Izinsimbi |

Ukwethulwa komculo ozodlalwa yinoma iyiphi ingxenye ye-orchestra noma iqoqo lezinsimbi. Ukwethulwa komculo we-orchestra kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-orchestration. Esikhathini esidlule pl. ababhali banikeze amagama athi “I.” kanye “ne-orchestration” dec. incazelo. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, uF. Gewart wachaza u-I. njengemfundiso yobuchwepheshe. futhi uveze. Izinsimbi zamathuba, kanye ne-orchestration - njengobuciko bokusebenzisa kwabo ngokuhlanganyela, futhi u-F. Busoni wathi kudlalwa i-orchestra isethulo se-orchestra yomculo, kusukela ekuqaleni umcabango wombhali njenge-orchestra, futhi ku-I. - isethulo se-orchestra yemisebenzi ebhalwe ngaphandle kokubala k.- l. ukwakheka okuthile noma okunye ukuqamba. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, la magama acishe afane. Igama elithi “I.”, elinencazelo yendawo yonke, ngokwezinga elikhulu libonisa wona kanye umongo wokusungula. inqubo yokuqamba umculo wabadlali abaningi (idlanzana). Ngakho-ke, iya ngokuya isetshenziswa emkhakheni womculo wamakhwaya we-polyphonic, ikakhulukazi ezimeni zamalungiselelo ahlukahlukene.

I. akuyona "ingubo" yangaphandle yomsebenzi, kodwa enye yezinhlangothi zengqikithi yayo, ngoba akunakwenzeka ukucabanga noma yiluphi uhlobo lomculo ngaphandle komsindo wayo okhonkolo, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwencazelo. ama-timbres nezinhlanganisela zawo. Inqubo ye-I. ithola ukuvezwa kwayo kokugcina ekubhalweni kwamaphuzu ahlanganisa izingxenye zawo wonke amathuluzi namazwi abamba iqhaza ekwenzeni umsebenzi othile. (Imiphumela engeyona eyomculo nomsindo onikezwe umbhali walokhu kuqanjwa nakho kuyarekhodwa kumphumela.)

Imibono yokuqala mayelana ne-I. ngabe isivele ivele lapho umehluko phakathi kwama-muses ubonakala okokuqala. isisho, siculwa ngumuntu. izwi, futhi ngaye, edlalwa c.-l. ithuluzi. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi eside, kufaka phakathi i-heyday yamagoli amaningi. izinhlamvu eziphikisanayo, ama-timbres, umehluko wawo kanye namandla. amathuba awazange adlale emculweni nganoma iyiphi indlela ephusile. izindima. Abaqambi bazikhawulele ekulinganiseni ibhalansi yemigqa ye-melodic, kuyilapho ukukhethwa kwezinsimbi ngokuvamile kwakunganqunywa futhi kungase kube okungahleliwe.

Inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwe-I. njengesici sokwakheka ingalandelelwa, kuqala ngokuvunyelwa kwesitayela se-homophonic sokubhala komculo. Kudingeka izindlela ezikhethekile zokuhlukanisa izingoma ezihamba phambili endaweni ehambisanayo; ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuholele ekuvezeni okukhulu, ukushuba nokucaca komsindo.

Indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni idramaturgy. indima yezinsimbi ze-orchestra yadlalwa yi-opera house, eyaqala ngasekupheleni kwe-16 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17. Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX Kuma-opera ka-C. Monteverdi, okokuqala ngqa, kutholakala i-tremolo ephazamisayo kanye ne-pizzicato eqaphile yezintambo zomnsalo. U-KV Gluck, futhi kamuva no-WA ​​Mozart, basebenzise ngempumelelo ama-trombones ukuze babonise izimo ezesabekayo nezesabekayo (“Orpheus and Eurydice”, “Don Juan”). UMozart wasebenzisa ngempumelelo umsindo ongenalwazi womtshingo omncane wangaleso sikhathi ukuze aphawule uPapageno (“Umtshingo Womlingo”). Ezingomeni ze-opera, abaqambi baphendukela kumasakramente. umsindo wezinsimbi zethusi ezivaliwe, futhi yasebenzisa i-sonority yezinsimbi ezishaywayo ezafika eYurophu. ama-orchestra avela kulokho okubizwa. "umculo we-janissary". Nokho, ukusesha emkhakheni we-I. kwahlala kunje. okungenani okungahlelekile kuze kube (ngenxa yokukhethwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinsimbi zomculo, kanye nangaphansi kwethonya lesidingo esiphuthumayo se-propaganda ephrintiwe yemisebenzi yomculo), inqubo yokuba i-symphony yaqedwa. i-orchestra ehlanganisa ezine, nakuba zingalingani, amaqembu ezinsimbi: intambo, ukhuni, ithusi nokushaywa. Ukufanekiswa kokwakhiwa kwe-orchestra kwalungiselelwa yiyo yonke inkambo yokuthuthukiswa kwangaphambili kwamamuse. isiko.

