Leoš Janáček |

Leoš Janicek

U-L. Janicek uthatha umlando womculo wesi-Czech wekhulu lama-XX. indawo efanayo yokuhlonishwa njengasekhulwini lesi-XNUMX. – abantu bakubo B. Smetana kanye A. Dvorak. Kwakulaba baqambi bezwe abakhulu, abadali bezingoma zakudala zaseCzech, abaletha ubuciko balaba bantu bomculo abaningi esiteji somhlaba. Isazi somculo sase-Czech u-J. Sheda sadweba lesi sithombe esilandelayo sika-Janáček, njengoba ayelokhu esenkumbulweni yabantu bakubo: “…Ukushisa, ukucasuka, okunezimiso, okubukhali, ukungabi nangqondo, nokushintshashintsha kwemizwa okungalindelekile. Wayemncane ngomzimba, eyisigqiki, enekhanda eligqamile, enezinwele eziwugqinsi ezilele ekhanda zakhe ziyimicu engahlelekile, enamashiya ashwabene namehlo acwebezelayo. Ayikho imizamo yobuhle, akukho lutho lwangaphandle. Wayegcwele ukuphila futhi enenkani. Unjalo umculo wakhe: onegazi eligcwele, omfushane, oguquguqukayo, njengokuphila ngokwako, onempilo, ovusa inkanuko, oshisayo, ohehayo.”

U-Janáček wayengowesizukulwane esasihlala ezweni elicindezelwe (okwase kuyisikhathi eside lincike eMbusweni Wase-Austria) ngesikhathi sokusabela, ngemva nje kokucindezelwa kwenguquko yenkululeko kazwelonke ka-1848. Ingabe lokhu kungaba isizathu sokuzwela kwakhe okuqhubekayo okujulile abacindezelwe nabahluphekayo, ukuhlubuka kwakhe okunentshiseko nokungenakuvinjelwa ? Umqambi wazalelwa ezweni lamahlathi aminyene nezinqaba zasendulo, edolobhaneni elincane lezintaba laseHukvaldy. Wayeyingane yesishiyagalolunye kwezingu-14 zikathisha wasesikoleni esiphakeme. Uyise, phakathi kwezinye izifundo, wayefundisa umculo, wayengumshayi wevayolini, i-oganist yesonto, umholi kanye nombhidisi womphakathi wamakhwaya. Umama naye wayenekhono elivelele lomculo nolwazi. Wayedlala isiginci, ecula kahle, futhi ngemva kokushona komyeni wakhe, wenza ingxenye ye-Organ esontweni lendawo. Ubuntwana bomqambi wesikhathi esizayo babumpofu, kodwa bunempilo futhi bukhululekile. Wagcina phakade ukusondelana kwakhe ngokomoya nemvelo, inhlonipho nothando kubalimi baseMoravia, abakhuliswa kuye kusukela esemncane.

Kwaze kwaba yilapho eneminyaka engu-11 ubudala lapho uLeosh ehlala ngaphansi kophahla lwabazali bakhe. Amakhono akhe omculo kanye ne-sonorous treble yanquma umbuzo wokuthi uzoyichaza kuphi ingane. Uyise wamyisa eBrno kuPavel Krzhizhkovek, umqambi nomqoqi wezinganekwane zaseMoravia. U-Leos wamukelwa ekwayeni yesonto yesigodlo sezindela sase-Starobrnensky Augustinian. Abafana bekwaya babehlala esigodlweni sezindela ngezindleko zikahulumeni, befunda esikoleni esibanzi futhi bethatha imikhakha yomculo beqondiswa abeluleki bezindela abaqinile. U-Krzhizhkovsky ngokwakhe wanakekela ukwakheka noLeos. Izinkumbulo zokuphila esigodlweni sezindela sase-Starobrnensky zibonakala emisebenzini eminingi ka-Janáček (i-cantatas Amarus kanye ne-Eternal Gospel; i-sextet Youth; imijikelezo yopiyano Ebumnyameni, Endleleni Egcwele Abantu, njll.). Umkhathi wamasiko amaMoravia aphakeme nasendulo, owabonakala ngaleyo minyaka, waqukethwe kwesinye seziqongo zomsebenzi womqambi - iMisa leGlagolitic (1926). Kamuva, uJanacek waphothula izifundo zePrague Organ School, wathuthukiswa eLeipzig naseVienna Conservatories, kodwa ngaso sonke isisekelo esijulile sochwepheshe, ebhizinisini eliyinhloko lempilo yakhe nomsebenzi, wayengenaye umholi omkhulu wangempela. Konke akuzuzile akazange azuze ngenxa yesikole kanye nabeluleki abanolwazi oluningi, kodwa ngokuzimela ngokuphelele, ngokusebenzisa ukusesha okunzima, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuzama nangephutha. Kusukela ezinyathelweni zokuqala emkhakheni ozimele, u-Janáček wayengeyena nje umculi, kodwa futhi wayenguthisha, i-folklorist, umqhubi, umhlaziyi womculo, i-theorist, umhleli wamakhonsathi e-philharmonic kanye ne-Organ School e-Brno, iphephandaba lomculo kanye nombuthano wocwaningo. yolimi lwesiRashiya. Iminyaka eminingi umqambi esebenza futhi elwa endaweni engaqondakali yesifundazwe. Imvelo yochwepheshe yasePrague ayizange imbone isikhathi eside, u-Dvorak kuphela owamazisa futhi wamthanda uzakwabo omncane. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ubuciko bezothando obungasekho, obabugxile enhloko-dolobha, babungaziwa kunkosi yaseMoravia, eyayithembele ebucikweni bendabuko nasekukhulumeni kwenkulumo enomsindo. Kusukela ngo-1886, umqambi, kanye nesazi somlando wesintu uF. Bartosz, babechitha njalo ehlobo ohambweni lwezinganekwane. Ushicilele okurekhodiwe okuningi kwezingoma zomdabu zaseMoravian, wadala izinhlelo zabo zekhonsathi, ikwaya neyodwa. Impumelelo ephakeme kakhulu lapha kwaba i-symphonic Lash Dances (1889). Ngesikhathi esifanayo nabo, iqoqo elidumile lezingoma zomdabu (ngaphezu kuka-2000) lashicilelwa nesandulelo sika-Janáček “Ohlangothini Lomculo Lwezingoma Zomdabu ZaseMoravian”, manje osekubhekwa njengomsebenzi wakudala wezinganekwane.

