UJenene-in-Chief

I-German Generalbas, isiNtaliyane. basso generale, lit. - i-bass iyonke

Izwi lebhesi elinezinombolo ezikhombisa ongwaqa kumazwi aphezulu. Amagama kaDkt.: I-basso yesi-Italian i-continuo thorough-bass, ngokusebenzisa-bass - ibhesi eqhubekayo. Naz. namabhesi edijithali (i-Italian basso numerato, French basse chiffrée, bezifferter BaYa yesiJalimane). Amanye amagama amadala angavamile isiNtaliyane. i-basso seguente, i-basso per l'organo, i-basso prinzipale, i-partitura d'organo. Ngegama elithi “G.-b.” umkhuba wokuqopha okuhambisana ne-melodic uxhunyiwe. amazwi ngendlela ye-G.-b., futhi enze. zijwayeze ukudlala i-digital bass ku-organ kanye ne-harpsichord. Isikhathi sika-G. sokusabalalisa - kungaba. (1600-1750) ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi “inkathi ye-H.-B.” amasampula G. zitholakala ku-C. Monteverdi, G. Schutz, A. Corelli, A. Scarlatti, JS Bach, GF Handel, J. Pergolesi, J. Haydn nabanye.

Igama G.-b. izimfundiso ezindala mayelana nokwakhiwa nokuxhumanisa amachords nazo zagqokwa (zihambisana ngokwengxenye nezimfundiso zakuqala zokuvumelana; yingakho ukuhlonza kwazo okwake kwafana).

G.-b. njengendlela yokurekhodwa okufushanisiwe kwe-polyphony kwavela e-Italy ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16. ekusebenzeni kwe-organ kanye ne-harpsichord ehambisanayo. Umsuka kanye nokuqala kokusabalalisa G.-b. ehambisana nokukhula okusheshayo kwe-homophony eYurophu. umculo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16-17, onendima evelele kuwo wokwenza ngcono nokuhlobisa. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 leminyaka yokuqanjwa kwe-polyphonic ye-polyphonic yayikopishwa futhi yaphrintwa hhayi ngendlela yamaphuzu, kodwa kuphela ngesimo sezingxenye zomnyango. ukwenza amazwi (abaqambi be-polyphonic baze bafihla inqwaba yezingoma zabo ukuze bagcine izimfihlo zesu labo lokwephula umthetho liyimfihlo). Ukuze unqobe ukuphazamiseka okuvela kulokhu lapho ufunda futhi wenza imikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbi, ital. bandmasters kanye nama-ogani ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16. waqala ukusebenzisa umbhalo ofushanisiwe we-eseyi. Ingqikithi yale nqubo entsha yayiwukuthi ngesikhathi ngasinye lapho kuzwakala umsindo ophansi kakhulu wamazwi ahambisana nawo (ama-bass) aqoshiwe, futhi imisindo esele yala mazwi yayirekhodwa ngezinombolo ezibonisa isikhathi esivela kumabhesi. Lokho. kuvele indlela entsha yokubhala okufana ne-homophonic: i-bass eqhubekayo (ngokungafani nezwi eliphansi le-polyphonic eliphazanyiswe ukumiswa okwesikhashana) enamachodi ngaphezulu kwayo. Indlela efanayo yasetshenziswa ekuhleleni amapholigoni. izingoma zelute noma zezwi elilodwa elihambisana nelute (umkhuba wokucula elinye lamazwi eqoqo le-polyphonic kanye nokwenza amazwi asele ezinsimbini sekusetshenziswe isikhathi eside). Ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-17 umqhubi we-opera (owayevame futhi umqambi) walungiselela umdlalo, ebhala ngesisekelo sika-G.-b. inani lamavoti elidingekayo elisuselwa kubasebenzi abenzayo. Ukusebenza kokuhambisana ngokusho kuka-G.-b. ku-ogani kanye ne-harpsichord kwakuhlanganisa izici zokuthuthukiswa okusekelwe kulokhu kuvumelana.