Eyokuqala yayingekhulu le-17. - iqembu lezintambo lizinzile, elakhiwe izinhlobonhlobo zezinsimbi zomculo we-violin ezakhiwe maduze nje: ama-violin, ama-violas, ama-cellos namabhesi aphindwe kabili awaphinda kabili, athatha indawo ye-viola - izinsimbi zokukhala zegumbi namandla obuchwepheshe alinganiselwe.

Umtshingo wasendulo, i-oboe ne-bassoon nazo zase zithuthukisiwe kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi kangangokuthi, mayelana nokushuna nokuhamba, zaqala ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokudlala ndawonye futhi ngokushesha zakwazi ukwakha (naphezu kobubanzi obulinganiselwe obulinganiselwe) okwesibili. iqembu ku-orchestra. Lapho useSer. Ikhulu le-2 i-clarinet nayo yabajoyina (umklamo owathuthukiswa kancane kancane kunemiklamo yezinye izinsimbi zomoya zokhuni), leli qembu laba cishe njenge-monolithic njengentambo eyodwa, liyivumela ngokufana, kodwa liyidlula ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. yetimbres.

Kuthathe isikhathi eside ukwakha i-orc elinganayo. iqembu lomoya wethusi. amathuluzi. Ngesikhathi sika-JS Bach, ama-orchestra amancane ohlobo lwe-chamber ngokuvamile ahlanganisa icilongo lemvelo, elisetshenziswa kakhulu. kurejista ephezulu, lapho isikali sayo sivumela ukukhipha i-diatonic. ukulandelana kwesibili. Ukushintsha le melodic ukusetshenziswa kwepayipi (okuthiwa "isitayela se-Clarino") kusukela esitezi sesibili. Ikhulu le-2 kwaba nencazelo entsha yethusi. Abaqambi ngokuya baqala ukusebenzisa amapayipi emvelo nezimpondo ze-harmonica. ukugcwalisa orc. izindwangu, kanye nokuthuthukisa ama-accents nokugcizelela ukubola. amafomula wesigqi. Ngenxa yamathuba alinganiselwe, izinsimbi zethusi zisebenze njengeqembu elilinganayo kuphela kulezo zimo lapho umculo udalelwe bona, i-DOS. ngemvelo. izikali eziwuphawu lwabalandeli bezempi, izimpondo zokuzingela, izimpondo zeposi, nezinye izinsimbi zesignali ngezinjongo ezikhethekile - abasunguli beqembu le-orchestral brass.

Ekugcineni, hit. izinsimbi kuma-orchestra ekhulu le-17 - 18th. ngokuvamile ayemelwe ama-timpani amabili ashuniswe ku-tonic futhi abusayo, ayevame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa neqembu lethusi.

Ekupheleni kwe-18 - ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-19 lenza “i-classical.” i-orchestra. Indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekusunguleni ukubunjwa kwayo ingeka-J. Haydn, nokho, ithathe ifomu eligcwaliswe ngokuphelele ku-L. Beethoven (ngokuphathelene nayo ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Beethovenian"). Ihlanganisa ama-violin okuqala angu-8-10, ama-violin angu-4-6 wesibili, ama-viola angu-2-4, ama-cellos angu-3-4 kanye namabhesi aphindwe kabili angu-2-3 (ngaphambi kuka-Beethoven babedlala kakhulu i-octave ene-cellos). Lokhu kwakhiwa kwezintambo kwakuhambisana nemitshingo engu-1-2, ama-oboes angu-2, ama-clarinets angu-2, ama-bassoon angu-2, izimpondo ezi-2 (ngezinye izikhathi ezi-3 noma ezi-4, lapho kunesidingo sezimpondo ze-tunings ezahlukene), amacilongo angu-2 nama-timpani angu-2. Iqembu elinjalo le-orchestra lalinikeza amathuba anele okufeza imibono yabaqambi ababezuze ubuhle obukhulu ekusebenziseni iminyuziyamu. amathuluzi, ikakhulukazi ithusi, umklamo wawo owawusemdala kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, emsebenzini ka-J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart, futhi ikakhulukazi u-L. Beethoven, kuvame ukuba nezibonelo zokunqoba ngobuhlakani ukulinganiselwa kwezinsimbi zabo zangaleso sikhathi kanye nesifiso sokwandisa nokuthuthukisa i-symphony orchestra yangaleso sikhathi. ukuqagela.

Ku-symphony yesi-3, u-Beethoven udale itimu ehlanganisa isimiso sobuqhawe ngokuphelela okukhulu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ihambisana kahle nemvelo yezimpondo zemvelo:

Ngokuhamba kancane kwe-symphony yakhe yesi-5, izimpondo namacilongo baphathiswa izibabazo zokunqoba:

Itimu ejabulisayo yesiphetho sale symphony nayo idinga ukubamba iqhaza kwama-trombones:

Lapho esebenza ngendikimba yeculo lokugcina le-symphony yesi-9, u-Beethoven ngokungangabazeki wayefuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ingadlalwa ngezinsimbi zethusi zemvelo:

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-timpani ku-scherzo ye-symphony efanayo ngokungangabazeki kufakazela inhloso yokuphikisa ngokuphawulekayo isigqi. insimbi - i-timpani yayo yonke i-orchestra:

Ngisho nangesikhathi sempilo kaBeethoven, kwaba khona uguquko lwangempela ekwakhiweni kwemimoya yethusi. amathuluzi ahlobene nokusungulwa komshini we-valve.