Emkhakheni we-opera, ukuthuthukiswa kuka-Janáček kwaba isikhathi eside futhi kunzima kakhulu. Ngemva komzamo owodwa wokuqamba i-opera yothando esekwephuzile esekelwe esakhiweni se-epic yaseCzech (Sharka, 1887), wanquma ukubhala i-ballet ye-ethnographic u-Rakos Rakoci (1890) kanye ne-opera (Ukuqala Kwenoveli, 1891), lapho izingoma zesintu nokudansa. I-ballet yaze yadlalwa ePrague ngesikhathi se-Ethnographic Exhibition yango-1895. Imvelo yale misebenzi yayiyisiteji sesikhashana emsebenzini kaJanáček. Umqambi walandela indlela yokudala ubuciko obukhulu obuneqiniso. Wayeqhutshwa isifiso sokuphikisa izinto ezingabonakali - ubungqabavu, inkathi yasendulo - namuhla, isizinda senganekwane eqanjiwe - ukuqina kwempilo yabantu, izimpawu zamaqhawe ezijwayelekile - abantu abajwayelekile abanegazi elishisayo labantu. Lokhu kwafezwa kuphela ku-opera yesithathu ethi "Indodakazi yakhe yokutholwa" ("Enufa" esekelwe idrama kaG. Preissova, 1894-1903). Azikho izingcaphuno eziqondile kule opera, nakuba yonke iyinqwaba yezici zesitayela nezimpawu, isigqi kanye nokuphinyiswa kwezingoma zeMoravian, inkulumo yesintu. Umdlalo we-opera wenqatshwa i-Prague National Theatre, futhi kwathatha iminyaka engu-13 yokuzabalaza ukuze umsebenzi omuhle kangaka, manje odlalwa ezinkundleni zemidlalo yeshashalazi emhlabeni wonke, ukuba ungene esiteji senhloko-dolobha. Ngo-1916, i-opera yaba yimpumelelo ephawulekayo ePrague, futhi ngo-1918 eVienna, okwavula indlela eya ekudumeni komhlaba kumphathi ongaziwa waseMoravian oneminyaka engu-64 ubudala. Lapho Indodakazi Yakhe Yokutholwa iqedwa, u-Janacek ungena esikhathini sokuvuthwa okugcwele kokudala. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX. U-Janacek ubonisa ngokucacile ukuthambekela kokugxeka komphakathi. Uthonywe kakhulu izincwadi zesiRashiya - uGogol, uTolstoy, u-Ostrovsky. Ubhala i-sonata yepiyano ethi "Kusuka Emgwaqeni" futhi ayimake ngosuku luka-Okthoba 1, 1905, lapho amasosha ase-Austrian ehlakaza umbukiso wentsha eBrno, bese kuba namakhwaya abuhlungu esiteshini. imbongi esebenzayo uPyotr Bezruch "Kantor Galfar", "Marichka Magdonova", "70000" (1906). Okumangalisa kakhulu ikhwaya ethi "Marichka Magdonova" mayelana nentombazane eshabalalayo kodwa engazange ihlulwe, ehlala ivusa ukusabela okuneziphepho ezilalelini. Lapho umqambi, ngemva kokunye kwemidlalo yalo msebenzi, etshelwa: “Yebo, lona umhlangano wangempela wamaSocialists!” Waphendula, “Yilokho kanye ebengikufuna.”

