I-Symphonism

I-Symphonism umqondo ojwayelekile osuselwe egameni elithi “symphony” (bona i-Symphony), kodwa ayihlotshaniswa nayo. Ngomqondo obanzi, i-symphonism iyisimiso sobuciko sokubonakaliswa kwe-dialectical okujwayelekile ngokwefilosofi yokuphila kwezobuciko bomculo.

I-Symphony njengobuhle umgomo ubonakala ngokugxila ezinkingeni eziyinhloko zobukhona bomuntu ekuwohlokeni kwawo. izici (zenhlalo-mlando, ezomzwelo-zengqondo, njll.). Ngalo mqondo, i-symphonism ihlotshaniswa nohlangothi lwemibono nokuqukethwe komculo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umqondo we "symphonism" uhlanganisa ikhwalithi ekhethekile yenhlangano yangaphakathi ye-muses. ukukhiqizwa, idramaturgy yakhe, ukubunjwa. Kulokhu, izakhiwo ze-symphonism ziza phambili njengendlela engase yembule ngokujulile nangempumelelo izinqubo zokubunjwa nokukhula, umzabalazo wezimiso eziphikisanayo ngokusebenzisa i-intonational-thematic. umehluko kanye nokuxhumana, i-dynamism kanye ne-organicity yama-muses. ukuthuthukiswa, izimfanelo zayo. umphumela.

Ukuthuthukiswa komqondo we "symphonism" kuwukufaneleka kwe-Soviet musicology, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke u-BV Asafiev, owabeka phambili njengesigaba seminyuziyamu. ukucabanga. Ngokokuqala ngqa, u-Asafiev wethula umqondo we-symphonism esihlokweni esithi "Izindlela Eziya Enkathini Ezayo" (1918), echaza ingqikithi yayo ngokuthi "ukuqhubeka kolwazi lomculo, lapho kungekho neyodwa into ekhulelwa noma ethathwa njengezimele phakathi kwabanye. ” Kamuva, u-Asafiev wakha izisekelo zethiyori ye-symphonism esitatimendeni sakhe mayelana no-L. Beethoven, usebenza ku-PI Tchaikovsky, MI Glinka, isifundo esithi "Ifomu Lomculo Njengenqubo", okubonisa ukuthi i-symphonism "inguquko enkulu ekuqapheleni nasekusebenzeni. womqambi , ... inkathi yentuthuko ezimele ngomculo wemibono nemicabango eyigugu yesintu "(BV Asafiev," Glinka ", 1947). Imibono ka-Asafiev yakha isisekelo sokutadisha izinkinga ze-symphonism ngezinye izikhova. ababhali.

I-Symphonism iyisigaba somlando esiye sadlula inqubo ende yokubunjwa, eyenziwa enkathini yokukhanyiselwa kwe-classicism mayelana ne-crystallization yomjikelezo we-sonata-symphony kanye namafomu awo ajwayelekile. Kule nqubo, ukubaluleka kwesikole sakudala saseViennese kukhulu kakhulu. Ukugxuma okuwujuqu ekunqobeni indlela entsha yokucabanga kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 nele-19. Ngemva kokuthola ugqozi olunamandla emibonweni nasekufezweni kweGreat French. inguquko ka-1789-94, ekuthuthukisweni kwayo. ifilosofi, eyaphendukela ngokuqinile kuma-dialectics (ukuthuthukiswa komcabango wefilosofi nobuhle kusukela kuzakhi ze-dialectics ku-I. Kant kuya ku-GWF Hegel), u-S. wagxila emsebenzini kaBeethoven futhi waba yisisekelo sobuciko bakhe. ukucabanga. S. njengendlela yathuthukiswa kakhulu ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20.