Abaqambi babengasavinjelwa amathuba alinganiselwe endalo. izinsimbi zethusi futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, zithole ithuba lokulahla ngokuphepha uhla olubanzi lwamathoni. Kodwa-ke, amapayipi amasha, "i-chromatic" nezimpondo azizange zizuze ngokushesha ukuqashelwa kwendawo yonke - ekuqaleni zazizwakala zimbi kakhulu kunezemvelo futhi ngokuvamile azizange zinikeze ukuhlanzeka okudingekayo kwesistimu. Futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abanye abaqambi (R. Wagner, I. Brahms, NA Rimsky-Korsakov) ngezinye izikhathi babuyela ekuchazeni izimpondo namacilongo njengemvelo. izinsimbi, ezinquma ukuthi zidlale ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ama-valve. Ngokuvamile, ukubonakala kwezinsimbi zama-valve kwavula amathemba abanzi okuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwamamuse. ubuciko, kusukela ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu iqembu lethusi libambe ngokuphelele intambo nezinkuni, lithole ithuba lokuveza ngokuzimela noma yimuphi umculo oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Isenzakalo esibalulekile kwaba ukusungulwa kwe-bass tuba, eyaba yisisekelo esithembekile hhayi kuphela eqenjini lethusi, kodwa ne-orchestra yonke.

Ukuthola ukuzimela kweqembu lethusi ekugcineni kwanquma indawo yezimpondo, lezo ngaphambi kwalokho ezazihlangana (kuye ngokuthi izimo) kungaba ezethusi noma zokhuni. Njengezinsimbi zethusi, izimpondo ngokuvamile zazidlalwa kanye namacilongo (ngezinye izikhathi asekelwa i-timpani), okungukuthi, njengeqembu ngokuqondile.

Kwezinye izimo, ahlanganiswe ngokuphelele nezinsimbi zokhuni, ikakhulukazi ama-bassoon, akha i-harmonica pedal (akukona ukuqondana ukuthi amaphuzu asendulo, futhi kamuva no-R. Wagner, G. Spontini, ngezinye izikhathi no-G. Berlioz, umugqa wezimpondo wawukhona. ibekwe ngaphezu kwama-bassoons, okungukuthi phakathi kokhuni). Imikhondo yalobu bubili iyabonakala nanamuhla, ngoba izimpondo yizona kuphela izinsimbi ezithatha indawo kumaphuzu hhayi ngokulandelana kwe-tessitura, kodwa, njengokungathi, "njengesixhumanisi" phakathi kwezinsimbi zokhuni nezethusi.

Abanye abaqambi besimanje (isibonelo, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich) kwabanye abaningi. amaphuzu aqopha ingxenye yophondo phakathi kwamacilongo nama-trombones. Kodwa-ke, indlela yokuqopha izimpondo ngokwe-tessitura yazo ayizange isabalale ngenxa yokufaneleka kokubeka ama-trombones namapayipi eduze komunye nomunye kumaphuzu, ngokuvamile esebenza ndawonye njengabameleli bethusi "elisindayo" ("kanzima").

Iqembu lemimoya yokhuni. izinsimbi, imiklamo eyaqhubeka ithuthuka, yaqala ukucetshiswa kakhulu ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo: imitshingo emincane ne-alto, eng. uphondo, ama-clarinets amancane nama-bass, i-contrabassoon. Esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-19 Kancane kancane, iqembu lamapulangwe elimibalabala lathatha isimo, ngokwevolumu yalo hhayi nje elingaphansi kwentambo, kodwa ngisho nokulidlula.

Inani lezinsimbi ezishaywayo nalo liyakhula. I-3-4 timpani ihlanganiswe nezigubhu ezincane nezinkulu, amasimbali, unxantathu, ithamborini. Ngokukhulayo, izinsimbi, i-xylophone, i-fp., kamuva i-celesta ivela ku-orchestra. Imibala emisha yethulwa ihabhu elinezinyawo eziyisikhombisa, elasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 futhi kamuva lathuthukiswa ngu-S. Erar, ngomshini wokushuna kabili.

Izintambo zona azihlali zingenandaba nokukhula kwamaqembu angomakhelwane. Ukuze kugcinwe izilinganiso ezifanele ze-acoustic, kwakudingeka ukwandisa inani labadlali kulezi zinsimbi zibe yi-14-16 ye-violin yokuqala, i-12-14 yesibili, i-10-12 violas, i-cellos engu-8-12, i-bass ephindwe kabili engu-6-8, okudale ukuthi kube nokwenzeka kokusetshenziswa okubanzi kwe-decomp. ukuhlukanisa.

