Okhiye Abasha

Ngobusuku bangoSepthemba 23-24, u-Johann Franz Encke, owayesanda kugubha usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-55, wangqongqozwa ephikelela endlini. UHeinrich d'Arre, umfundi owayephefumulelwe, wema emnyango. Ngemva kokushintshana imishwana embalwa nesivakashi, u-Encke washeshe wazilungiselela, futhi bobabili baya eBerlin Observatory ephethwe u-Encke, lapho u-Johann Galle owayejabule ngokufanayo wayebalindile eduze kwesibonakude esikhanyayo.

Ukubuka, okwajoyina iqhawe losuku ngale ndlela, kwaze kwagamanxa ihora lesithathu ebusuku. Ngakho ngo-1846, kwatholakala iplanethi yesishiyagalombili yesimiso sonozungezilanga, iNeptune.

Kodwa ukutholwa kwalezi zazi zezinkanyezi kwashintsha kancane ngaphezu kokuqonda kwethu umhlaba osizungezile.

Ithiyori nokwenza

Usayizi obonakalayo we-Neptune ungaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-3 arc. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi lokhu kusho ukuthini, zibone ngeso lengqondo ubuka indilinga phakathi nendawo. Hlukanisa umbuthano ube izingxenye ze-360 (Fig. 1).

I-engeli esiyithole ngale ndlela ingu-1° (idigri eyodwa). Manje hlukanisa lo mkhakha omncane ube ezinye izingxenye ezingama-60 (akusenakwenzeka ukukhombisa lokhu esithombeni). Ingxenye enjalo izoba yiminithi elingu-arc elingu-1. Futhi ekugcineni, sihlukanisa ngo-60 kanye nomzuzu we-arc - sithola isekhondi le-arc.

Izazi zezinkanyezi zayithola kanjani into encane kangaka esibhakabhakeni, engaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-3 arc ngosayizi? Iphuzu akuwona amandla esibonakude, kodwa indlela yokukhetha isiqondiso endaweni enkulu yasezulwini lapho ungabheka khona iplanethi entsha.

Impendulo ilula: ababebukele batshelwa lokhu. Umtsheli uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi isazi sezibalo saseFrance u-Urbain Le Verrier, nguye owathi, ebona okungahambi kahle ekuziphatheni kuka-Uranus, waphakamisa ukuthi kunenye iplanethi ngemuva kwakhe, okuthi, eheha u-Uranus ngokwayo, ibangele ukuthi iphambuke “ekuhambeni kahle. ” umzila. U-Le Verrier akazange nje enze umcabango onjalo, kodwa wakwazi ukubala lapho le planethi kufanele ibe khona, wabhala ngalokhu kuJohann Galle, okwathi ngemva kwalokho indawo yokusesha yancipha kakhulu.

Ngakho-ke iNeptune yaba iplanethi yokuqala eyabikezelwa okokuqala ngethiyori, futhi yatholakala kuphela ekusebenzeni. Ukutholakala okunjalo kwakubizwa ngokuthi "ukutholakala ekugcineni kwepeni", futhi kwashintsha unomphela isimo sengqondo mayelana nethiyori yesayensi. Ithiyori yesayensi iyekile ukuqondwa njengomdlalo nje wengqondo, ochaza kangcono ukuthi “yini”; ithiyori yesayensi ilibonise ngokucacile ikhono layo lokubikezela.

Ngokusebenzisa izinkanyezi kubaculi

Asibuyele emculweni. Njengoba wazi, kunamanothi ayi-12 ku-octave. Mangaki amaculo anemisindo emithathu angakhiwa ngawo? Kulula ukubala - kuzoba nama-chords angama-220.

Lokhu, yiqiniso, akuyona inombolo enkulu yezinkanyezi, kodwa ngisho nenani elinjalo lamakhonsathi kulula ukudideka.

