Romanesque |

ital. Romanesca

Igama lezinhlobonhlobo ezijwayelekile e-Zap. EYurophu 17-18 eminyaka. instr. imidlalo yokudansa, imijikelezo yokuhlukahluka, kanye nama-arias nezingoma ezine-instr. i-accompaniment, esekelwe ku-melodic-harmonic ethile. imodeli ehlobene ne-folia kanye ne-passamezzo endala (i-passamezzo antico).

I-etymology yegama kanye nemvelaphi ye-R. akucaci ngokuphelele. Ngokusobala, kwavela e-Italy noma eSpain; ngokufanelekile, igama lihunyushwa njengelifana nencazelo ethi “ngesitayela samaRoma” (alla maniera Romana) noma njengoba lisuselwe eSpanishi. ezothando.

Incwadi F. Salinas "De Musica" (1577) iqukethe eziningi. amasampula ezingoma zomdabu R. – ngesitayela sesiPutukezi. folia, ehlobene nesiNtaliyane. i-galliarde, i-spanish villancico, i-pavane, njll., eyayivame ukucutshungulwa ngu-prof. abaqambi. Ekuwohlokeni. R. imiculo ithola izici ngazinye mayelana nesigqi. ngokushintsha ukuqhubekela phambili okuhamba ngesinyathelo okungaphansi kwawo kumthamo we-quart, ngokwethula imisindo engeyona i-chord, imihlobiso, njll. Nokho, kulesi simo, imisindo eyireferensi ivame ukungena ngezikhathi ezithile. Okunye ukuchezuka kokuqala kulokhu iculo likaMonteverdi elithi “Ohimi dov'i il mio ben” ekhonsathini evela encwadini yesi-7 yamadrigals (1619).

Okuzinze kakhulu kwakuwumfanekiso we-bass (ugxumela kwesine), osebenza njengenhloko. hlukanisa. uphawu lwe-R.; nokho, kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 kanye nokunyakaza kwe-bass quart kwakuvame ukugcwala imisindo ephakathi. Muses. Ifomu lika-R. lasungulwa ngaphambi kwegama lalo; Ekuqaleni, imidlalo eseduze no-R. yadalwa ngaphansi kwamanye amagama. Izingcezu zakuqala ezibizwa ngokuthi “R.” imidanso yelute (A. de Becchi, 1568). Ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-17 R. zivame kakhulu ukucula ngebhesi evamile, ye-cithara (J. Frescobaldi, amaqoqo ka-1615, 1630 no-1634), esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-17 - ngezinsimbi zekhibhodi (B. Storace, 1664). Ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20 ukuguqulwa kwemilolozelo yasendulo kwenziwa ngu-JD Alar (ye-violin ne-pianoforte) no-AK Glazunov (r. kusukela ku-ballet Raymonda).

References: Riеmann H., I-“Basso ostinato” kanye nokuqala kwe-cantata, “SIMG”, 1911/12, unyaka we-13; I-Nettl R., Izindikimba ezimbili ze-Spanish ostinato, «ZfMw», 1918/19, vol. 1, amakhasi 694-98; Gombosi О., Italia: patria del basso ostinato, «Rass. mus.», 1934, v. 7; Hоrsley J., Ukuhluka kwekhulu le-16, «JAMS», 1959, v. 12, p. 118-32.