Ngokusekelwe ku-orchestra yakudala yekhulu le-19 kancane kancane ithuthuka ekhiqizwa imibono yamamuse. i-romanticism (ngakho-ke ukusesha imibala emisha nokugqama okugqamile, izakhiwo, uhlelo lwe-symphonic nomculo weshashalazi) i-orchestra ka-G. Berlioz no-R. Wagner, u-KM Weber no-G. Verdi, u-PI Tchaikovsky no-NA Rimsky-Korsakov.

Yakhiwe ngokuphelele esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-19, elikhona ngaphandle kwezinguquko cishe iminyaka eyikhulu, lona (ngokuhlukahluka okuncane) lisanelisa ubuciko. Izidingo zabaqambi bezikhombisi-ndlela ezahlukahlukene kanye nobuntu njengoba kudonsela ebuhleni, imibalabala, iminyuziyamu. ukubhala okuzwakalayo, nalabo abalwela ukujula ngokwengqondo kwezithombe zomculo.

Ngokuhambisana nokuzinza kwe-orchestra, ukusesha okujulile kwamasu amasha e-orc kwenziwa. ukubhala, incazelo entsha yezinsimbi ze-orchestra. Ithiyori ye-acoustic yakudala. ibhalansi, eyenziwe maqondana ne-symphony enkulu. i-orchestra ka-NA Rimsky-Korsakov, isuke eqinisweni lokuthi icilongo elilodwa (noma i-trombone, noma i-tuba) idlala i-forte ngendlela ezwakalayo kakhulu. irejista, ngokwamandla omsindo ilingana nezimpondo ezimbili, ngayinye yazo, ilingana nemimoya emibili yokhuni. izinsimbi noma ukuhlangana kwanoma yiliphi iqembu elincane lezintambo.

PI Tchaikovsky. I-Symphony 6, ukunyakaza I. Imitshingo nama-clarinets aphinda umusho owawudlalwa ama- divisi violas nama- cellos.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukulungiswa okuthile kwenziwa ngenxa yomehluko wokushuba kwamarejista kanye nokuguquguqukayo. ama-shades angashintsha isilinganiso ngaphakathi kwe-orc. izindwangu. Indlela ebalulekile ye-classical I. kwakuyi-harmonic noma i-melodic (i-counterpunctuated) pedal, okuyisici somculo we-homophonic.

Okubalulekile ekuthobeleni ukulingana kwe-acoustic, I. angikwazanga ukuba semhlabeni wonke. Wayehlangabezana kahle nezidingo zezilinganiso eziqinile, ukuzindla kokucabanga, kodwa wayengakufanelekeli ukudlulisa izinkulumo ezinamandla. Kulezi zimo, izindlela ze-I., osn. ngokuphindwe kabili okunamandla (okukathathu, kane) kwamanye amazwi uma kuqhathaniswa namanye, ekushintsheni okungaguquki kwezingqimba kanye namandla.

Amasu anjalo ayisici somsebenzi wabaqambi abaningi basekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. (isibonelo, i-AN Scriabin).

Kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezingqimba "ezihlanzekile" (solo) abaqambi baqala ukufeza imiphumela ekhethekile, behlanganisa ngesibindi imibala engafani, amazwi aphindwe kabili ngama-octave angu-2, 3 noma ngaphezulu, besebenzisa izingxube eziyinkimbinkimbi.

PI Tchaikovsky. I-Symphony No. 6, ukunyakaza I. Izibabazo zezinsimbi zethusi ziphendulwa isikhathi ngasinye ngokuhlangana kwezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo nezokhuni.

Ama-timbres ahlanzekile ngokwawo, njengoba kwavela, ayegcwele izengezo. idramaturgy. amathuba, isib. ukuqhathaniswa kwamarejista aphezulu naphansi ezinsimbi zokhuni, ukusetshenziswa kwe-decomp eyisimungulu. izabelo zethusi, ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo zebhesi eziphezulu zezintambo, njll. Izinsimbi ebezisetshenziswa ngaphambilini kuphela ukushaya isigqi noma ukugcwalisa nokuvumelana kombala ziya ngokuya zisetshenziswa njengabathwali be-thematicism.

In search of ukunwetshwa izoveza. futhi ubonise. Amathuba akha i-orchestra yekhulu lama-20. – I-Orchestra kaG. Mahler noR. Strauss, C. Debussy noM. Ravel, IF Stravinsky noV. Britten, SS Prokofiev noDD Shostakovich. Ngazo zonke izikhombisi-ndlela zobuciko nobuntu balokhu kanye nenani labanye ongcweti abavelele bokubhala kwe-orchestra dec. amazwe omhlaba ahlobene ngobuhle bamasu ahlukahlukene we-I., osn. emcabangweni wokuzwa othuthukisiwe, umuzwa wangempela wemvelo yamathuluzi kanye nolwazi oluhle kakhulu lobuchwepheshe bawo. amathuba.