Ngenhlanhla, sinombono wesayensi wokuvumelana, sinayo "imephu yendawo" - isikhala sokuphindaphinda (i-PC). I-PC yakhiwe kanjani, sicabangele kwelinye lamanothi adlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibonile ukuthi okhiye abajwayelekile batholakala kanjani ku-PC - ezinkulu nezincane.

Ake siphinde siveze lezo zimiso ezisekela okhiye bendabuko.

Lena indlela ezinkulu nezincane zibukeka ngayo ku-PC (umdwebo 2 no-fig. 3).

Isici esimaphakathi salokhu kwakhiwa kwekhoneni: noma ngemisebe eqondiswe phezulu - i-triad enkulu, noma ngemisebe eqondiswe phansi - i-triad encane (Fig. 4).

Lawa makhona enza i-crosshair, evumela ukuthi "umise phakathi" omunye wemisindo, uwenze "oyinhloko". Yile ndlela i-tonic ibonakala ngayo.

Khona-ke ikhona elinjalo likopishwa ngokulinganayo, ngemisindo esondelene kakhulu. Lokhu kukopisha kubangela ukubusa nokubusa.

I-Tonic (T), i-subdominant (S) kanye ne-dominant (D) zibizwa ngokuthi imisebenzi eyinhloko kukhiye. Amanothi afakwe kulawa makhona amathathu akha isikali sokhiye ohambisanayo.

Ngendlela, ngaphezu kwemisebenzi eyinhloko kukhiye, ama-side chords avame ukuhlukaniswa. Singawabonisa ku-PC (Fig. 5).

Lapha i-DD inamandla aphindwe kabili, iii iwumsebenzi wesinyathelo sesithathu, i-VIb ingeyesithupha encishisiwe, njalo njalo. Siyabona ukuthi amakhona afanayo amakhulu namancane, atholakala kude ne-tonic.

Noma iyiphi inothi ingasebenza njenge-tonic, imisebenzi izokwakhiwa kuyo. Isakhiwo - isikhundla esihlobene samakhona ku-PC - ngeke sishintshe, sizovele sidlulele kwelinye iphuzu.

Hhayi-ke, sihlaziye ukuthi amathoni endabuko ahlelwa kanjani ngokuvumelana. Ingabe sizoyithola, sibheke kubo, isiqondiso lapho kufanelekile ukufuna "amaplanethi amasha"?

Ngicabanga ukuthi sizothola imizimba embalwa yasezulwini.

Ake sibheke umkhiwane. 4. Ikhombisa ukuthi siwumise kanjani umsindo endaweni eyodwa nekhona elingunxantathu. Kwesinye isimo, zombili imishayo yayiqondiswe phezulu, kwesinye - phansi.

Kubonakala sengathi siphuthelwe ezinye izinketho ezimbili, akukubi kakhulu kunokubeka inothi endaweni eyodwa. Ake sibe nomsebe owodwa obheke phezulu omunye phansi. Bese sithola lawa makhona (Fig. 6).

Laba bonxantathu babeka inothi endaweni eyodwa, kodwa ngendlela engavamile. Uma uwakha kumanothi kuya, khona-ke esigxotsheni bazobukeka kanje (Fig. 7).

Sizogcina zonke ezinye izimiso zokwakhiwa kwe-tonality zingashintshiwe: sizofaka amakhona amabili afanayo ngokulinganayo kumanothi aseduze.

Uzothola okhiye abasha (Umdwebo 8).

Masibhale izikali zabo ukuze zicace.

Sibonise amanothi anamazwi abukhali, kodwa, kunjalo, kwezinye izimo kuzoba lula ukuwabhala kabusha ngamafulethi e-enharmonic.

Imisebenzi esemqoka yalezi zihluthulelo ikhonjiswe emkhiwaneni. 8, kodwa amachords aseceleni awakho ukuqedela isithombe. Ngokufanisa nomfanekiso wesi-5 singawadweba kalula ku-PC (Fig. 10).

Masizibhale ezisebenzini zomculo (Fig. 11).

