Isaac Albéniz |

U-Isaac albeniz

Umuzwa womculo osezingeni eliphezulu nongavamile wase-Albeniz ungafaniswa nenkomishi egcwele iwayini elihlanzekile, elifudunyezwa ilanga laseMedithera. F. Pedrel

Igama lika-I. Albeniz alihlukaniseki endleleni entsha yomculo waseSpain i-Renacimiento, eyavela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-10-6. Umgqugquzeli walenhlangano kwakunguF. Pedrel, owakhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwesiko lesizwe saseSpain. U-Albéniz no-E. Granados badale izibonelo zokuqala zasendulo zomculo omusha we-Spanish, futhi umsebenzi ka-M. de Falla waba yingqophamlando yalo mkhuba. I-Renacimiento yamukele yonke impilo yobuciko yezwe. Bekukhona ababhali, izimbongi, abaculi: R. Valle-Inklan, X. Jimenez, A. Machado, R. Pidal, M. Unamuno. U-Albéniz wazalwa ngamakhilomitha angu-1868 ukusuka emngceleni waseFrance. Amakhono omculo ayingqayizivele amvumela ukuba enze nodadewabo omdala uClementine ekhonsathini yomphakathi e-Barcelona eneminyaka emine. Kwakuvela kudadewabo lapho umfana ethola khona ulwazi lokuqala ngomculo. Lapho eneminyaka engu-XNUMX, u-Albeniz, ephelezelwa umama wakhe, waya eParis, lapho athatha khona izifundo zepiyano kuProfesa A. Marmontel. Ngo-XNUMX, ingoma yokuqala yomculi osemusha, ethi "Military March" yepiyano, yashicilelwa eMadrid.

Ngo-1869, umndeni wathuthela eMadrid, futhi umfana wangena e-conservatory ekilasini likaM. Mendisabal. Lapho eneminyaka engu-10, u-Albeniz ubaleka ekhaya efuna uhambo. E-Cadiz, uboshiwe futhi wathunyelwa kubazali bakhe, kodwa u-Albeniz uyakwazi ukugibela umkhumbi obheke eNingizimu Melika. E-Buenos Aires, uphila impilo egcwele ubunzima, kuze kube yilapho omunye wakubo emhlelela amakhonsathi amaningana e-Argentina, e-Uruguay naseBrazil.

Ngemva kokuvakashela eCuba nase-USA, lapho u-Albeniz, ukuze angabulawa yindlala, esebenza echwebeni, le nsizwa ifika eLeipzig, lapho ifunda khona e-conservatory ekilasini lika-S. Jadasson (ukuqanjwa) kanye ne ikilasi lika-K. Reinecke (upiyano). Ngokuzayo, wathuthuka e-Brussels Conservatory - enye ehamba phambili eYurophu, epiyano no-L. Brassin, futhi ekubunjweni noF. Gevaart.

Ithonya elikhulu ku-Albeniz kwaba umhlangano wakhe noF. Liszt eBudapest, lapho umculi waseSpain wafika khona. U-Liszt wavuma ukuhola u-Albeniz, futhi lokhu kukodwa kwakuwukuhlola okuphezulu kwethalenta lakhe. Ngama-80s - ekuqaleni kwawo-90s. U-Albeniz uhola umsebenzi wekhonsathi osebenzayo futhi ophumelelayo, izinkambo emazweni amaningi aseYurophu (eJalimane, eNgilandi, eFrance) naseMelika (eMexico, eCuba). Upiyano lwakhe olukhaliphile luheha abantu besikhathi samanje ngobuhlakani babo kanye nobubanzi be-virtuoso. Abezindaba baseSpain bambiza ngazwi linye ngokuthi "iRubinstein yaseSpain". “Eqamba ezakhe izingoma, u-Albéniz wayekhumbuza uRubinstein,” kubhala uPedrel.

Kusukela ngo-1894, umqambi wayehlala eParis, lapho athuthukisa khona ukuqamba kwakhe nabaqambi abadumile baseFrance njengoP. Dukas no-V. d'Andy. Uthuthukisa othintana nabo abaseduze no-C. Debussy, ubuntu bakhe bokudala baba nomthelela omkhulu ku-Albeniz, umculo wakhe weminyaka yamuva. Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, u-Albéniz wahola inhlangano ye-Renacimiento, eqaphela izimiso zobuhle zikaPedrel emsebenzini wakhe. Imisebenzi engcono kakhulu yomqambi iyizibonelo zezwe langempela futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo isitayela sangempela. U-Albeniz uphendukela ezinhlotsheni zengoma nomdanso ezidumile (malagena, sevillana), ephinda emculweni izici eziyisici zezifunda ezahlukahlukene zaseSpain. Umculo wakhe wonke ugcwele amazwi esintu nenkulumo.