Kusho. indawo kumculo wekhulu lama-20 owabelwe i-leittimbres, lapho insimbi ngayinye iba, njengokungathi, umlingisi wensimbi edlalwayo. ukusebenza. Ngakho, uhlelo lwe-leitmotifs olwasungulwa u-Wagner luthatha amafomu amasha. Ngakho-ke ukusesha okujulile kwama-timbres amasha. Abadlali bezintambo baya ngokuya bedlala i-sul ponticello, i-col legno, enama-harmonics; izinsimbi zomoya zisebenzisa indlela ye-frullato; ukudlala ihabhu kunothiswa yinhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yama-harmonics, ukushaya ezintanjeni ngentende yesandla sakho. Imiklamo yensimbi entsha ibonakala evumela imiphumela engajwayelekile ukuthi izuzwe (isb, i-glissando on pedal timpani). Kuqanjwa amathuluzi amasha ngokuphelele (ikakhulukazi i-percussion), okuhlanganisa. kanye ne-elekthronikhi. Ekugcineni, ku-Symph. I-orchestra yethula ngokwandayo izinsimbi zomculo ezivela kwezinye izingoma (ama-saxophone, izinsimbi zezwe ezihlutshiwe).

Izidingo ezintsha zokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi ajwayelekile zethulwa ngabamele ukunyakaza kwe-avant-garde ezikhathini zanamuhla. umculo. Amaphuzu abo alawulwa wukushaya. izinsimbi ezinephimbo elithile (ixylophone, izinsimbi, i-vibraphone, izigubhu zemisindo ehlukene, i-timpani, izinsimbi ze-tubular), kanye ne-celesta, i-fp. kanye namathuluzi ahlukahlukene wamandla. Ngisho nezinsimbi ezikhotheme zisho. okuncane kakhulu okusetshenziswe yilaba baqambi ekuphucweni nasekubetheni. ukukhiqizwa komsindo, kuze kube ukucofa ngeminsalo kumadekhi wezinsimbi. Imiphumela efana nokunqamula izipikili ebhodini lomsindo we-harp resonator noma ukuthinta ama-valve kumapulangwe nawo aya ngokuya evame. Kuya ngokwandayo, kusetshenziswa amarejista amathuluzi aqine kakhulu, aqine kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuciko babaculi be-avant-garde bubonakala ngesifiso sokuhumusha uNdunankulu we-orchestra. njengemihlangano yabacula ngabodwana; ukwakheka kwe-orchestra ngokwayo kuvame ukuncishiswa, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuncipha kwenani lezinsimbi zeqembu.

U-Rimsky-Korsakov. "Scheherazade". ingxenye II. Izintambo, ukudlala okungahlukanisi, kusetshenziswa amanothi akabili kanye namaculo anezingxenye ezintathu nezine, kuchaza i-melodic-harmonic ngokugcwala okukhulu. ukuthungwa, ukusekelwa kancane kuphela izinsimbi zomoya.

Nakuba ekhulwini lama-20 kuye kwabhalwa imisebenzi eminingi. ngokwakhiwa okukhethekile (okuhlukile) kwe-symph. I-orchestra, akekho kubo owaba yinto evamile, njengangaphambi kwe-orchestra yomnsalo wezintambo, okwadalelwa imisebenzi eminingi eyathola ukuthandwa okubanzi (isibonelo, "i-Serenade for String Orchestra" ka-PI Tchaikovsky).

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Orc. umculo ubonisa ngokucacile ukuncika okunye kokusungula kanye nesisekelo sawo sezinto ezibonakalayo. isaziso. intuthuko ekwakhiweni kwemishini eyinkimbinkimbi yemimoya yokhuni. amathuluzi noma emkhakheni wokukhiqiza amathuluzi ethusi alinganiswe ngokunembe kakhulu, kanye namanye amaningi. okunye ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsimbi zomculo ekugcineni kwaba umphumela wezidingo eziphuthumayo zobuciko bemibono. ukuhleleka. Ngokulandelayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwesisekelo sezinto zobuciko kwavula ama-horizons amasha kubaqambi nabadlali, kwavusa ubuciko babo. fantasy futhi ngaleyo ndlela wadala izimfuneko zokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kobuciko bomculo.

Uma umqambi esebenza emsebenzini we-orchestra, kubhalwe (noma kufanele) kubhalwe ngokuqondile ku-orchestra, uma kungenjalo kuyo yonke imininingwane, khona-ke ezicini zayo eziyinhloko. Kulesi simo, ekuqaleni kuqoshwa emigqeni eminingana ngendlela yomdwebo - i-prototype yamaphuzu wesikhathi esizayo. Imininingwane emincane yokuthungwa kwe-orchestra umdwebo uqukethe, useduze kakhulu ne-FP yemigqa emibili evamile. isethulo, umsebenzi omningi ku-I. wangempela okufanele wenziwe ngesikhathi sokubhala amaphuzu.

M. Ravel. "Bolero". Ukukhula okukhulu kufinyelelwa ngokusebenzisa izinsimbi kuphela. Kusukela kumtshingo ohamba yedwa uma ubhekene nengemuva lesibalo esingazwakali kahle esihambisana naso, ngokuhlangana kwemimoya yokhuni, bese kuba yingxube yezintambo eziphindwe kabili yimimoya...