I-S. ingumqondo wamazinga amaningi, ohlotshaniswa nenani lobunye ubuhle obujwayelekile. kanye nemiqondo ethiyori, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke nomqondo womculo. idramaturgy. Ekubonakalisweni kwayo okuphumelelayo kakhulu, okugxilile (isibonelo, ku-Beethoven, Tchaikovsky), i-S. ibonisa amaphethini edrama (ukuphikisana, ukukhula kwayo, ukudlulela esigabeni sokungqubuzana, umvuthwandaba, isixazululo). Nokho, ngokuvamile, i-S. iqondile kakhulu. umqondo ojwayelekile "wedramatology", omi ngaphezu kwedrama njengo-S. ngaphezu kwe-symphony, unobudlelwane. Uphawu. indlela yembulwa ngalokhu noma lolo hlobo lwama-muses. idramaturgy, okungukuthi, uhlelo lokusebenzelana kwezithombe ekuthuthukisweni kwazo, ukuqinisa ubunjalo bokuqhathanisa nobunye, ukulandelana kwezigaba zesenzo kanye nomphumela wako. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ku-symphony dramaturgy, lapho kungekho sakhiwo esiqondile, abalingiswa-abalingiswa, lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuhlala ngaphakathi kohlaka lwenkulumo evamile yomculo (uma lungekho uhlelo, umbhalo womlomo).

Izinhlobo zomculo. I-dramaturgy ingahluka, kodwa ukuletha ngamunye wabo ezingeni le-symphony. izindlela ziyadingeka. izinga. Uphawu. ukuthuthukiswa kungashesha futhi kungqubuzane kakhulu noma, ngokuphambene, kuhamba kancane futhi kancane kancane, kodwa kuhlale kuyinqubo yokuzuza umphumela omusha, okubonisa ukuhamba kwempilo ngokwayo.

Ukuthuthukiswa, okuwumongo we-S., akubandakanyi kuphela inqubo engaguquki yokuvuselela, kodwa futhi nokubaluleka kwezimfanelo. izinguquko zomculo wokuqala. imicabango (izindikimba noma izingqikithi), izakhiwo ezitholakala kuyo. Ngokuphambene ne-suite juxtaposition yezindikimba eziphambene-izithombe, ukuhlanganisa kwazo, kwe-symphony. I-Dramaturgy ibonakala nge-logic enjalo (isiqondiso), lapho isigaba ngasinye esilandelayo - umehluko noma ukuphindaphinda ezingeni elisha - silandela kusukela kwedlule ngokuthi "esinye saso" (i-Hegel), sikhula "ngokuvunguza". "Isiqondiso sefomu" esisebenzayo sidalwe ekufezeni umphumela, umphumela, ukuqhubeka kokubunjwa kwayo, "kusidonsela ngaphandle kokukhathala ukusuka enkabeni kuya esikhungweni, kusukela ekuphumeleleni kuya ekuzuzweni - kuze kube sekugcineni" (Igor Glebov, 1922). Enye yezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-symphony. idramaturgy isuselwe ekushayisaneni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezimiso eziphikisanayo. Ukungezwani kuyenyuka, umvuthwandaba kanye nokwehla, umehluko kanye nobunikazi, ukungqubuzana kanye nokuxazululwa kwakho kwakha uhlelo olunamandla oluhlanganisa ubudlelwano kulo, inhloso yalo egcizelelwa yiphimbo. izibopho, indlela “yokudlula” uvuthondaba, njll. Inqubo yezimpawu. ukuthuthukiswa lapha kuyi-dialectical kakhulu, i-logic yayo ngokuyisisekelo ingaphansi kwe-triad: thesis - antithesis - synthesis. Inkulumo egxilile ye-dialectic ye-symph. indlela - fp. I-sonata No. 23 ka-Beethoven, idrama ye-sonata, egcwele umqondo wobuqhawe. umzabalazo. Ingxenye eyinhloko yengxenye 1st iqukethe amandla zonke izithombe eziphikisanayo, okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zibhekane (isimiso "somunye umuntu"), futhi isifundo sabo sakha imijikelezo yangaphakathi yentuthuko (ukuchayeka, ukuthuthukiswa, ukuphindaphinda) lokho ukwanda kodwa ukushuba, okuholela esigabeni esifinyelela umvuthwandaba - ukuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zokungqubuzana kukhodi. Ezingeni elisha, i-logic yedramaturgy. ukungafani kokunyakaza kwe-1 kubonakala ekubunjweni kwe-sonata iyonke (uxhumano lwe-Andante enkulu ye-sublime nengxenye eseceleni ye-1st movement, isiphetho sesivunguvungu nengxenye yokugcina). I-dialectic yokuhluka okunjalo kokuphuma kokunye kuwumgomo ongaphansi kwe-symphony. Ukucabanga kukaBeethoven. Ufinyelela izinga elikhethekile emdlalweni wakhe wamaqhawe. ama-symphonies - 5th and 9th. Isibonelo esicacile sika-S. emkhakheni wezothando. i-sonatas – i-b-moll sonata ka-Chopin, nayo esekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwedramaturgy. ukungqubuzana kwengxenye ye-1 phakathi kwawo wonke umjikelezo (noma kunjalo, ngendlela ehlukile yenkambo yentuthuko evamile kunaleyo kaBeethoven - hhayi ekufezeni isiphetho sobuqhawe - umvuthwandaba, kodwa ku-epilogue emfushane ebuhlungu).

