Instrumentovedenie |

Igatsha le-musicology elibhekene nocwaningo lomsuka nokuthuthukiswa kwezinsimbi, ukwakheka kwazo, i-timbre ne-acoustic. izakhiwo nomculo.-express. amathuba, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamathuluzi. I. ixhumene eduze neminyuziyamu. i-folklore, i-ethnography, ubuchwepheshe bezinsimbi kanye nama-acoustics. Kunezigaba ezimbili ezibanzi ze-I. Inhloso yesinye sazo nguNar. amathuluzi omculo, enye - okuthiwa. professional, kufakwe ku-symphony, umoya. futhi estr. ama-orchestra, ahlukene. i-chamber ensembles futhi isetshenziswe ngokuzimela. Kunezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene zokufunda izinsimbi zomculo - ezomculo nezomzimba (i-organographic).

Abameleli bendlela yokuqala babheka izinsimbi njengendlela yokukhiqiza kabusha umculo futhi bawafunde ngokuhlobene eduze nomculo. ubuhlakani nokusebenza. Abasekeli bendlela yesibili bagxila ekwakhiweni kwezinsimbi kanye nokuvela kwayo. Izakhi ze-I. - izithombe zokuqala zamathuluzi nezincazelo zazo - zaqala ngisho nangaphambi kwenkathi yethu. phakathi kwabantu bakwaDkt. East - eGibhithe, India, Iran, China. E-China naseNdiya, izinhlobo zakuqala zokuhlela ama-muses nazo zathuthukiswa. amathuluzi. Ngokusho kohlelo lwe-whale, amathuluzi ahlukaniswe amakilasi angu-8 kuye ngokuthi ayenziwe kanjani: itshe, insimbi, ithusi, ukhuni, isikhumba, ukhamba, ubumba (ubumba) nosilika. Isistimu ihlukanise izinsimbi ngamaqembu angu-4 ngokusekelwe ekwakhiweni kwawo kanye nendlela yokuvusa ukudlidliza komsindo. Ulwazi mayelana nenye impumalanga. amathuluzi agcwaliswa kakhulu ngososayensi, izimbongi nabaculi beNkathi Ephakathi: u-Abu Nasr al-Farabi (ikhulu le-8th-9th), umbhali we-"Great Treatise on Music" ("Kitab al-musiki al-kabir"), Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (ikhulu le-9-10). 11 leminyaka), Ganjavi Nizami (12-14 eminyaka), Alisher Navoi (15-17 eminyaka), kanye ababhali eziningi. izihloko zomculo - uDervish Ali (ikhulu lesi-XNUMX), njll.

Incazelo yokuqala yaseYurophu yamathuluzi omculo ingeyesinye isiGreki. usosayensi u-Aristides Quintilian (ngekhulu lesi-3 BC). Imisebenzi yokuqala ekhethekile ku-I. yavela ngekhulu le-16 nele-17. eJalimane - "Umculo okhishiwe futhi wethulwa ngesiJalimane" ("Musica getutscht und ausgezogen ...") ngu-Sebastian Firdung (ingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-2 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-15), "umculo wezinsimbi waseJalimane" ("Musica Instrumentalis deudsch") uMartin Agricola ( 16-1486) kanye ne-Syntagma Musicium kaMichael Praetorius (1556-1571). Le misebenzi iyimithombo ebaluleke kakhulu yolwazi mayelana neYurophu. izinsimbi zomculo wangaleso sikhathi. Babika ngesakhiwo sezinsimbi, ukuthi zidlalwa kanjani, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi ku-solo, ensemble kanye ne-orc. ukuzijwayeza, njll., izithombe zabo zinikezwa. Okubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-I. kwakuyimisebenzi ye-Bela enkulu kunazo zonke. umbhali womculo uFJ Fetis (1621-1784). Incwadi yakhe ethi La musique mise a la porte de tout le monde (1871), equkethe incazelo yezinsimbi zomculo eziningi, ngo-1830 yanyatheliswa ngesiRashiya. ukuhumusha ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Umculo uqondakala kubo bonke”. Indima evelele esifundweni somculo. amathuluzi ahlukene. amazwe adlale i-“Encyclopedia of Music” (“Encyclopédie de la musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire”) yesiFulentshi esidumile. isazi somculo u-A. Lavignac (1833-1846).