Empeleni, i-instrumentation ye-fp. imidlalo – eyomuntu noma eyomunye umbhali – idinga ubuhlakani. sondela. Ucezu kuleli cala luhlala luyisibonelo somsebenzi we-orchestra wesikhathi esizayo, ngoba umculi wezinsimbi kufanele ashintshe njalo ukuthungwa, futhi ngokuvamile uphoqeleka ukuba ashintshe amarejista, aphinde kabili amazwi, engeze ama-pedals, aphinde afake izibalo, agcwalise i-acoustic. . voids, guqula izingoma eziqinile zibe banzi, njll. Inethiwekhi. dlulisa i-fp. ukwethulwa ku-orchestra (ngezinye izikhathi okuhlangatshezwana nayo kumkhuba womculo) kuvame ukuholela ekungagculisini kobuciko. imiphumela - i-I. enjalo iphenduka impofu emsindweni futhi yenza umbono ongemuhle.

Ubuciko obubaluleke kakhulu. umsebenzi we-instrumentator ukufaka i-decomp. ngokwesici kanye nokungezwani kwe-timbres, okuzoveza ngamandla kakhulu idramaturgy ye-ork. umculo; ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi uwukufinyelela ukulalela kahle amazwi kanye nesilinganiso esifanele phakathi kwendiza yokuqala neyesibili (yesithathu), okuqinisekisa ukukhululeka nokujula kwe-orc. umsindo.

Nge-I., isibonelo, i-fp. imidlalo ingase ivele futhi inombolo izohambisana. imisebenzi, eqala ngokukhethwa kokhiye, okungahambisani ngaso sonke isikhathi nokhiye wokuqala, ikakhulukazi uma kunesidingo sokusebenzisa umsindo okhanyayo wezintambo ezivulekile noma imisindo ekhanyayo engenama-valve yezinsimbi zethusi. Kubaluleke kakhulu futhi ukuxazulula kahle udaba lwazo zonke izimo zokudluliswa kwama-muses. imishwana kwamanye amarejista uma kuqhathaniswa neyokuqala, futhi, ekugcineni, ngokusekelwe ohlelweni olujwayelekile lokuthuthukiswa, phawula ukuthi zingaki "izendlalelo" ingxenye eyodwa noma enye yokukhiqiza okuzodingeka ishiwo.

Mhlawumbe eziningana. I. izixazululo zanoma yimuphi umkhiqizo. (Yebo, uma ingaqanjwanga njenge-orchestra futhi ingabhalwanga phansi ngendlela yomdwebo wamaphuzu). Ngasinye salezi zinqumo singathethelelwa ngokobuciko ngendlela yaso. Kodwa-ke, lezi zizovele zihluke ngezinga elithile. imikhiqizo ehlukile kwenye ngemibala yayo, ukushuba, kanye nezinga lokungafani phakathi kwezigaba. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi I. kuyinqubo yokudala, engehlukaniseki nengqikithi yomsebenzi.

Isimangalo sesimanje sika-I. sidinga iziqondiso zemisho ezinembayo. Amagama anencazelo awagcini nje ngokulandela i-tempo enqunyiwe kanye nokulandela ukuqanjwa okuvamile kwe-dynamic. kanye ne-agogic. ukuhleleka, kodwa futhi nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezithile zokusebenza isici sensimbi ngayinye. Ngakho-ke, lapho kwenziwa izintambo. amathuluzi, ungakwazi ukuhambisa umnsalo uye phansi, phezulu noma esitokisini, ngokushelelayo noma kungazelelwe, ucindezela intambo ngokuqinile noma uvumele umnsalo ugxume, udlale inothi elilodwa lomnsalo ngamunye noma amanothi amaningana, njll.

Abenzi bomoya. amathuluzi angasebenzisa i-diff. izindlela zokufutha indiza yomoya - kusukela ekuzabalazeni. “ulimi” oluphindwe kabili nekathathu ku-legato emnandi emnandi, lusetshenziswa ngendlela ezuzisa imisho ezwakalayo. Okufanayo kusebenza nakwezinye izinsimbi zesimanje. i-orchestra. Umshayi wezinsimbi kufanele azi kahle zonke lezi zinto ezicashile ukuze akwazi ukuletha izinhloso zakhe kubadlali ngokugcwele. Ngakho-ke, amaphuzu esimanje (ngokungafani nezibalo zangaleso sikhathi, lapho isitokwe samasu okwenza okwamukelwa ngokuvamile sasilinganiselwe futhi okuningi kubonakala sengathi sithathwa njengokujwayelekile) ngokuvamile sinamachashazi ngokoqobo nenqwaba yezinkomba ezinembe kakhulu, ngaphandle kwazo umculo uba yinto engenamsebenzi futhi uphelelwa umoya ophilayo, ovevezelayo.