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imidwebo yokuqala ye-symphonic rhapsody ethi "Taras Bulba", eyaqedwa ngokuphelele ngumqambi ekuphakameni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lapho uhulumeni wase-Austria-Hungary exosha amasosha aseCzech ukuba alwe namaRussia, ayingxenye yeqembu. Ngisikhathi esifanayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezincwadini zakhe zasekhaya u-Janáček uthola izinto zokugxekwa komphakathi (kusukela kumakhwaya esiteshini sika-P. Bezruch kuya ku-opera ehlekisayo ethi The Adventures of Pan Broucek esekelwe ezindabeni zika-S. Cech), nangokulangazelela iqhawe isithombe aphendukele kuGogol.

Iminyaka eyishumi yokugcina yokuphila nomsebenzi womqambi (1918-28) ngokusobala inqunyelwe ingqopha-mlando ka-1918 (ukuphela kwempi, ukuphela kwejoka lase-Austrian leminyaka engamakhulu amathathu) futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuphenduka. esiphethweni sikaJanáček, ukuqala kodumo lwakhe emhlabeni. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi somsebenzi wakhe, ongabizwa ngokuthi i-lyric-philosophical, i-lyrical kunazo zonke ze-opera yakhe - Katya Kabanova (esekelwe ku-Ostrovsky's Thunderstorm, 1919-21). inganekwane yefilosofi eyinkondlo yabantu abadala - "The Adventures of the Cunning Fox" (ngokusekelwe endabeni emfushane kaR. Tesnoglidek, 1921-23), kanye ne-opera "Ikhambi likaMakropulos" (esekelwe emdlalweni ofanayo igama lika-K. Capek, 1925) kanye nethi “From the Dead House” (kusekelwe ” Amanothi Avela Endlini Efile” kaF. Dostoevsky, 1927-28). Kulelo shumi leminyaka elithela ngendlela emangalisayo, i-"Glagolic Mass", imijikelezo yezwi yokuqala emi-2 ("Idayari Yokunyamalala" kanye "noJests"), ikhwaya emangalisayo "Mad Tramp" (kaR. Tagore) kanye neSinfonietta edume kakhulu kwavela ibhande lethusi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezingoma eziningi zomculo we-choral ne-chamber-instrumental, kufaka phakathi ama-quartets ama-2. Njengoba uB. Asafiev eke washo ngale misebenzi, uJanachek wabonakala ekhula emncane ngamunye wabo.

Ukufa kwamfica kungazelelwe uJanacek: ngesikhathi seholide lasehlobo eHukvaldy, wangenwa umkhuhlane futhi wabulawa yinyumoniya. Bamngcwabe eBrno. Isonto lombhishobhi lesigodlo sezindela saseStarobrnensky, lapho afunda khona futhi ecula ekwayeni esengumfana, lalichichima izixuku zabantu abajabule. Kwabonakala kungakholakali ukuthi lowo osekuphele iminyaka nezifo zokuguga okubonakala sengathi akanawo amandla kuye.

Abantu besikhathi sabo babengaqondi ngokugcwele ukuthi uJanáček wayengomunye wabasunguli bokucabanga komculo kanye nengqondo yomculo yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Inkulumo yakhe enezwi eliqinile lendawo ibonakala inesibindi kakhulu ku-aesthetes, indalo yokuqala, imibono yefilosofi kanye nokucabanga kwethiyori komsunguli weqiniso kwabonwa njengelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi. Phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, wazuza idumela lokuba isazi sezinganekwane sasedolobheni elincane esifundile, esisakhula. Kuphela okuhlangenwe nakho okusha komuntu wanamuhla ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka kwavula amehlo ethu kubuntu balo mculi ohlakaniphile, futhi ukuqhuma okusha kwesithakazelo emsebenzini wakhe kwaqala. Manje ukuqondile kombono wakhe ngomhlaba akudingi ukuthambisa, ukucija komsindo wezingoma zakhe akudingi ukupholishwa. Umuntu wanamuhla ubona kuJanacek umngane wakhe osesigangeni, umethuli wezimiso zentuthuko yendawo yonke, ubuntu, inhlonipho ngokucophelela ngemithetho yemvelo.

L. Polyakova