Ulwazi lwangaphambili mayelana neMpumalanga.-Slav. (Russian) umculo. amathuluzi aqukethwe emibhalweni, ezokuphatha-ngokomoya kanye ne-hagiographic. (hagiographic) izincwadi zekhulu le-11. futhi izikhathi kamuva. Izingcezu ezibhekisela kuzo zitholakala phakathi kwamaByzantium. Isazi-mlando sekhulu lesi-7 uTheophylact Simocatta kanye nomArab. umbhali kanye nesihambi ngasekupheleni kwe-9 - ekuseni. Ikhulu le-10 u-Ibn Rusty. Ngekhulu le-16-17. kuvela izichazamazwi ezichazayo (“ABCs”), lapho kutholakala khona amagama eminyuziyamu. amathuluzi kanye Russian ahlobene. imigomo. Izincazelo zokuqala ezikhethekile zesiRashiya. nar. amathuluzi asetshenziswa ngekhulu le-18. Y. Shtelin esihlokweni esithi “Izindaba Ngomculo ERussia” (1770, ngesiJalimane, inguqulo yesiRashiya encwadini. ” (1935-1780, ed. 1809) kanye noM. Guthrie (Guthrie) encwadini ethi “Discourses on Russian Antiquities” (“Dissertations sur les antiquitйs de Russie”, 1908). Le misebenzi iqukethe ulwazi mayelana nokwakhiwa kwamathuluzi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo ku-Nar. ukuphila kanye muz.-art. ukuzijwayeza. Isahluko somculo. amathuluzi avela “ku-“Reasoning” ka-Guthrie ashicilelwe kaningi ngesi-Russian. ulimi (ngokugcwele nangendlela efushanisiwe). Ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lesi-1795 ukunaka okukhulu ekutadisheni isiRashiya. nar. amathuluzi anikezwe u-VF Odoevsky, MD Rezvoy kanye no-DI Yazykov, abashicilele izindatshana ezimayelana nazo ku-Encyclopedic Dictionary of AA Plushar.

Ukuthuthukiswa ku-symp yekhulu le-19. umculo, ukukhula kwe-solo, i-ensemble kanye ne-orc. ukusebenza, ukunothisa kwe-orchestra kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinsimbi zayo kwaholela abaculi esidingweni sokucwaninga ngokujulile izici zesici kanye nezinkulumo zobuciko. amakhono ithuluzi. Kusuka ngo-G. Berlioz kanye no-F. Gevaart, abaqambi nabadidiyeli ezincwadini zabo zokushaywa kwezinsimbi baqala ukunaka kakhulu incazelo yensimbi ngayinye nezici zokusetshenziswa kwayo ku-orc. ukusebenza. Kusho. umnikelo wenziwa futhi nguRus. abaqambi. U-MI Glinka ku-"Notes on Orchestration" (1856) echazwe ngobuqili. futhi enze. amathuba wamathuluzi e-symphonic. i-orchestra. Umsebenzi omkhulu we-NA Rimsky-Korsakov "Izisekelo Zokucula" (1913) usasetshenziswa. Khipha. U-PI Tchaikovsky unamathisele ukubaluleka kolwazi lwezici zezinsimbi kanye nekhono lokuzisebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo ku-orchestra. Ungumnikazi wenguqulo yesiRashiya (1866) ye-“Guide to Instrumentation” (“Traité général d’instrumentation”, 1863) kaP. Gevart, okwakuyibhukwana lokuqala elithi I. Esanduleleni sayo, uTchaikovsky wabhala: “ Abafundi … bazothola encwadini kaGevaart umbono ozwakalayo nongokoqobo wamandla e-orchestra ngokuvamile kanye nokuhluka kwensimbi ngayinye ikakhulukazi.”

Ukuqala kokubunjwa kwe-I. njengokuzimela. igatsha le-musicology labekwa esitezi sesi-2. Abaqaphi bekhulu le-19 nezinhloko zamamnyuziyamu amakhulu kunawo wonke amamuse. amathuluzi - V. Mayyon (Brussels), G. Kinsky (Cologne and Leipzig), K. Sachs (Berlin), MO Petukhov (Petersburg), njll Mayyon washicilela isayensi yevolumu emihlanu. ikhathalogi yeqoqo elidala nelikhulu lezinsimbi ze-Brussels Conservatory esikhathini esidlule (“Catalogue descriptif et analytique du Musée instrumental (historique et technique) du Conservatoire Royale de musique de Bruxelles”, I, 1880).