Izibonelo ezaziwayo zokusetshenziswa kwe-timbres ku-dramaturgy. futhi ubonise. izinjongo yilezi: ukudlala umtshingo esanduleleni esithi “Afternoon of Faun” kaDebussy; ukudlalwa kwe-oboe bese kuba i-bassoon ekupheleni kwesigcawu sesi-2 se-opera ethi Eugene Onegin (Umdlalo Womalusi); ibinzana lophondo eliwela kulo lonke uhla kanye nokukhala kwe-clarinet encane enkondlweni kaR. Strauss ethi “Til Ulenspiegel”; umsindo odangele we-bass clarinet endaweni yesi-5 ye-opera ethi The Queen of Spades (Ekamelweni Lokulala Ka-Countess); I-double bass solo ngaphambi kwesigameko sokufa kukaDesdemona (i-Otello kaG. Verdi); umoya we-frullato. izinsimbi ezibonisa ukukhala kwezinqama ku-symphony. inkondlo ethi “Don Quixote” kaR. Strauss; izintambo ze-sul ponticello. izinsimbi ezibonisa ukuqala kwempi eLake Peipsi (u-Alexander Nevsky cantata nguProkofiev).

Okunye okuphawulekayo yi-viola eyedwa ku-symphony kaBerlioz ethi “Harold in Italy” kanye ne-solo cello ku-“Don Quixote” kaStrauss, i-violin cadenza ku-symphony. Rimsky-Korsakov suite "Scheherazade". Lezi zenziwe samuntu. Ama-leittimbres, kuwo wonke umehluko wawo, enza idramaturgy ebalulekile yohlelo. imisebenzi.

Izimiso ze-I., ezathuthukiswa lapho kwakhiwa imidlalo yama-symphonies. i-orchestra, esebenza kakhulu kwamanye ama-orc amaningi. izingoma, ezidalwe ekugcineni emfanekisweni nasekufaneni kwe-symphony. futhi uhlale uhlanganisa amaqembu amabili noma amathathu wamathuluzi afanayo. Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi umoya. ama-orchestra, kanye no-Dec. nar. nat. ama-orchestra ngokuvamile enza imibhalo yemisebenzi ebhalelwe ama-symphonies. i-orchestra. Amalungiselelo anjalo angenye yezinhlobo zokuhlela. Izimiso I. kuya. – l. isebenza ngaphandle kwezidalwa. izinguquko zidluliselwa kubo zisuka kolunye uhlobo lwe-orchestra ziye kwenye. Kusabalele uDisemba. Imitapo yolwazi ye-orchestra, evumela ama-ensembles amancane ukuthi enze imisebenzi ebhalelwe ama-orchestra amakhulu.

Indawo ekhethekile ihlala umbhali I., okokuqala, fi. izindatshana. Eminye imikhiqizo ikhona ngezinguqulo ezimbili ezilinganayo - ngendlela ye-orc. amaphuzu naku-fp. isethulo (amanye ama-rhapsodies ka-F. Liszt, ama-suites asuka kumculo kuya ku-“Peer Gynt” ka-E. Grieg, imidlalo ehlukene ka-AK Lyadov, I. Brahms, C. Debussy, suites from “Petrushka” by IF Stravinsky, ballet suites “Romeo kanye noJuliet” ngu-SS Prokofiev, njll.). Phakathi kwamaphuzu adalwe ngesisekelo se-FP eyaziwayo. isebenza ngongcweti abakhulu I., Izithombe zika-Mussorgsky-Ravel e-Exhibition ziyagqama, ezenziwa kaningi njenge-fp yazo. isibonelo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni we-I. kukhona izinhlelo ze-opera u-Boris Godunov kanye no-Khovanshchina ka-Mussorgsky kanye ne-Stone Guest ka-Dargomyzhsky, eyenziwa ngu-NA Rimsky-Korsakov, kanye ne-I. entsha yama-opera u-Boris Godunov no-Khovanshchina ka- I-Mussorgsky, eyenziwa nguDD Shostakovich.

Kunemibhalo eningi ku-I. ye-symphony orchestra, efingqa ulwazi olucebile lomculo we-symphonic. Esisekelweni. Imisebenzi ihlanganisa “i-Great Treatise on Modern Instrumentation and Orchestration” ka-Berlioz kanye “Nezisekelo Eziyisisekelo Zomculo We-Orchestration Enamasampula Amaphuzu Asuka Ezakhiweni Zakhe” ka-Rimsky-Korsakov. Ababhali bale misebenzi babengabaqambi abasebenzayo abavelele, abakwazile ukuphendula ngokugcwele izidingo eziphuthumayo zabaculi futhi benze izincwadi ezingalahlekelwanga ukubaluleka kwazo okukhulu. Izinguqulo eziningi ziyakufakazela lokhu. I-treatise by Berlioz, eyabhalwa emuva kuma-40s. Ikhulu le-19, labuyekezwa futhi lengezwe nguR. Strauss ngokuhambisana ne-Orc. isiqalo sokuzijwayeza. Ikhulu lama-20

Emculweni uch. izikhungo zenza izifundo ezikhethekile I., ngokuvamile ehlanganisa ezimbili main. izingxenye: i-instrumentation futhi empeleni I. Eyokuqala yazo (isingeniso) yethula amathuluzi, isakhiwo sazo, izakhiwo, umlando wokuthuthukiswa komunye nomunye wabo. Isifundo se-I. sinikezelwe emithethweni yokuhlanganisa amathuluzi, ukudlulisa ngokusebenzisa I. ukukhuphuka nokuwa kwengcindezi, ukubhala okuyimfihlo (iqembu) kanye ne-orchestral tutti. Lapho uhlola izindlela zobuciko, umuntu ekugcineni uphuma emcabangweni wobuciko. wonke umkhiqizo odaliwe (ohleliwe).