Efaleni lomqambi omkhulu we-Albeniz (ama-comic and lyric operas, i-zarzuela, isebenzela i-orchestra, amazwi), umculo wepiyano ubaluleke kakhulu. Isikhalo kumlando womculo waseSpain, lezi "igolide zobuciko bomdabu", ngokusho komqambi, zaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwakhe kokudala. Ezingomeni zakhe zepiyano, u-Albéniz usebenzisa kakhulu izici zomculo wesintu, ezihlanganisa nezindlela zesimanje zokubhala umqambi. Ekuthunjweni kwepiyano, ungakwazi ukuzwa umsindo wezinsimbi zomdabu - ithamborini, amapayipi e-bagpipe, ikakhulukazi iziginci. Esebenzisa isigqi sengoma nomdanso wezinhlobo ze-Castile, Aragon, Basque Country futhi ikakhulukazi i-Andalusia, u-Albeniz akavamile ukuzibophezela ekucaphuneni okuqondile kwezindikimba zomdabu. Izingoma zakhe ezihamba phambili: "Spanish Suite", suite "Spain" op. 165, umjikelezo "amashuni aseSpain" op. 232, umjikelezo wezingcezu ezingu-12 "Iberia" (1905-07) - izibonelo zomculo ochwepheshe wendlela entsha, lapho isisekelo sikazwelonke sihlanganiswa ngokuphumelelayo nempumelelo yobuciko bomculo wesimanje.

V. Ilyeva

U-Isaac Albeniz wayephila ngokuvunguza, engalingani, nawo wonke umfutho wentshiseko ayezinikele emsebenzini wakhe awuthandayo. Ubuntwana bakhe nobusha bakhe bufana nenoveli yokuzijabulisa ethokozisayo. Kusukela eneminyaka emine, u-Albeniz waqala ukufunda ukudlala upiyano. Bazama ukumabela eParis, base beya eMadrid Conservatory. Kodwa lapho eneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye, umfana uyabaleka ekhaya, ayocula emakhonsathini. Uyiswa ekhaya aphinde abaleke, kulokhu ayiswe eNingizimu Melika. Ngaleso sikhathi u-Albéniz wayeneminyaka eyishumi nambili; waqhubeka nokudlala. Iminyaka elandelayo idlula ngokungalingani: ngamazinga ahlukahlukene empumelelo, u-Albeniz wadlala emadolobheni aseMelika, eNgilandi, eJalimane naseSpain. Phakathi nohambo lwakhe, wathatha izifundo zethiyori yokuqamba (kuCarl Reinecke, Solomon Jadasson eLeipzig, evela kuFrancois Gevaart eBrussels).

Umhlangano no-Liszt ngo-1878 - u-Albeniz wayeneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili ubudala - wawunquma ngekusasa lakhe. Kwaphela iminyaka emibili ehamba noLiszt yonke indawo, eba umfundi wakhe oseduze kakhulu.

Ukuxhumana no-Liszt kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ku-Albeniz, hhayi kuphela ngokomculo, kodwa ngokubanzi - amasiko jikelele, ukuziphatha. Ufunda kakhulu (ababhali bakhe abathandayo nguTurgenev noZola), andisa ama-horizons akhe obuciko. U-Liszt, owazisa kakhulu ukubonakaliswa kwesimiso kazwelonke emculweni ngakho-ke wanikeza ukusekelwa okunjalo kokuziphatha okuvulekile kubaqambi baseRussia (kusuka eGlinka kuya ku-Mighty Handful), kanye no-Smetana, noGrieg, uvusa isimo sezwe sethalente lika-Albeniz. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, kanye nomdlali wopiyano, naye uzinikela ekuqambeni.

Ngemva kokuzenza kahle ngaphansi kuka-Liszt, u-Albéniz waba umdlali wopiyano ngezinga elikhulu. Usuku oludumile lwekhonsathi yakhe luwela eminyakeni ye-1880-1893. Ngalesi sikhathi, esuka e-Barcelona, ​​​​lapho ayehlala khona ngaphambili, u-Albeniz wathuthela eFrance. Ngo-1893, u-Albeniz wagula kakhulu, futhi kamuva ukugula kwamlalisa. Washona eneminyaka engamashumi amane nesishiyagalolunye.