Ngaphambilini nje G.-b. yasetshenziswa “Kumakhonsathi Esonto” (“Concerti ecclesiastici”) ka-A. Banchieri (1595) kanye “Nokumelwa Komphefumulo Nomzimba” (“La rappresentazione di Anima e di Corpo”) ka-E. Cavalieri (Spanish 1600). Ukusetshenziswa okungaguquki kwe-G. - kungaba. ithola ku-L. Viadana's “100 Church Concerts” (“Cento concerti ecclesiastici…”) (1602), okwase kuyisikhathi eside kubhekwa njengomsunguli we-H.-b. Esethulweni salo msebenzi, uViadana ukhuluma ngezizathu ezimenze wasebenzisa i-G.-b.; imithetho yokwenza amadijithi nokwenza ngokuvumelana ne-G.-b. nazo ziyachazwa lapho. Izinkomba ezinjalo ziqukethwe nasemisebenzini ka-A. Bankieri (“L' organo suonarino”, 1607), A. Agazzari (“Sacrae cantiones”, 1608), M. Pretorius (“Syntagma musicum”, III, 1619; Faksimile- Nachdruck, Kassel -Basel-L.-NY, 1958).

Njengendlela yokuqamba i-G.-b. ukubonakaliswa okucacile kwe-harmonic ye-homophonic. izinhlamvu, kodwa njengesistimu yokubhala inombhalo we-polyphonic. umqondo wokuma mpo - ukuqonda iphimbo njengenhlanganisela yezikhawu. Izindlela zokuphawula ama-chords: ukungabi khona kwezinombolo (nezinye izinkomba) kusho i-diatonic. umthathu; wonke ama-harmonies angaphansi kokufakwa kwedijithali, ngaphandle kwe-diatonic. abathathu; inombolo 6 - iculo lesithupha,

- ikota-sextakcord; izinombolo

- i-diatonic. iculo lesikhombisa nezikhalo zalo; 9 - non-chord. Okwesithathu ngokuvamile akumakwa; uphawu lwengozi (olubukhali, i-becar, flat) olungenayo inombolo lubhekisela kweyesithathu; uphawu lwengozi eduze kwenombolo lusho i-chromatic. ukuguqulwa komsindo ongaphezulu wesikhawu esihambelanayo (kusuka ku-bass). Ukwanda kwe-Chromatic nakho kuboniswa ngokuwela inombolo noma uphawu + ngemuva kwayo - ukwanda kwesithupha, 4+ - ukwanda kwesine). Imisindo engeyona i-chord iphinde ikhonjiswe ngezinombolo ezisuka ku-bass (4 - i-triad enokubambezeleka ukwehla kuye kweyesithathu,

- ukuboshwa kathathu kwekota, okwesikhombisa kanye no-nona ngesinqumo sakhe). Izinkomba ze-tasto solo ("ukhiye owodwa", abbr. ts) zichaza ukusebenza kwebhesi eyodwa, ngaphandle kwama-chords. Ekuqaleni. Umkhuba wekhulu le-17 G. - b. ngokushesha sasakazekela eYurophu. amazwe. Bonke abahleli bomculo kanye nabaphathi bebhendi kwakudingeka bafunde amakhono okudlala nokwenza ngcono ngokusho kuka-G.-b. Isingeniso G.-b. ekuqaleni yayinencazelo enhle. Ngaphansi kokubusa kwama-chords alula kanye nokwelashwa okuqinile kwama-dissonances, i-G.-b. kwenze kube lula ukufunda nokusebenzisa izingoma eziyinkimbinkimbi.

JS Bach. I-Sonata yama-Violin angu-2 kanye ne-Digitised Bass, ukunyakaza III. Okwangempela.

Okufanayo, kuchazwe ngu-L. Landshoff.

Ngokwenza isicelo sika-G. - kungaba. kwavela futhi kwaqinisa amagama. ukuqokwa kwezingoma eziyinhloko, ezivame ukwenzeka - iculo lesithupha, i-quarter-sextakchord, iculo lesikhombisa (ngakho-ke kuwumkhuba ukweqa i-triad notation eyayisetshenziswa kaningi: Ngaleso sikhathi, nokho, lokhu akuzange kube nokubaluleka okubalulekile. Njengoba amasu e-harmonic athuthukisiwe futhi acwengisiswa kahle, amagama amasha edijithali (amasiginesha) ayanda kakhulu futhi afakwa empilweni yansuku zonke. I. Mattheson (1711) uletha inombolo yabo ku-12.