Abantu abaningi bathole udumo emhlabeni wonke. ucwaningo luka-K. Zaks emkhakheni we-nar. kanye nophrof. amathuluzi omculo. Enkulu kunazo zonke kuzo “Isichazamazwi Sezinsimbi Zomculo” (“Reallexikon der Musikinstrumente”, 1913), “Guide to Instrumentation” (“Handbuch der Musikinstrumentenkunde”, 1920), “The Spirit and Formation of Musical Instruments” (“Geist und Werden der Musikinstrumente”, 1929), “Umlando wezinsimbi zomculo” (“Umlando wezinsimbi zomculo”, 1940). Ngolimi lwesiRashiya, incwadi yakhe ethi "Modern Orchestral Musical Instruments" ("Die modernen Musikinstrumente", 1923, ukuhumusha kwesiRashiya - M.-L., 1932) yanyatheliswa. UMayon wethula isigaba sokuqala sesayensi samaMuses. izinsimbi, ezihlukanisa ngokuvumelana nomzimba ozwakalayo zibe amakilasi angu-4: i-autophonic (self-sounding), ulwelwesi, umoya nezintambo. Ngenxa yalokhu, I. ngithole isisekelo esiqinile sesayensi. Uhlelo lweMayon lwathuthukiswa futhi lwacwengwa ngu-E. Hornbostel no-K. Sachs (“Systematics of Musical Instruments” – “Systematik der Musikinstrumente”, “Zeitschrift für Ethnologie”, Jahrg. XLVI, 1914). Isistimu yabo yokuhlukanisa isekelwe ezimisweni ezimbili - umthombo womsindo (isici seqembu) kanye nendlela okhishwa ngayo (isici sezinhlobo zezinhlobo). Ngemva kokugcina amaqembu amane (noma amakilasi) afanayo - ama-idiophones, ama-membranophones, ama-aerophones nama-chordophones, bahlukanisa ngayinye yazo ngezigaba eziningi. izinhlobo. Uhlelo lokuhlukaniswa kwe-Hornbostel-Sachs luphelele kakhulu; iye yathola ukuqashelwa okubanzi kakhulu. Futhi nokho uhlelo olulodwa, olwamukelwayo jikelele lokuhlukanisa iminyuziyamu. amathuluzi awekho okwamanje. Abadlali bezinsimbi bakwamanye amazwe nabamaSoviet bayaqhubeka nokusebenza ekuthuthukisweni okwengeziwe kwezigaba, ngezinye izikhathi bephakamisa izikimu ezintsha. KG Izikovich emsebenzini wakhe emculweni. Izinsimbi zaseNingizimu Melika amaNdiya (“Izinsimbi zomculo nezinye zomsindo wamaNdiya aseNingizimu Melika”, 1935), ngokuvamile abambelela esikimu samaqembu amane e-Hornbostel-Sachs, anweba kakhulu futhi alungisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezinsimbi zibe izinhlobo. Esihlokweni esimayelana namathuluzi omculo, publ. ku-2nd edition ye-Great Soviet Encyclopedia (vol. 28, 1954), u-IZ Alender, IA Dyakonov kanye no-DR Rogal-Levitsky benza umzamo wokwengeza amaqembu "womhlanga" (kuhlanganise ne-flexatone) kanye "nocwecwe" (lapho i-tubophone namashubhu ayo ensimbi nawo awile), ngaleyo ndlela kushintsha imfanelo yeqembu (umthombo womsindo) nge-subspecies eyodwa (umklamo wezinsimbi). Umcwaningi we-Slovak Nar. izinsimbi zomculo u-L. Leng emsebenzini wakhe kuzo (“i-Slovenskй ladove hudebne nastroje”, 1959) washiya ngokuphelele uhlelo lwe-Hornbostel-Sachs futhi wasekela uhlelo lwakhe lokuhlukanisa ezicini ze-acoustic ngokomzimba. Uhlukanisa izinsimbi ngamaqembu ama-3: 1) ama-idiophone, 2) ama-membranophones, ama-chordophone nama-aerophones, 3) i-electronic and electrophonic. amathuluzi.

