UClaudio Monteverdi (Claudio Monteverdi) |

UClaudio Monteverdi

Monteverdi. I-Cantate Domino

UMonteverdi uvikela amalungelo emizwa nenkululeko emculweni. Naphezu kwemibhikisho yabavikeli bemithetho, uyagqashula amaketanga omculo ozifake kuwo, ufuna ukuthi ulandele okufunwa yinhliziyo kuphela kusukela manje. R. Rollan

Umsebenzi womqambi we-opera wase-Italy u-C. Monteverdi ungenye yezinto eziyingqayizivele emculweni womculo wekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Ngesithakazelo sakhe kumuntu, ekuthandweni nasekuhluphekeni kwakhe, uMonteverdi ungumculi weqiniso weRenaissance. Akekho noyedwa kubaqambi bangaleso sikhathi owakwazi ukuveza emculweni usizi, umuzwa wokuphila ngale ndlela, ukusondela ekuqondeni iqiniso lawo, ukuveza ubunjalo bakudala babalingisi bomuntu ngale ndlela.

UMonteverdi wazalelwa emndenini kadokotela. Izifundo zakhe zomculo zaziholwa ngu-M. Ingenieri, umculi ongumakad' ebona, umphathi webhendi we-Cremona Cathedral. Wakha indlela ye-polyphonic yomqambi wesikhathi esizayo, wamethula emisebenzini engcono kakhulu yamakhwaya ka-G. Palestrina no-O. Lasso. UMoiteverdi waqala ukuqamba kusenesikhathi. Kakade ekuqaleni kwawo-1580. amaqoqo okuqala emisebenzi ye-vocal polyphonic (madrigals, motets, cantatas) anyatheliswa, futhi ekupheleni kwale minyaka eyishumi waba umqambi odumile e-Italy, ilungu le-Academy of Site Cecilia eRoma. Kusukela ngo-1590, uMonteverdi wakhonza endlini yesonto ye-Duke of Mantua (okokuqala njengelungu le-orchestra nomculi, kamuva njengomphathi weqembu). ULush, inkantolo ecebile uVincenzo Gonzaga uhehe amabutho obuciko ahamba phambili angaleso sikhathi. Cishe, u-Monteverdi angahlangana nomlobi omkhulu wase-Italy u-T. Tasso, umculi waseFlemish u-P. Rubens, amalungu e-Florentine camerata edumile, abalobi be-operas yokuqala - J. Peri, O. Rinuccini. Ephelezela uMbusi ohambweni oluvamile nasemikhankasweni yezempi, lo mqambi waya ePrague, eVienna, e-Innsbruck nase-Antwerp. Ngo-February 1607, i-opera yokuqala kaMonteverdi, i-Orpheus (i-libretto ka-A. Strigio), yadlalwa ngempumelelo enkulu eMantua. U-Monteverdi waguqula umdlalo wobufundisi ohloselwe imikhosi yasesigodlweni waba idrama yangempela mayelana nokuhlupheka nesiphetho esibuhlungu sika-Orpheus, mayelana nobuhle obungafi bobuciko bakhe. (U-Monteverdi no-Striggio bagcine inguqulo edabukisayo ye-denouement yenganekwane - u-Orpheus, eshiya umbuso wabafileyo, wephula ukuvinjelwa, ubheka emuva ku-Eurydice futhi wamlahlekela phakade.) “U-Orpheus” uhlukaniswa ngengcebo yezindlela ezimangazayo ekuqaleni kuka-Eurydice. umsebenzi. Isimemezelo esicacile kanye ne-cantilena ebanzi, amakhwaya nama-ensemble, i-ballet, ingxenye ye-orchestra ethuthukisiwe ihlanganisa umqondo wezingoma ezijulile. Isigcawu esisodwa kuphela esivela ku-opera yesibili kaMonteverdi, i-Ariadne (1608), esisekhona kuze kube namuhla. Lesi “isililo sika-Ariadne” esidumile (“Mangife…”), esasebenza njengesibonelo sabaningi be-lamento arias (i-arias of complaint) ku-opera yase-Italy. (IsiLilo sika-Ariadne saziwa ezinguqulweni ezimbili - ngezwi eliyedwa kanye nesimo se-madrigal enamazwi amahlanu.)

