobo zamahubo namahubo aseduze nawo T. ukhonza ch. ithoni yokuphindaphinda (umsindo, lapho kushiwo khona ingxenye ebalulekile yombhalo).

2) NgeNkathi Ephakathi. umculo we-polygonal (cishe ngekhulu le-12-16) igama leqembu, lapho kushiwo khona ingoma ehamba phambili (cantus firmus). Lo mculo usebenze njengesisekelo, isiqalo esixhumanisayo semigomo eminingi. izingoma. Ekuqaleni, leli gama kulo mqondo lalisetshenziswa ngokuphathelene nohlobo lwe-treble (1) - izinhlobonhlobo ezikhethekile, ezilinganiselwe ngokuqinile ze-organum (ezinhlotsheni zakuqala ze-organum, indima efana ne-T. yadlalwa ngu-vox principalis - the izwi elikhulu); T. yenza imisebenzi efanayo kwamanye amapholigoni. izinhlobo: motte, mass, ballad, njll. Emagolini amabili. izingoma T. kwakuyizwi eliphansi. Ngokungezwa kwe-countertenor bassus (i-counterpoint ngezwi eliphansi), u-T. waba elinye lamazwi aphakathi; phezu kwe-T. kungabekwa i-countertenor altus. Kwezinye izinhlobo, izwi elitholakala ngenhla kwe-T. lalinegama elihlukile: i-motetus ku-motet, i-superius kwisigatshana; amazwi aphezulu ayebuye abizwe ngokuthi i-duplum, triplum, quadruplum noma – discantus (bona iTreble (2)), kamuva – soprano.

Ngekhulu le-15 igama elithi "T." ngezinye izikhathi zinwetshwa ku-countertenor; umqondo we "T." kwabanye ababhali (ngokwesibonelo, i-Glarean) ihlangana nomqondo we-cantus firmus kanye nendikimba ngokujwayelekile (njengomculo onekhanda elilodwa ocutshungulwe ekuqanjweni okunamakhanda amaningi); e-Italy ngekhulu le-15 nele-16. igama elithi "T." kusetshenziswe kumculo osekelayo womdanso, owabekwa ezwini eliphakathi, indawo ephikisayo eyakha izwi eliphezulu (i-superius) nephansi (i-countertenor).

G. de Macho. UKyrie waseMisa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphawula okuphakamisa ukusetshenziswa ku-Op. c.-l. iculo elaziwayo elinikezwe ngo-T. (German Tenorlied, Tenormesse, Italian messa su tenore, French messe sur tenor).

3) Igama lekhwaya noma ingxenye ehlangene ehloselwe ukwenziwa kuka-T. (4). Ku-polygon harmonic noma i-polyphonic. indawo yokugcina impahla, lapho ikhwaya ithathwa njengesampula. isethulo (isibonelo, emisebenzini yokufundisa yokuvumelana, i-polyphony), – izwi (1), elitholakala phakathi kwe-bass ne-alto.

4) Izwi eliphakeme lowesilisa (4), igama lalo elivela ekusebenzeni kwakhe okuvelele ku-polygonal yokuqala. umculo wephathi T. (2). Ububanzi be-T. ezingxenyeni eziyedwa ngu-c – c2, ku-choral c – a1. Imisindo ekwivolumu esuka ku-f ukuya ku-f1 iyirejista ephakathi, imisindo engezansi kuka-f ikurejista engezansi, imisindo engaphezu kuka-f1 ikurejista ephezulu nangaphezulu. Umqondo webanga le-T. awuzange uhlale ungashintshiwe: ngekhulu le-15-16. T. ekuwohlokeni. amacala, yahunyushwa ngokuthi iseduze ne-viola, noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, ilele esifundeni se-baritone (i-tenorino, i-quanti-tenore); ngekhulu le-17 umthamo ovamile we-T. wawungaphakathi kuka-h – g 1. Kuze kube muva nje, izingxenye ze-T. zazilotshwe kukhiye we-tenor (isibonelo, ingxenye kaSigmund ku-Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung; intokazi” nguTchaikovsky. ), ekwayeni endala. amaphuzu avame ukuba yi-alto ne-baritone; ephathini yesimanje yokushicilelwa T. ephawulwe ngevayolini. key, okusho ukuguqulwa phansi kwe-octave (ephinde ichazwe