Amasu I. atholwa ngenqubo yokusebenza. amakilasi, lapho abafundi, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukathisha, belobela i-orchestra uNdunankulu. fp. isebenza, ujwayelane nomlando we-orchestra. izitayela nokuhlaziya izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zamaphuzu; abaqhubi, abaqambi kanye nongoti bomculo, ngaphezu kwalokho, bazijwayeza ukufunda amaphuzu, ngokuvamile bawakhiqize ophiyano. Kodwa umkhuba ongcono kakhulu womdlali wezinsimbi we-novice ukulalela umsebenzi wabo ku-orchestra futhi athole izeluleko kubaculi abanolwazi ngesikhathi sokuzilolonga.

References: U-Rimsky-Korsakov N., Okuyisisekelo Kwe-Orchestration Enamasampuli Amaphuzu Asuka Ekuqanjweni Kwakhe Kwakhe, ed. M. Steinberg, (ingxenye) 1-2, Berlin – M. – St. Petersburg, 1913, okufanayo, Okugcwele. khola. soch., Literary works and correspondence, vol. III, M., 1959; Beprik A., Ukuhunyushwa kwezinsimbi ze-orchestra, M., 1948, 4961; okwakhe. Izindatshana zemibuzo yezitayela ze-orchestra, M., 1961; Chulaki M., Symphony Orchestra Instruments, L., 1950, ebuyekeziwe. M., 1962, 1972; Vasilenko S., Instrumentation for symphony orchestra, vol. 1, M., 1952, vol. 2, M., 1959 (ihlelwe futhi inezezelwe ngu-Yu. A. Fortunatov); Rogal-Levitsky DR, i-Modern orchestra, vol. 1-4, M., 1953-56; Berlioz H., Grand trait d'instrumentation et d'orchestration modernes, P., 1844, M855; yakhe, Instrumentationslehre, TI 1-2, Lpz., 1905, 1955; Gevaert FA, Traite general d'instrumentation, Gand-Liège, 1863, rus. nge. PI Tchaikovsky, M., 1866, M. - Leipzig, 1901, futhi ngokugcwele. khola. op. Tchaikovsky, vol. IIIB, ebuyekeziwe. kanye nohlelo olwengeziwe ngaphansi kwesihloko: Nouveau traite d'instrumentation, P.-Brux., 1885; Russian trans., M., 1892, M.-Leipzig, 1913; Ingxenye yesibili enesihloko esithi: Cours méthodique d'orchestration, P. – Brux., 2, Rus. trans., M., 1890, 1898; Rrout, E., Instrumentation, L., 1904; Gulraud E., Traite pratique d'instrumentation, P., 1878, rus. nge. G. Konyus ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi: Guide to the practical study of instrumentation, M., 1892 (ngaphambi kokushicilelwa kohlelo lokuqala lwesiFulentshi), ed. kanye nezengezo zikaD. Rogal-Levitsky, M., 1892; Widor Ch.-M., La technique de l'orchestre moderne, P., 1934, 1904, Rus. nge. nge add. D. Rogal-Levitsky, eMoscow, ngo-1906; I-Carse A., Amacebiso awusizo ekushayeleni izinsimbi, L., 1938; eyakhe, The History of orchestration, L., 1919, rus. trans., M., 1925; yakhe, I-orchestra yekhulu le-1932, iCamb., 18; yakhe, I-orchestra esuka kuBeethoven kuya eBerlioz, Camb., 1940; Wellen, E., Die neue Instrumentation, Bd 1948-1, B., 2-1928; Nedwed W., Die Entwicklung der Instrumentation von der Wiener Klassik bis zu den Anfängen R. Wagners, W., 29 (Diss.); I-Merill, BW, Isingeniso Esisebenzayo sokucula nomculo, u-Ann Arbor (Michigan), ngo-1931; Marescotti A.-F., Les instruments d'orchestre, leurs caractères, leurs possibilités et leur utilization dans l'orchestre moderne, P., 1937; Kennan, KW, Indlela yokucula, NY, 1950: Piston W., The instrumentation, NY, 1952; Coechlin Ch., Traité de l'orchestration, v. 1952-1, P., 3-1954; Kunitz H., Die Instrumentation. Ein Hand-und Lehrbuch, Tl. 56-1, Lpz., 13-1956; Erph H., Lehrbuch der Instrumentation und Instrumentenkunde, Mainz, 61; McKay GF, Creative orchestration, Boston, 1959; Becker H., Geschichte der Instrumentation, Köln, 1963 (Serie “Das Musikwerk”, H. 1964); Goleminov M., Izinkinga ku-orchestration, S., 24; Zlatanova R., Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-orchestra ne-orchestration, S, 1966; Pawlowsky W., Instrumentacja, Warsz., 1966.

MI Chulaki