Ngo-1613, uMonteverdi wathuthela eVenice futhi kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe wahlala enkonzweni yaseKapellmeister eKhathedrali laseSt. Impilo ecebile yomculo yaseVenice yavulela umqambi amathuba amasha. UMonteverdi ubhala ama-opera, ama-ballet, ama-interludes, ama-madrigals, umculo wesonto kanye nemikhosi yasenkantolo. Omunye wemisebenzi yasekuqaleni yale minyaka yisigameko esimangalisayo esithi “The Duel of Tancred and Clorinda” esisekelwe enkondlweni ethi “Jerusalem Liberated” kaT. Tasso, ehlanganisa ukufunda (ingxenye yoMlandisi), ukulingisa (the izingxenye eziphindaphindayo ze-Tancred ne-Clorinda) kanye ne-orchestra ebonisa inkambo ye-duel , iveza isimo esingokomzwelo sendawo. Ngokuphathelene ne-"Duel" u-Monteverdi wabhala ngesitayela esisha se-concitato (ejabulile, ethukuthele), eqhathanisa nesitayela "esithambile, esilinganiselwe" esasikhona ngaleso sikhathi.

Iningi lama-madrigals kaMonteverdi liphinde lihlukaniswe ngohlamvu lwawo olucacile, olumangalisayo (iqoqo lokugcina, lesishiyagalombili lama-madrigals, 1638, ladalwa eVenice). Kulolu hlobo lomculo wephimbo we-polyphonic, isitayela somqambi senziwa, futhi ukukhethwa kwezindlela ezizwakalayo kwenzeka. Ulimi lwe-harmonic lwama-madrigals lungolwangempela (ukuqhathaniswa kwethoni ngokugqamile, ama-chromatic, ama-dissonant chords, njll.). Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1630 - ekuqaleni kwawo-40s. umsebenzi wokusebenza we-Monteverdi ufinyelela phezulu ("Ukubuya kuka-Ulysses ezweni lakubo" - 1640, "Adonis" - 1639, "Umshado ka-Aeneas noLavinia" - 1641; ama-opera angu-2 wokugcina awazange agcinwe).

Ngo-1642 ingoma kaMonteverdi ethi The Coronation of Poppea yadlalwa eVenice (i-libretto ka-F. Businello esekelwe ku-Tacitus' Annals). I-opera yokugcina yomqambi oneminyaka engu-75 ubudala isibe isiqongo sangempela, umphumela wendlela yakhe yokudala. Izibalo eziqondile, zangempela zomlando zisebenza kuwo - umbusi waseRoma uNero, owaziwa ngobuqili bakhe nonya, uthisha wakhe - isazi sefilosofi uSeneca. Okuningi kwethi The Coronation kusikisela izifaniso nezinhlekelele zesikhathi esihlakaniphile somqambi, uW. Shakespeare. Ukuvuleleka nokushuba kwezinkanuko, ukugqama okubukhali, "kwe-Shakespearean" ngempela yezigcawu ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezohlobo, amahlaya. Ngakho-ke, ukuvalelisa kukaSeneca kubafundi - umvuthwandaba odabukisayo we-oaera - kungena esikhundleni sokungena okujabulisayo kwekhasi kanye nencekukazi, bese kuqala umgidi wangempela - uNero nabangane bakhe bagcona uthisha, bagubha ukufa kwakhe.

“Umthetho wakhe okuwukuphela kwawo ukuphila ngokwako,” uR. Rolland wabhala ngoMonteverdi. Ngesibindi sezinto ezitholakele, umsebenzi kaMonteverdi wawungaphambi kwesikhathi sawo. Umqambi wabona kusengaphambili ikusasa elikude kakhulu lethiyetha yomculo: ubuqiniso bedramaturgy ka-WA ​​Mozart, G. Verdi, M. Mussorgsky. Mhlawumbe yingakho isiphetho semisebenzi yakhe sasimangalisa kangaka. Iminyaka eminingi zahlala zingekho futhi zaphinde zaphila esikhathini sethu kuphela.

I. Okhalova

Indodana kadokotela kanye nezibulo kubafowabo abahlanu. Ufunde umculo no-MA Ingenieri. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu washicilela i-Spiritual Melodies, ngo-1587 - incwadi yokuqala yama-madrigals. Ngo-1590, enkantolo yoMbusi waseMantua, uVincenzo Gonzaga waba umculi we-violist nomculi, wabe esengumholi wesonto. Ihambisana nombusi ukuya eHungary (ngesikhathi somkhankaso waseTurkey) naseFlanders. Ngo-1595 ushada nomculi uClaudia Cattaneo, ozomnika amadodana amathathu; uzofa ngo-1607 ngemva nje kokunqoba kwe-Orpheus. Kusukela ngo-1613 - isikhundla sempilo yonke senhloko yesonto laseVenetian Republic; ukuqanjwa komculo ongcwele, izincwadi zokugcina zama-madrigals, imisebenzi emangalisayo, elahlekile kakhulu. Cishe ngo-1632 wathatha ubupristi.