Amasistimu wokuhlukanisa afana nalawo ashiwo ngenhla athola ukusetshenziswa cishe ezincwadini ze-AD. izinsimbi, ezibonakala ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo namafomu, emisebenzini enikelwe ku-prof. amathuluzi, ikakhulukazi ezincwadini zokufunda kanye nokunye. izincwadi zokwenziwa kwezinsimbi, kade zasetshenziswa (bheka, isibonelo, umsebenzi oshiwo ngenhla we-Gewart) usekelwe ngokuqinile ngokwesiko. ukwehlukaniswa izinsimbi zomculo zibe umoya (zokhuni nethusi), izintambo ezikhotheme nezihlutshiwe, izinsimbi ezishaywayo namakhibhodi (i-ogani, upiyano, i-harmonium). Naphezu kokuthi lolu hlelo lokuhlukanisa alunasici ngokombono wesayensi (isibonelo, luhlukanisa imitshingo nama-saxophones enziwe ngensimbi njengama-woodwinds), izinsimbi ngokwazo zihlukaniswa ngokwemibandela ehlukene - umoya nezintambo zihlukaniswa nomsindo. umthombo, ukushaywa - ngendlela okuzwakala ngayo. isizinda, namakhibhodi - ngokuklama), izanelisa ngokugcwele izidingo zokubala. futhi enze. imikhuba.

Isebenza ku-I. pl. ososayensi bakwamanye amazwe, ch. ar. organologists (kuhlanganise K. Sachs), okuthiwa. indlela yocwaningo lwendawo esuselwe ekuphenduleni okubekwe phambili nguF. Grebner. i-ethnographic theory "yemibuthano yamasiko". Ngokwale thiyori, izenzakalo ezifanayo eziphawulwe kusiko likaDec. abantu (ngakho-ke izinsimbi zomculo) zivela esikhungweni esisodwa. Eqinisweni, zingenzeka ngoDisemba. abantu ngokuzimela, mayelana nomlando wabo wezenhlalo-mlando. ukuthuthukiswa. Okungadumile kangako yi-typology yokuqhathanisa. indlela enganaki noma ukuhlangana kokuvela kwezinhlobo ezilula, noma ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kokuxhumana komlando namasiko phakathi kwabantu abafanayo noma abahlobene. amathuluzi. Imisebenzi enikezelwe ezinkingeni ze-typology iya isakazeka kakhulu. Njengomthetho, izinsimbi zibhekwa kuzo ngokuhlukaniswa okuphelele nokusetshenziswa kwazo emculweni. ukuzijwayeza. Okunjalo, ngokwesibonelo, izifundo zikaG. Möck (Germany) ngezinhlobo ze-Europ. umtshingo wekhwela (“Ursprung und Tradition der Kernspaltflöten…”, 1951, ed. 1956) kanye no-O. Elshek (Czechoslovakia) endleleni yokusebenza ye-typology yezinsimbi zomculo wesintu (“Typologische Arbeitverfahren bei Volksmusikibnstrumenten”), kokuthi “Izifundo Zezinsimbi Zomculo Zomdabu” (“Studia instrumentorum musicae popularis”, t. 1, 1969). Igalelo elikhulu ekutadisheni izinsimbi zomculo wesintu lenziwa yilezo zanamuhla. abadlali bezinsimbi, njengo-I. Kachulev (NRB), T. Alexandru (SRR), B. Saroshi (Hungary), uchwepheshe emkhakheni wesi-Arabhu. amathuluzi kaG. Farmer (eNgilandi) nabanye abaningi. njll. I-Institute of Ethnology ye-German Academy of Sciences (GDR) ngokuhlanganyela. ngeSwedish Musical History Ngo-1966, umnyuziyamu waqala ukushicilela umsebenzi omkhulu wevolumu ye-Handbook of European Folk Musical Instruments (Handbuch der europdischen Volksmusikinstrumente), ehlelwe ngu-E. Stockman no-E. Emsheimer. Lo msebenzi udalwa ngokubamba iqhaza kwabadlali bezinsimbi abaningi decomp. amazwe futhi iyisethi ephelele yedatha ekwakhiweni kwezinsimbi, ukuthi zidlalwa kanjani, zidlala umculo. amathuba, repertoire ejwayelekile, isicelo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, zomlando. edlule, njll. Enye yevolumu ethi “Handbuch” inikezelwe kumamyuziyamu. amathuluzi abantu baseYurophu. izingxenye zeSoviet Union.

