Boris Nikolayevich Lyatoshinsky (Boris Lyatoshinsky) |

Boris Lyatoshinsky

Igama likaBoris Nikolaevich Lyatoshinsky alihlotshaniswa kuphela nenkathi enkulu futhi, mhlawumbe, ekhazimulayo kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komculo wase-Ukraine waseSoviet, kodwa futhi nenkumbulo yethalente elikhulu, isibindi nokwethembeka. Ezikhathini ezinzima kakhulu zezwe lakubo, ezikhathini ezibuhlungu kakhulu zokuphila kwakhe, wahlala engumculi oqotho, onesibindi. ULyatoshinsky ngokuyinhloko ungumqambi we-symphonic. Kuye, i-symphonism iyindlela yokuphila emculweni, isimiso sokucabanga kuyo yonke imisebenzi ngaphandle kokukhetha - kusukela ku-canvas enkulu kunazo zonke kuya ku-choral miniature noma ukuhlelwa kwengoma yesintu.

Indlela ye-Lyatoshinsky kwezobuciko yayingelula. Ungqondongqondo wefa, ngo-1918 wathweswa iziqu e-Faculty of Law yase-Kyiv University, ngemva konyaka - e-Kyiv Conservatory ekilasini lokuqamba lika-R. Gliere. Iminyaka eneziyaluyalu yeshumi lokuqala lekhulu leminyaka nayo yabonakala emisebenzini yokuqala yomqambi osemusha, lapho uthando lwakhe seluvele luzwakala ngokucacile. I-First and Second String Quartet, i-Symphony yokuQala igcwele imizwa yothando enesivunguvungu, izingqikithi zomculo ezicwengisiswe kahle zisukela emuva ku-Scriabin ongasekho. Ukunaka okukhulu kwegama - izinkondlo zika-M. Maeterlinck, I. Bunin, I. Severyanin, P. Shelley, K. Balmont, P. Verlaine, O. Wilde, izimbongi zasendulo zaseShayina zazifakwe ezithandweni ezicwengisiswe ngokulinganayo ezinomculo oyinkimbinkimbi, izinhlobonhlobo ezingavamile zezindlela ze-harmonic kanye nesigqi. Kungashiwo okufanayo mayelana nemisebenzi yopiyano yalesi sikhathi (I-Reflections, i-Sonata), ebonakala ngezithombe ezicacile, i-laconism ye-aphoristic yezindikimba kanye nentuthuko yabo esebenzayo, ephawulekayo futhi ephumelelayo. Ukwakhiwa okumaphakathi yi-First Symphony (1918), eyabonakalisa ngokucacile isipho se-polyphonic, umyalo ohlakaniphile wezinsimbi ze-orchestra, kanye nesilinganiso semibono.

Ngo-1926, i-Overture yavela ezindikimbeni ezine zase-Ukraine, eziphawula ukuqala kwenkathi entsha, ebonakala ngokunaka kakhulu inganekwane yase-Ukraine, ukungena ezimfihlo zokucabanga kwabantu, emlandweni wayo, isiko (ama-opera i-Golden Hoop kanye ne-The Golden Hoop). Umkhuzi (Shchors)); cantata "Zapovit" ku T. Shevchenko; okumakwe ngamagama amnandi kakhulu, ukuhlelwa kwezingoma zomdabu zase-Ukraine zezwi nepiyano kanye nekwaya i-cappella, lapho uLyatoshinsky ethula ngesibindi amasu ayinkimbinkimbi e-polyphonic, kanye nangavamile emculweni wesintu, kodwa ukuzwakalisa okukhulu nokuvumelana kwemvelo). I-opera The Golden Hoop (esekelwe endabeni ka-I. Franko) sibonga isiqephu somlando sangekhulu lesi-XNUMX. kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukudweba izithombe zabantu, nothando oludabukisayo, nabalingiswa abamangalisayo. Ulimi lomculo we-opera luhluke ngendlela efanayo, lunohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-leitmotifs nokuthuthukiswa kwe-symphonic okuqhubekayo. Phakathi neminyaka yempi, kanye ne-Kyiv Conservatory, uLyatoshinsky waxoshwa eSaratov, lapho umsebenzi onzima waqhubeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima. Umqambi ubehlale esebenzisana nabahleli besiteshi somsakazo. T. Shevchenko, owasakaza izinhlelo zakhe zezakhamuzi kanye nabasekeli bendawo yase-Ukraine. Eminyakeni efanayo, i-Quintet yase-Ukraine, i-Fourth String Quartet, kanye ne-Suite for String Quartet kuzindikimba zomdabu zase-Ukraine zakhiwe.

Iminyaka yangemva kwempi yayishubile futhi inezithelo. Iminyaka engu-20, uLyatoshinsky udala ama-choral ama-miniature amahle: ku-st. T. Shevchenko; imijikelezo ethi "Izinkathi" ku-st. A. Pushkin, esiteshini. A. Fet, M. Rylsky, “From the Past”.

I-Third Symphony, eyabhalwa ngo-1951, yaba umsebenzi oyingqopha-mlando. Ingqikithi yayo eyinhloko umzabalazo phakathi kokuhle nokubi. Ngemva kokucula okokuqala e-plenum ye-Union of Composers yase-Ukraine, i-symphony yabhekana nokugxekwa okungalungile, okujwayelekile ngaleso sikhathi. Umqambi bekufanele enze kabusha i-scherzo nesiphetho. Kodwa, ngenhlanhla, umculo waqhubeka uphila. Ngokubonakaliswa komqondo oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, umcabango womculo, isisombululo esimangalisayo, i-Third Symphony kaLyatoshinsky ingafakwa ngokulingana ne-Seventh Symphony ka-D. Shostakovich. Iminyaka engama-50-60 ephawulwe intshisekelo enkulu yomqambi kusiko lamaSlavic. Ekufuneni izimpande ezivamile, ukujwayelana kwamaSlav, isiPolish, isiSerbia, isiCroatia, isiBulgaria kufundwa kabanzi. Ngenxa yalokho, kuvela i-“Slavic Concerto” yepiyano ne-orchestra; 2 ama-mazurka kuzindikimba zesiPolish zecello nopiyano; ezothando eSt. A. Mitskevich; izinkondlo ze-symphonic "Grazhina", "Ogwini lweVistula"; “Polish Suite”, “Slavic Overture”, Yesihlanu (“Slavic”) Symphony, “Slavic Suite” ye-symphony orchestra. I-Pan-Slavism ULyatoshinsky uhumusha ezikhundleni eziphezulu zobuntu, njengomphakathi wemizwa nokuqonda komhlaba.

Umqambi wayeqondiswa imibono efanayo emsebenzini wakhe wokufundisa, ekhulisa isizukulwane esingaphezu kwesisodwa sabaqambi base-Ukraine. Isikole sikaLyatoshinsky, okokuqala, ukuhlonza ubuntu, ukuhlonipha umbono ohlukile, inkululeko yokusesha. Yingakho abafundi bakhe u-V. Silvestrov noL. Grabovsky, V. Godzyatsky no-N. Poloz, u-E. Stankovich kanye no-I. Shamo abafani kakhulu emsebenzini wabo. Ngamunye wabo, ekhethe indlela yakhe, noma kunjalo, emisebenzini yakhe ngayinye, uhlala eqinisile emyalezweni oyinhloko woMfundisi - ukuhlala eyisakhamuzi esithembekile nesingenakuyekethisa, inceku yokuziphatha nonembeza.

S. Filstein