Umsebenzi we-operatic kaMonteverdi unesisekelo esiqinile kakhulu, esiyisithelo sokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambili ekuhlanganiseni ama-madrigals nomculo ongcwele, izinhlobo lapho inkosi yaseCremonese yazuza khona imiphumela engenakuqhathaniswa. Izigaba eziyinhloko zomsebenzi wakhe waseshashalazini - okungenani, ngokusekelwe kulokho okwehlele kithi - kubonakala kuyizikhathi ezimbili ezihluke ngokucacile: iMantua ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka kanye neVenetian, ewela phakathi kwayo.

Ngokungangabazeki, "i-Orpheus" iyisitatimende esimangalisa kakhulu e-Italy sesitayela sezwi nesimangaliso sasekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa. Ukubaluleka kwayo kunqunywa umdlalo weshashalazi, ukugcwala okukhulu kwemiphumela, okuhlanganisa i-orchestra, izikhalazo ezizwelayo nezihlabelelo, lapho ukuphindwa kwengoma ka-Florentine (okunothiswe kakhulu ngenxa yokwehla nokwenyuka kwemizwelo) kubonakala kushikashikana nokufakwa okuningi kwe-madrigal, ukuze ukucula. ye-Orpheus iyisibonelo esicishe sibe yingqopha-mlando sokuncintisana kwabo.

Emiculweni yokugcina yenkathi yaseVenice, eyabhalwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu kamuva, umuntu angazizwa izinguquko ezihlukahlukene zesitayela ezenzeke ku-melodrama yesiNtaliyane (ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuqhakaza kwesikole samaRoma) kanye nezinguquko ezihambisanayo ezindleleni ezicacile, zonke eziveziwe. futhi kuhlanganiswe nenkululeko enkulu kuseyili obanzi kakhulu, ngisho wolahleko omangalisayo. Iziqephu zamakhora ziyasuswa noma zincishiswe kakhulu, i-ariose kanye ne-recitative kuhlanganiswa ngokuguquguqukayo nangokusebenza kuye ngezidingo zedrama, kuyilapho ezinye, amafomu athuthuke kakhulu futhi anokulinganisa, anokunyakaza okucacile okunesigqi, angeniswa kuma-architectonics aseshashalazini, alindele inqubo elandelayo yokuzilawula. ulimi oludlalwayo, isingeniso, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, amamodeli asemthethweni nezikimu, ezizimele kakhulu ezidingweni ezihlala zishintsha zengxoxo yezinkondlo.

Nokho, uMonteverdi, yiqiniso, akazange azibeke engozini yokusuka embhalweni wezinkondlo, ngoba wayehlale eneqiniso emibonweni yakhe mayelana nemvelo nenjongo yomculo njengenceku yezinkondlo, esiza laba bamuva ekhonweni labo eliyingqayizivele lokuveza. imizwa yomuntu.

Akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi e-Venice umqambi wathola isimo esihle se-libretto eneziqephu zomlando ezihamba phambili endleleni yokufuna "iqiniso", noma, kunoma yikuphi, ngeziza ezihambisana nokucwaninga kwengqondo.

Okukhumbulekayo i-opera yasekamelweni elincane likaMonteverdi elithi "The Duel of Tancred and Clorinda" embhalweni weTorquato Tasso - empeleni, i-madrigal ngesitayela sesithombe; ebekwe endlini kaCount Girolamo Mocenigo phakathi nomkhosi womkhosi ka-1624, wajabulisa izilaleli, “wacishe wakhipha izinyembezi zakhe.” Lena ingxube ye-oratorio ne-ballet (imicimbi ikhonjiswa ku-pantomime), lapho umqambi omkhulu esungula ukuxhumana okuseduze, okuphikelelayo nokunembayo phakathi kwezinkondlo nomculo ngesitayela sokuphindaphinda okumnandi kakhulu. Isibonelo esikhulu kunazo zonke sezinkondlo ezibekwe emculweni, cishe umculo oyingxoxo, "i-Duel" ihlanganisa izikhathi ezimangalisayo nezimangalisayo, ezingaqondakali nezivusa inkanuko lapho umsindo ucishe ube ngumfanekiso ongokomfanekiso. Esiphethweni, uchungechunge olufushane lwama-chords luphenduka "okukhulu" okukhazimulayo, lapho ukuguquguquka kufinyelela ekupheleni ngaphandle kwethoni eholayo edingekayo, kuyilapho izwi lenza i-cadenza kunothi elingafakiwe ku-chord, kusukela ngalesi sikhathi. isithombe sezwe elihlukile, elisha liyavuleka. Ukucwazimula kukaClorinda ofayo kubonisa injabulo.

G. Marchesi (ihunyushwe ngu-E. Greceanii)