Njengoba igama ngokwalo libonisa, i-S. ifingqa amaphethini abaluleke kakhulu acwebezele abe yi-sonata-symphony. umjikelezo nomculo. izinhlobo zezingxenye zayo (okuyinto, yona, ethatha izindlela ezihlukene zokuthuthuka eziqukethwe kwezinye izinhlobo, isibonelo, ukuhlukahluka, i-polyphonic), - ngokomfanekiso-thematic. ukugxilisa ingqondo, ngokuvamile kuma-polar spheres, ukuncika okunye kokuqhathanisa nobunye, injongo yentuthuko ukusuka ekuhlukeni ukuya ekuhlanganiseni. Kodwa-ke, umqondo we-S. awuncishisiwe neze ohlelweni lwe-sonata; uphawu. indlela ingaphandle kwemingcele. izinhlobo namafomu, njengoba kuveza kakhulu izici ezibalulekile zomculo ngokujwayelekile njengobuciko benqubo, besikhashana (wona kanye umqondo ka-Asafiev, obheka uhlobo lomculo njengenqubo, uyabonisa). U-S. uthola ukubonakaliswa ezinhlobonhlobo kakhulu. izinhlobo namafomu - kusukela ku-symphony, i-opera, i-ballet kuya kwezothando noma instr encane. imidlalo (isibonelo, uthando lukaTchaikovsky "Futhi, njengangaphambili ..." noma isandulelo sikaChopin ku-d-moll sibonakala ngokunyuka kwe-symphonic ekucindezelekeni ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo, okuletha umvuthwandaba), kusukela ku-sonata, ukuhluka okukhulu kuya ku-strophic encane. amafomu (ngokwesibonelo, ingoma kaSchubert ethi “Double”).

Ubize ngokufanelekile ukuhlukahluka kwakhe kwe-piano symphonic. R. Schumann (kamuva waphinde waqamba ukuhluka kwakhe kwepiyano ne-orchestra S. Frank). Izibonelo ezicacile ze-symphony yamafomu ahlukahlukene asekelwe kumgomo wokuthuthukiswa okunamandla kwezithombe amanqamu e-symphonies ka-Beethoven yesi-3 neyesi-9, i-passacaglia yokugcina ye-symphony yesi-4 ka-Brahms, i-Ravel's Bolero, i-passacaglia ku-sonata-symphony. imijikelezo ka-DD Shostakovich.