Ifa lokudala lika-Albéniz likhulu - liqukethe izingoma ezingaba ngamakhulu amahlanu, okungaba amakhulu amathathu kuzo ezepianoforte; phakathi kwazo zonke ezinye - ama-opera, imisebenzi ye-symphonic, ezothando, njll. Ngokwenani lobuciko, ifa lakhe alilingani kakhulu. Lo mculi omkhulu, oqondile ngokomzwelo wayengenawo umuzwa wokuzithiba. Wabhala kalula nangokushesha, njengokungathi uyathuthukisa, kodwa wayengakwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukugqamisa okubalulekile, alahle okungadingekile, futhi anqotshwe amathonya ahlukahlukene.

Ngakho-ke, emisebenzini yakhe yokuqala - ngaphansi kwethonya le-castisism - kuningi okukha phezulu, i-salon. Lezi zici ngezinye izikhathi zalondolozwa emibhalweni yakamuva. Futhi nasi esinye isibonelo: ngawo-90, ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwakhe kokudala, ebhekene nobunzima obukhulu bezezimali, u-Albeniz wavuma ukubhala ama-opera amaningi ayethunywe indoda ecebile yaseNgilandi eyabahlanganisela i-libretto; Ngokwemvelo, lawa ma-opera awazange aphumelele. Ekugcineni, eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, u-Albéniz wathonywa ababhali abathile baseFrance (ngaphezu kwakho konke, umngane wakhe, uPaul Duc).

Futhi nokho emisebenzini engcono kakhulu ye-Albéniz - futhi miningi yayo! - ubuntu bakhe buzwelonke buzwakala kakhulu. Kwabonakala ngokucacile ekusesheni kokuqala kombhali osemusha - ngeminyaka yama-80s, okungukuthi, nangaphambi kokushicilelwa kwe-manifesto ka-Pedrel.

Imisebenzi engcono kakhulu ye-Albéniz yileyo ebonisa ingxenye yesizwe yezingoma nemidanso, umbala nokuma kwezwe lase-Spain. Lezi, ngaphandle kwemisebenzi embalwa ye-orchestra, izingcezu zepiyano ezinikezwe amagama ezifunda, izifundazwe, amadolobha kanye nemizana yezwe lomqambi. (I-zarzuela ka-Albéniz ehamba phambili, u-Pepita Jiménez (1896), kufanele futhi kukhulunywe ngayo. U-Pedrel (Celestina, 1905), futhi kamuva no-de Falla (Impilo Emfishane, 1913) wabhala kulolu hlobo ngaphambi kwakhe.). Anjalo amaqoqo "amashuni aseSpain", "Izicucu zesici", "Imidanso yaseSpain" noma amasudi "iSpain", "Iberia" (igama lasendulo laseSpain), "Catalonia". Phakathi kwamagama emidlalo edumile esihlangana nayo: “Cordoba”, “Granada”, “Seville”, “Navarra”, “Malaga”, njll. U-Albeniz uphinde wanikeza imidlalo yakhe izihloko zokudansa (“Seguidilla”, “Malaguena”, “Polo” nokunye).

Okuphelele kakhulu futhi okuguquguqukayo emsebenzini ka-Albeniz kuthuthukise isitayela sase-Andalusi se-flamenco. Izingcezu zomqambi zihlanganisa izici ezivamile zomculo, isigqi, nokuvumelana okuchazwe ngenhla. Umculi womculo ophanayo, unikeze izici zomculo wakhe ezithandekayo:

Kumaculo, ukujika kwasempumalanga kuvame ukusetshenziswa:

Ephinda kabili amazwi ngohlelo olubanzi, u-Albeniz udale kabusha uhlamvu lomsindo wezinsimbi zomculo zomdabu:

Wawudlulisela kahle umsuka womsindo wesiginci kupiyano:

Uma siphawula futhi ingokomoya lobunkondlo lesethulo kanye nesitayela esilandisayo esijabulisayo (esihlobene noSchumann noGrieg), kuyacaca ukubaluleka okukhulu okufanele kwabelwe u-Albeniz emlandweni womculo waseSpain.

M. Druskin

Uhlu olufushane lwezingoma:

Ipiyano iyasebenza Amashuni eSpanishi (izingcezu ezi-5) "iSpain" (6 "Amashidi e-Albhamu") I-Spanish suite (izingcezu eziyi-8) Izingcezu zezimpawu (izingcezu eziyi-12) Imidanso yesi-6 yaseSpain Izindlu zasendulo nezesibili (izingcezu eziyi-10) "Iberia", suite (izingcezu eziyi-12 kwezine izincwadi zokubhalela)

Imisebenzi ye-orchestra "Catalonia", suite

Ama-opera nama-zarzuelas “Magic Opal” (1893) “Saint Anthony” (1894) “Henry Clifford” (1895) “Pepita Jimenez” (1896) The King Arthur trilogy (Merlin, Lancelot, Ginevra, last unfinished) (1897-1906)

Izingoma nezothando (cishe 15)