or

). Indima engokomfanekiso nesemantic ka-T. yashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ku-oratorio (uSamsoni ka-Handel) kanye nomculo ongcwele wasendulo, isiko elivumelekile enkathini eyalandela yokutolika ingxenye ye-tenor eyedwa njenge-narrative-dramatic (The Evangelist in Passions) noma i-sublime (u-Benedictus ovela ku-Bach's mass ku-h-moll, iziqephu ezihlukene ku-“ I-All-Night Vigil" kaRachmaninov, ingxenye ephakathi "Canticum sacrum" kaStravinsky). Njengama-opera ase-Italy ekhulwini le-17 izindima ze-tenor ezijwayelekile zamaqhawe nabathandi abasha zanqunywa; ethize ivela ngemva kwesikhashana. ingxenye ye-T.-buffa. Ochungechungeni lwe-opera lwamakhosikazi. amazwi namaphimbo ama-castrati athatha indawo yamazwi wesilisa, futhi uT. waphathiswa izindima ezincane kuphela. Ngokuphambene, ngendlela ehlukile yentando yeningi umlingisi we-opera buffa, izingxenye ze-tenor ezithuthukisiwe (omculo wamahlaya kanye namahlaya) ziyingxenye ebalulekile ehlanganisayo. Ekuhunyushweni kwe-T. kuma-operas wekhulu le-18-19. wathonywa u-WA ​​Mozart ("Don Giovanni" - ingxenye kaDon Ottavio, "Wonke umuntu uyakwenza" - Ferrando, "The Magic Flute" - Tamino). I-Opera ngekhulu le-19 yakha izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamaphathi we-tenor: i-lyric. T. (Italian tenore di grazia) ihlukaniswa nge-timbre ekhanyayo, irejista eqinile ephezulu (ngezinye izikhathi ifinyelela ku-d2), ukukhanya nokuhamba (Almaviva kwekaRossini ethi The Barber of Seville; Lensky); idrama. T. (i-Italian tenore di forza) ibonakala ngombala we-baritone namandla amakhulu okuzwakala ngebanga elincane (Jose, Herman); emdlalweni we-lyric. T. (Italian mezzo-carattere) ihlanganisa izimfanelo zazo zombili izinhlobo ngezindlela ezahlukene (Othello, Lohengrin). Izinhlobonhlobo ezikhethekile ziyisici T.; igama kungenxa yokuthi livame ukusetshenziswa ezindimeni zabalingiswa (trike). Lapho unquma ukuthi izwi lomculi elohlobo oluthile noma olunye, amasiko okucula esizwe esithile abalulekile. izikole; yebo, ngesiNtaliyane. abaculi umehluko phakathi kwamagama. kanye nedram. T. isihlobo, ivezwe ngokucacile kuyo. i-opera (ngokwesibonelo, i-Max engahlaliseki ku-The Free Shooter kanye ne-Sigmund enganyakazi ku-The Valkyrie); emculweni waseRussia uhlobo olukhethekile lwedrama ye-lyric. T. enerejista ephezulu ejahwayo kanye nokulethwa okuqinile okuzwakalayo okuvela ku-Ivan Susanin ka-Glinka (incazelo yombhali ka-Sobinin – “umlingiswa oqhelile” idlulela ngokwemvelo ekubonakaleni kwephimbo lephathi). Ukubaluleka okukhulayo kwesiqalo esimibalabala kumculo we-opera. 19 - cela. Ikhulu lama-20, ukuhlangana kwe-opera nedrama. imidlalo yaseshashalazini kanye nokuqiniswa kwendima yokuphindaphinda (ikakhulukazi kuma-opera ekhulu lama-20) kuthinte ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi ezikhethekile ze-tenor. Okunjalo, isibonelo, ukufinyelela ku-e2 futhi kuzwakala njenge-falsetto T.-altino (I-Astrologer). Ukushintsha ukugcizelela ukusuka ku-cantilena kuye kokuveza. ukuphinyiselwa kwegama kubonisa lokho okuqondile. Izindima ezifana no-Yurodivy noShuisky ku-Boris Godunov, u-Alexei ku-Gambler kanye neNkosana ku-Prokofiev's Love for Three Oranges, nezinye.