Njengoba imfundiso yokuvumelana yayikhula, kwatholakala izindlela ezinembe kakhudlwana zokuqamba amagama. Muses. zijwayeze ukwenza ser. Ikhulu le-18 layeka ukudluliselwa okucishe kuhambisane nenhloso yombhali futhi lehlisa indima yokwenza ngcono. G.-b. wayeka ukusetshenziswa, nakuba isikhathi eside egcinwe ku-pedagogical. ukuzijwayeza njengesiyalo sezemfundo esigxilisa amakhono okwenza umculo we-baroque, futhi njengokuzivocavoca ngokuvumelana. Imihlahlandlela eya ku-G. – b. zakhiwe ngu-FE Bach (1752), FV Marpurg (1755), IF Kirnberger (1781), DG Türk (1791), AE Koron (1801), F. Zh. Fetis (1824), Z. Dehn (1840), E. Richter (1860), S. Jadasson (1883), X. Riemann (1889) nabanye. NgesiRashiya. ulimi oluhunyushwe ngokuthi “Umhlahlandlela omfushane Wokufunda kwe-G.-B.” O. Kolbe (1864).

Okwamanje Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinsalela zemfundiso ka-G.-B., ezithathwe imfundiso yokuzwana, zitholakala ezindleleni zokwenza ama-chords edijithali asetshenziswe ezincwadini eziningi zokufunda. Uhlobo lwemvuselelo eyingxenye yomkhuba we-G.-b. ibonwa ku-jazz kanye ne-light estra eduze kwayo. umculo. Izimfuneko zalokhu ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza, ukuhlotshaniswa kweqembu elihambisanayo (isiginci, upiyano) nezinsimbi ezishaywayo, ukuthungwa okujwayelekile kokuhambisanayo. Ngokuvamile ukuqoshwa kwengoma kuwukwethulwa komculo, i-harmonica. i-bass enedijithali neyisisekelo. ama-counterpoints; ukuthungwa kwamagama aphakathi nendawo kubhalwe ngendlela elula, umhleli kanye nomenzi banikezwa ithuba lokuyishintsha ngokubona kwabo. Ama-chords aphawulwe ngokuhlukile.

K. Velebny. Kusukela encwadini ethi Jazz Practice.

Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu yokubhala ukuqoka okuyinhloko. amathoni okucula (C - umsindo C, C — sis, E – es, njll.), uhlobo lukanxantathu (G – triad G-dur, Gm – g-moll, G + – unxantathu okhulisiwe), ekuqokweni kwedijithali kwemisindo engezwe kunxantathu (

- c-es-gad chord,

– face-es-gis-hd, njll.); ingqondo. ingoma yesikhombisa - E dim, njll. Amaculo engxenyeni yepiyano. kuphawulwe kwenye yezinketho zokusebenzisa idijithali: B i-maj7 (ichord enkulu yesikhombisa) – bdfa chord, Emi7 (min. seventh chord) – eghd, E 7 – es-gb-des, G+ – gh-es (cf. amadijithi anamachords etrombone). Lokhu kuqokwa kuveza ingqikithi ye-G.-b.; ayidlulisi ukuthi i-gh-es chord kufanele iphawulwe njengokuguquguquka kwe-uv. izintathu ezivela ku-es, hhayi i-SW. kathathu kusuka ku-g. G.-b. kwaba usizo futhi namanje. kusho kumculi, “umculo. shorthand” esikhundleni sethiyori yesayensi.

References: U-Kelner D., Imfundiso yeqiniso ekuqanjweni kwe-bass general…, M., 1791; Czerny K., Letters … noma Umhlahlandlela ocwaningweni lokudlala upiyano …, St. Petersburg, 1842; Ivanov-Boretsky M., Umfundi womculo nomlando vol. 1-3, M., 1928, ebukeziwe. ed., cha. 1-2, M., 1933-1936.

Yu. N. Kholopov