Uphawu. indlela ibuye ibonakale ku-vocal-instr enkulu. izinhlobo; Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwemibono yokuphila nokufa ku-h-moll mass ka-Bach kuyi-symphonic mayelana nokugxila: ukuphikiswa kwezithombe akwenziwa lapha ngezindlela ze-sonata, noma kunjalo, amandla kanye nemvelo yokuhlukana kwezwi kanye nethoni asondezwe eduze ne-sonatas. Akukhawulelwe ekugqitshweni (ngesimo se-sonata) kwe-opera ka-Mozart ethi Don Giovanni, idramaturgy egcwele ukungqubuzana okujabulisayo kweRenaissance uthando lokuphila kanye namandla abophe kabuhlungu edwala, ukuziphindiselela. U-Deep S. "Indlovukazi Ye-Spades" ka-Tchaikovsky, ephuma ekuphikisaneni kothando nokudlala ngothando, "izingxabano" zengqondo futhi iqondisa yonke inkambo yombhali wemidlalo. ukuthuthukiswa kuya enhlekeleleni. i-denouement. Isibonelo esiphambene sika-S., esivezwa nge-dramaturgy hhayi ye-bicentric, kodwa ye-oda elilodwa, i-opera ka-Wagner i-Tristan ne-Isolde, nokuqhubeka kwayo okukhulayo kokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo, okucishe kungabi nazo izinqumo kanye nokwehla komnotho. Yonke intuthuko esukela ekuqhutshweni kwephimbo lokuqala elibeleselayo - "ihlumela" lizalwa emcabangweni ophambene nethi "Queen of Spades" - umbono wokuhlangana okungenakugwenywa kothando nokufa. Def. ikhwalithi ye-S., evezwe kumculo we-organic ongavamile. ukukhula, ku-wok encane. ifomu, liqukethwe ku-aria "Casta diva" evela ku-opera "Norma" kaBellini. Ngakho-ke, i-S. ohlotsheni lwe-opera, izibonelo ezigqamile kakhulu eziqukethwe emsebenzini wababhali bemidlalo abakhulu be-opera - WA ​​Mozart no-MI Glinka, J. Verdi, R. Wagner, PI Tchaikovsky kanye ne-MP Mussorgsky, SS Prokofiev kanye DD Shostakovich - akehliswanga ku-orc. umculo. Ku-opera, njengaku-symphony. prod., imithetho yokuhlanganisa iminyuziyamu iyasebenza. idramaturgy esekelwe embonweni obalulekile ojwayelekile (isibonelo, umbono we-folk-heroic ku-Ivan Susanin kaGlinka, isiphetho esibuhlungu sabantu baseMussorgsky's Khovanshchina), amandla okuthunyelwa kwawo, okwenza amafindo ezingxabano (ikakhulukazi kuma-ensembles) kanye nesinqumo sabo. Okukodwa kokubonakaliswa okubalulekile nokuwuphawu kokungabi nankolo ku-opera ukuqaliswa okuphilayo nokungaguquki komgomo we-leitmotif (bona i-Leitmotif). Lesi simiso sivame ukukhula sibe uhlelo lonke lokuphindwaphindwa kwephimbo. ukwakheka, ukusebenzelana kwakho kanye nokuguqulwa kwakho kwembula amandla okushayela edrama, ubudlelwano obujulile bembangela-nomphumela bala mandla (njengaku-symphony). Ngendlela ethuthukisiwe ngokukhethekile, i-symph. Ukuhlelwa kwe-dramaturgy kusetshenziswa isistimu ye-leitmotif kuvezwa kuma-opera ka-Wagner.

Ukubonakaliswa kwezimpawu. indlela, amafomu ayo athile ahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ekukhiqizeni izinhlobo ezahlukene, izitayela, i-lstorich. izinkathi kanye nezikole zikazwelonke kuhlelo loku-1 yilezo noma ezinye izimfanelo ze-symph. indlela - ukuqhuma kodweshu, ubukhali bokuqhathanisa noma ukukhula kwemvelo, ubunye bokuphikisa (noma ukuhlukahluka ebunyeni), amandla okuguquguquka okugxilile enqubo noma ukuhlakazeka kwayo, ukuhamba kancane kancane. Umehluko wezindlela ze-symphony. ukuthuthuka kugqama kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa amadrama-nengxabano. kanye ne-lyric monologue. izinhlobo zezimpawu. idramaturgy. Ukudweba umugqa phakathi kwezinhlobo zomlando zezimpawu. idramaturgy, II Sollertinsky wabiza omunye wabo Shakespearean, dialogic (L. Beethoven), omunye - monologue (F. Schubert). Naphezu kokuvamile okwaziwayo komehluko onjalo, uveza izici ezimbili ezibalulekile zalesi simo: S. njengedrama yokungqubuzana. isenzo kanye no-S. njengengoma. noma enich. ukulandisa. Kwesinye isimo, ukuguquguquka kokuqhathanisa, okuphambene, kuphambili, kokunye, ukukhula kwangaphakathi, ubunye bokuthuthukiswa kwemizwelo kwezithombe noma i-branching yabo yamashaneli amaningi (epic S.); kokukodwa - ukugcizelelwa ezimisweni ze-sonata dramaturgy, isisusa-thematic. ukuthuthukiswa, ukungqubuzana kwenkhulumomphendvulwano kwezimiso ezingqubuzanayo (i-symphonism kaBeethoven, Tchaikovsky, Shostakovich), kokunye - ngokuhlukahluka, ukuhluma kancane kancane kwamaphimbo amasha. ukwakheka, njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, ku-sonatas nama-symphonies kaSchubert, kanye nakwabanye abaningi. umkhiqizo. I. Brahms, A. Bruckner, SV Rachmaninov, SS Prokofiev.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo ze-symphony. I-dramaturgy ibuye inqunywe ukuthi ingabe ibuswa ukucabanga okuqinile okusebenzayo noma inkululeko ehlobene yenkambo yentuthuko evamile (njengesibonelo, ezinkondlweni ze-symphonic zika-Liszt, ama-ballads ka-Chopin kanye namaphupho ku-f-moll), noma ngabe isenzo sisetshenziswa ku-sonata. - i-symphony. umjikelezo noma ugxiliswe kwifomu yengxenye eyodwa (bona, isibonelo, imisebenzi yengxenye eyodwa enkulu ka-Liszt). Kuye ngokuqukethwe okungokomfanekiso nezici zomculo. dramaturgy, singakhuluma ngoDec. izinhlobo ze-S. - ezimangalisayo, ezinomculo, ezidumile, uhlobo, njll.