Umlando wecala uhlanganisa amagama abadlali abaningi abavelele T.. E-Italy, uG. Rubini, G. Mario wajabulela udumo olukhulu, ekhulwini lama-20. – E. Caruso, B. Gigli, M. Del Monaco, G. Di Stefano, phakathi kwakhe. abaculi be-opera (ikakhulukazi, abadlali bemisebenzi kaWagner) bagqama isiCzech. umculi JA Tikhachek, German. abaculi uW. Windgassen, L. Zuthaus; phakathi kwamaRussia nezikhova. abaculi-T. - NN Figner, IA Alchevsky, DA Smirnov, LV Sobinov, IV Ershov, NK Pechkovsky, GM Nelepp, S. Ya. Lemeshev, I S. Kozlovsky.

5) Umoya wethusi obanzi. insimbi (i-Italian Flicorno tenore, i-French saxhorn tynor, i-German Tenorhorn). Ibhekisela kumathuluzi okudlulisa, enziwe ngo-B, ingxenye ye-T. ibhalwe ku-b. akukho okungaphezu komsindo wangempela. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-valve emithathu, inesilinganiso esigcwele se-chromatic, ububanzi bangempela ngu-E - h1. NgoLwesithathu nangaphezulu. Amarejista T abonakala ngomsindo opholile futhi ogcwele; Amakhono we-melodic T. ahlanganiswe nezobuchwepheshe. ukuhamba. T. yaqala ukusetshenziswa phakathi. Ikhulu le-19 (bh imiklamo ka-A. Saks). Kanye nezinye izinsimbi zomculo we-saxhorn—i-cornet, i-baritone, ne-bass—i-T. yakha isisekelo somoya. i-orchestra, lapho, kuye ngokubunjwa, iqembu le-T. lihlukaniswe libe yi-2 (ngethusi elincane, ngezinye izikhathi lixubene elincane) noma 3 (ezingxenyeni ezincane ezixubile nezinkulu); 1st T. ngesikhathi esifanayo inomsebenzi womholi, melodic. amazwi, 2nd kanye 3rd ahambisana, amazwi ahambisana. I-T. noma i-baritone ivamise ukuphathiswa i-lead melodic. izwi kumashi amathathu. Izingxenye ezithintekayo ze-T. zitholakala ku-Symphony No. 19 kaMyaskovsky. Ithuluzi elihlobene eduze yi-Wagner horn (tenor) tuba (1).

6) Ukucacisa incazelo ekuwohlokeni kwesihloko. izinsimbi zomculo, ezibonisa izimfanelo ze-tenor zomsindo nobubanzi bazo (ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zomndeni ofanayo); isibonelo: i-saxophone-T., i-tenor trombone, i-domra-T., i-tenor viola (ebizwa nangokuthi i-viola da gamba ne-taille), njll.

Izincwadi: 4) uTimokhin V., abaculi baseNtaliyane Abavelele, uM., 1962; yakhe, Masters of vocal art of the XX century, no. 1, M., 1974; Lvov M., Kusukela emlandweni wobuciko bezwi, M., 1964; bakhe, abaculi baseRussia, M., 1965; Rogal-Levitsky Dm., i-Modern orchestra, vol. 2, M., 1953; Gubarev I., Iqembu leBrass, M., 1963; Chulaki M., Izinsimbi ze-symphony orchestra, M.-L., 1950, M., 1972.

TS Kyuregyan

Izwi eliphezulu lowesilisa. Ibanga eliyinhloko ukusuka kuya encane ku kuya i-octave yokuqala (ngezikhathi ezithile kufika ku ре noma nangaphambili F eBellini). Kukhona izindima zama-lyric kanye nama-dramatic tenors. Izindima ezijwayelekile kakhulu ze-lyric tenor yi-Nemorino, Faust, Lensky; phakathi kwezingxenye ze-tenor emangalisayo, siphawula izindima zikaManrico, Othello, Calaf nabanye.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside ku-opera, i-tenor yayisetshenziswa kuphela ezindimeni zesibili. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-18 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ama-castrati ayebusa esiteji. Kuphela emsebenzini kaMozart, kwase kuba eRossini, lapho amazwi e-tenor athatha indawo ehamba phambili (ikakhulukazi emidlalweni ye-buffa).

Phakathi kwabaculi abavelele kakhulu bekhulu lama-20 yiCaruso, Gigli, Björling, Del Monaco, Pavarotti, Domingo, Sobinov nabanye. Bheka futhi i-countertenor.

E. Tsodokov