Eziningi eziyigugu n.-i. imisebenzi yavela emlandweni ka-prof. izinsimbi zomculo - izincwadi "Umlando we-orchestration" ("Umlando we-orchestration", 1925) A. Kaps (inguqulo yesiRashiya 1932), "Izinsimbi Zomculo" ("Hudebni nastroje", 1938,1954) A. Modra (inguqulo yesiRashiya . 1959), "Izinsimbi zomculo zaseYurophu yasendulo" ("Izinsimbi zomculo zaseYurophu yasendulo", 1941) H. Bessarabova, "Izinsimbi zomoya kanye nomlando wazo" ("Izinsimbi ze-Woodwind nomlando wazo", 1957) A. Baynes, "Ukuqala kwe umdlalo wezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo” (“Die Anfänge des Streichinstrumentenspiels”, 1964) ka-B. Bachmann, ama-monographs, anikelwe ku-otd. izinsimbi, – “Bassoon” (“Der Fagott”, 1899) by W. Haeckel, “Oboe” (“The Oboe”, 1956) by P. Bate, “Clarinet” (“The clarinet”, 1954) by P. Rendall nabanye.

Kusho. Ukushicilelwa okunemiqulu eminingi “Umlando Womculo Wemifanekiso” (“Musikgeschichte in Bildern”), okwenziwa e-GDR, nakho kuthakazelisa ngokwesayensi; izongena. izihloko kuya sep. imiqulu nezichasiselo zalolu shicilelo ziqukethe ulwazi oluningi mayelana neminyuziyamu. amathuluzi ahlukahlukene. abantu bomhlaba.

ERussia ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 - ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20 endaweni yamathuluzi omculo wasebenza pl. abacwaningi - AS Famintsyn, AL Maslov, NI Privalov, VV Andreev, NF Findeizen, NV Lysenko, DI Arakchiev (Arakishvili), N. Ya Nikiforovsky, AF Eikhgorn, A. Yuryan, A. Sabalyauskas nabanye. Baqoqa umculo ocebe kakhulu kanye ne-ethnographic. izinto zokwakha, ikakhulukazi ngesiRashiya. amathuluzi, incazelo eshicilelwe. inani lemisebenzi wabeka isisekelo samazwe obaba. I. Ukufaneleka okukhethekile kulokhu kungokuka-Famintsyn no-Privalov. Okuyisibonelo mayelana nobubanzi bokuhlanganisa okubhaliwe kanye ne-iconographic. imithombo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwabo ngobuchule yimisebenzi Famintsyn, ikakhulukazi "Gusli - Russian Folk insimbi yomculo" (1890) kanye "Domra nezinsimbi zomculo ezihlobene abantu Russian" (1891), nakuba Famintsyn kwaba umsekeli organological. indlela futhi ngenxa yalokho wafunda Ch. ar. imiklamo yamathuluzi, cishe idlula ngokuphelele izindaba ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwayo ku-nar. impilo nobuciko. ukusebenza. Ngokuphambene naye, i-Privalov ikhokha kakhulu. ukunaka lezi zindaba. U-Privalov wabhala izihloko eziningi nezifundo ezinkulu mayelana nesiRashiya. kanye nesiBelarusian. amathuluzi, mayelana nokwakheka kanye nesigaba sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kweNar. izinsimbi VV Andreev. Imisebenzi kaFamintsyn noPrivalov yasebenza njengesibonelo kwabanye abadlali bezinsimbi. UMaslov wabhala "Incazelo Enemifanekiso Yezinsimbi Zomculo Ezigcinwe eDashkovsky Ethnographic Museum eMoscow" (1909), eyasebenza njengamanye iminyaka eminingi. umthombo lapho abadlali bezinsimbi bakwamanye amazwe bedwebe khona ulwazi mayelana nezinsimbi zabantu abahlala eRussia. Ukufunda isiRashiya. nar. amathuluzi, aqhutshwa u-Andreev, ayengaphansi ngokuphelele kokusebenza. imigomo: wayefuna ukucebisa ukwakheka kwe-orchestra yakhe ngezinsimbi ezintsha. Ngenxa yemisebenzi kaLysenko, Arakishvili, Eichhorn, Yuryan kanye neminye iminyuziyamu. izinsimbi zomculo zase-Ukraine, Georgian, Uzbek, Latvians kanye nabanye abantu ziye zaziwa kabanzi ngaphandle kwensimu lapho kade zisetshenziswa.

Izikhova. I. ufuna ukufunda umculo. izinsimbi zomculo zixhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomculo. ubuciko, ubuciko. nomenzi wasekhaya. umkhuba kanye nomlando jikelele. inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwamasiko kanye nobuciko-va. Ukuthuthukiswa komculo. ubuciko buholela ekwandeni kokusebenza. ubuciko, mayelana nalokhu, izidingo ezintsha zibekwe ekwakhiweni kwethuluzi. Insimbi esebenza kahle kakhulu, yona, idala izimfuneko zokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezinsimbi, umculo nobuciko bokusebenza.