Ukuqhathanisa i-gamma ku-Fig. 9 namagama emisebenzi kufig. 11, ungabona ukuthi ukubophezela ezinyathelweni lapha akunangqondo, "kushiywe yifa" kusuka kokhiye bendabuko. Eqinisweni, umsebenzi wezinga lesithathu ungakhiwa nhlobo kusukela kunothi lesithathu esikalini, umsebenzi wesithupha esincishisiwe - hhayi nhlobo kusukela kwesithupha esincishisiwe, njll. Ngakho-ke, asho ukuthini lawa magama? Lawa magama anquma incazelo yokusebenza kukanxantathu othile. Okungukuthi, umsebenzi wesinyathelo sesithathu kukhiye omusha uzokwenza indima efanayo nomsebenzi wesinyathelo sesithathu owenziwe enkulu noma encane, naphezu kokuthi ihluke kakhulu ngesakhiwo: i-triad isetshenziswa ngokuhlukile futhi itholakala. endaweni ehlukile esikalini.

Mhlawumbe kusasele ukugqamisa imibuzo emibili yetiyetha

Eyokuqala ixhunywe ne-tonality yekota yesibili. Sibona lokho ngokubeka inothi endaweni eyodwa usawoti, ikhoneni layo le-tonic lakhiwe kusuka kuya (kuya – umsindo ophansi ekhwayeni). Okunye okuvela kuya isikali sale tonality siqala. Futhi ngokuvamile, i-tonality esiyibonisile kufanele ibizwe nge-tonality yekota yesibili ye kuya. Lokhu kuyamangalisa ekuqaleni. Kodwa-ke, uma sibheka umdwebo wesi-3, sizothola ukuthi sesivele sihlangabezane "nokushintshwa" okufanayo ezincane ezijwayelekile kakhulu. Ngalo mqondo, akukho okungajwayelekile okwenzeka kukhiye wekota yesibili.

Umbuzo wesibili: kungani igama elinjalo - okhiye bezindawo ze-II ne-IV?

Kumathematika, izimbazo ezimbili zihlukanisa indiza ibe yizingxenye ze-4, ezivame ukufakwa izinombolo ngokuphambene newashi (Fig. 12).

Sibheka lapho imisebe yekona elihambisanayo iqondiswa khona, futhi sibiza okhiye ngokwale kota. Kulokhu, okuyinhloko kuzoba ukhiye wekota yokuqala, encane izoba yikota yesithathu, futhi okhiye ababili abasha, ngokulandelana, II no-IV.

Setha izibonakude

Njenge-dessert, ake silalele i-etude encane ebhalwe umqambi u-Ivan Soshinsky kukhiye wekota yesine.

"Etulle" I. Soshinsky

Ingabe okhiye abane esibatholile yibo kuphela okungenzeka? Ukukhuluma ngokuqinile, cha. Ukukhuluma ngokuqinile, ukwakhiwa kwethoni ngokuvamile akudingekile ekudalweni kwezinhlelo zomculo, singasebenzisa ezinye izimiso ezingahlangene ne-centralization noma i-symmetry.

Kodwa sizoyihlehlisa indaba mayelana nezinye izinketho okwamanje.

Kimina kubonakala sengathi esinye isici sibalulekile. Zonke izakhiwo zethiyori ziba nomqondo kuphela lapho zisuka kuthiyori ziye ekwenzeni, ziye esikweni. Ukuthi isimo sengqondo salungiswa kanjani emculweni kuphela ngemva kokubhalwa kwe-Well-Tempered Clavier ka-JS Bach nanoma yiziphi ezinye izinhlelo kuzobaluleka njengoba zisuka ephepheni ziye kumaphuzu, ziye emahholo ekhonsathi, futhi ekugcineni zifinyelela kokuhlangenwe nakho komculo kwabalaleli.

Hhayi-ke, ake simise izibonakude zethu futhi sibone ukuthi abaqambi bangazibonakalisa yini njengamavulandlela namakoloni emihlaba emisha yomculo.

Umbhali - Roman Oleinikov