I-degree of concretization ye-ideological art. imiqondo yokukhiqiza. ngosizo lwegama, uhlobo lwezixhumanisi ezihlangene zama-muses. izithombe ezinezimo zokuphila zinquma ukuhlukaniswa kwe-S. ibe yizinhlelo nezingezona ezihleliwe, ezivame ukuxhunyaniswa (i-symphonism kaTchaikovsky, Shostakovich, A. Honegger).

Esifundweni sezinhlobo ze-S., umbuzo wokubonakaliswa ku-symphony ubalulekile. ukucabanga ngomgomo waseshashalazini - hhayi kuphela ngokuphathelene nemithetho ejwayelekile yedrama, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ikakhulukazi, ohlotsheni lwesakhiwo sangaphakathi, "i-fabularity" yama-symphonies. ukuthuthukiswa (isibonelo, emisebenzini kaG. Berlioz noG. Mahler) noma ukubonakaliswa kweshashalazi kwesakhiwo esingokomfanekiso (i-symphonism kaProkofiev, uStravinsky).

Izinhlobo zika-S. ziziveza ekusebenzelaneni okuseduze. Yebo, dram. S. ekhulwini le-19. ithuthukiswe ngendlela ye-heroic-dramatic (Beethoven) kanye ne-lyrical-dramatic (isiphetho salo mugqa yi-symphonism kaTchaikovsky). Emculweni wase-Austrian kwagqamisa uhlobo lwe-lyric-epic S., ukusuka ku-symphony ngo-C-dur ka-Schubert ukuya emsebenzini. Brahms futhi Bruckner. I-Epic nedrama isebenzisana kusimfoni ka-Mahler. I-synthesis yama-epic, uhlobo namazwi kuyisici esikhulu sesiRashiya. classical S. (MI Glinka, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Glazunov), okubangelwa isiRashiya. nat. isihloko, isici somculo. ingoma, umsindo wesithombe. I-Synthesis decomp. izinhlobo zezimpawu. idramaturgy – inkambiso ethuthuka ngendlela entsha ekhulwini lama-20. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, i-symphonism ye-civic-philosophical kaShostakovich yahlanganisa cishe zonke izinhlobo zama-symphonies ezandulele ngokomlando. idramaturgy egcizelela ngokukhethekile ukuhlanganiswa kwedrama ne-epic. Ngekhulu lama-20 S. njengesimiso somculo. ukucabanga kuvame ukuvezwa ezicini zezinye izinhlobo zobuciko, ezibonakala ngezindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana negama, nethiyetha. isenzo, ukuhlanganisa amasu e-cinematography. idramaturgy (okuvame ukuholela ekuhlukaniseni ingqondo, ukuncipha kwengxenye ye-symphonic logic efanele emsebenzini), njll. Ayincishiswa kwifomula engacacile, S. njengesigaba samamuse. ukucabanga kwembulwa kumathuba amasha enkathini ngayinye yokukhula kwayo.

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HS Nikolaeva