Ku-Sov. I-Union inezincwadi eziningi zesayensi nesayensi ethandwayo ku-I. Uma yadalwa ngaphambilini nguCh. ar. Amabutho aseRussia. ososayensi, manje igcwaliswa ngochwepheshe bomculo cishe kuwo wonke ama-Union namaRiphabhulikhi azimele nezifunda. Izifundo zibhaliwe kumathuluzi abantu abaningi base-USSR, kwenziwa ucwaningo ukuze kuqhathaniswe. isifundo sabo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu: "Izinsimbi Zomculo Zabantu base-Ukraine" ka-G. Khotkevich (1930), "Izinsimbi Zomculo zase-Uzbekistan" ka-VM Belyaev (1933), "Izinsimbi Zomculo zaseGeorgia" ngu-DI Arakishvili (1940, ngolimi lwesiGeorgia. ), "Izinsimbi zomculo kazwelonke zase-Mari" ka-YA Eshpay (1940), "izinsimbi zomculo zomdabu zase-Ukraine" ngu-A. Gumenyuk (1967), "izinsimbi zomculo zomdabu zase-Abkhazian" ngu-IM Khashba (1967), "izinsimbi zomculo zesintu zaseMoldova" LS Berova (1964), "Atlas of Musical Instruments of the Peoples of the USSR" (1963), njll.

Izikhova. abadlali bezinsimbi kanye nongoti bomculo bakha izindlela. inombolo yamaphepha esayensi mayelana no-prof. amathuluzi omculo kanye no-prof. enza. funa-ve. Phakathi kwazo kukhona eka-BA Struve ethi, The Process of Viols and Violins Formation (1959), ekaPN Zimin ethi The Piano in Its Past and Present (1934, esihloko sithi The History of the Piano and Its Predecessors, 1967) nezinye. ., kanye nencwadi eyinhloko enemiqulu emine ethi “Modern Orchestra” ka-DR Rogal-Levitsky (1953-56).

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinkinga ze-I. kanye nesifundo somculo. izinsimbi zisebenza emlandweni. futhi enze. iminyango yama-conservatories, ezikhungweni zocwaningo lomculo; eLeningrad. kuleyo thiyetha, umculo kanye ne-cinematography kukhona okukhethekile. umkhakha I.

Izikhova. I. futhi ihlose ukuhlinzeka ngosizo kubaculi abaprakthiza, abaklami nabaqambi. ongcweti emsebenzini wokuthuthukisa nokwakhiwa kabusha kwamabhinki. izinsimbi, ukuthuthukisa izimfanelo zabo zomsindo, ukusebenza kobuchwepheshe kanye nobuciko.-express. amathuba, ukudala imindeni yokuhlanganisa kanye ne-orc. ukusebenza. Ithiyori nokuhlola. umsebenzi ngale ndlela wenziwa ngaphansi kwe-nat enkulu. ama-ensembles nama-orchestra, ezikhungweni, umculo. uh. izikhungo, izindlu zokusungula, amalabhorethri efektri namahhovisi okuklama, kanye ne-dep. izingcweti zezandla.

Kwezinye izikhova. ama-conservatories afundeka ngokukhethekile. inkambo yomculo. I., ngaphambi kwesifundo sokudlala izinsimbi.

References: I-Privalov HI, Izinsimbi zomculo zomculo zabantu baseRussia, vol. 1-2, eSt. Petersburg, 1906-08; I-Belyaev VM, umculo waseTurkmen, M., 1928 (no-VA Uspensky); eyakhe, Izinsimbi Zomculo zase-Uzbekistan, M., 1933; I-Yampolsky IM, ubuciko be-violin baseRussia, ingxenye 1, M., 1951; Guiraud E., Traité pratique d'instrumentation, P., 1895, isiRashiya. nge. G. Konyusa, M., 1892 (ngaphambi kokushicilelwa koqobo lwesiFulentshi), M., 1934; Umlimi H., The music and musical instruments of the Arab, NY-L., 1916; eyakhe, Studies in Oriental musical instruments, ser. 1-2, L., 1931, Glasgov, 1939; Sachs K., Umlando wezinsimbi zomculo, NY, 1940; Bachmann W., Die Anfänge des Streichinstrumentenspiels, Lpz., 1964 amathuluzi omculo.

KA Vertkov